This study examines the variations in the practice of implementation in different implementation structures using the case of police education reforms that were undertaken by the Turkish National Police (TNP) in 2001 and 2003. Differentiations and similarities in the top-down and bottom-up structures while practicing the process of implementation were investigated in this study. First, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the process of implementation and structure of implementation. Second, the study introduces TNP education reforms and explains the reasons for the reform. Third, a quantitative approach is used to measure the success of the TNP educational reforms. Specifically, multiple regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc tests are used to clarify if police performance in the TNP has improved since the reforms. Fourth, the study uses a qualitative approach to find out how features associated with top-down or bottom up approaches were involved in the process of implementation of the educational reforms. Finally, based upon the views of the participants in the qualitative analysis, the study examines the variations in the practice of implementation between decision makers and the street level bureaucrats.

The introduction and establishment of exotic species can profoundly alter ecosystems. Two exotic species drastically changing the landscape of deserts in western North America are Bromus tectorum L. and Bromus rubens L. Through the buildup of biomass and slow decomposition rates in deserts these two exotic annual grasses can alter fire regimes that change the plant and animal community dynamics in the ecosystems. To better understand the ecological mechanisms that could restrict or alter the patterns of invasive plant establishment we established a replicated full factorial experiment in the Great Basin and Mojave Desert. The combinations of factors being manipulated are burned or intact plant communities, and presence or exclusion of small mammals. Generally invasive species establishment is thought to be a result of competitive superiority or lack of natural enemies, but if that is the case then why do not all invasive species establish and become highly abundant in their new ecosystems? To understand why some invasive species establish and others do not we monitored three dominant exotic species from the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert, B. tectorum, Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) C.A. Mey., and B. rubens. We observed that the presence of small mammals create a biotic resistance to B. tectorum, H. glomeratus, and B. rubens. This pattern was observed in both intact and burned plant communities; however, it was most prevalent in the burned plant communities. The strength of the biotic resistance on these invasive species varied between species and the years sampled. In deserts both plant and small mammal communities are tightly tied to precipitation. We wanted to understand how invasive species establishment is affected by small mammal presence after a fire disturbance, and manipulating total precipitation. Total precipitation was manipulated through three different treatments: 1) drought or 30% reduction of ambient precipitation; 2) ambient precipitation; 3) water addition or an increase of 30% ambient precipitation. We focused on B. rubens establishment in the Mojave Desert as our model organism by monitoring it beneath rain manipulation shelters nested in burned/intact and small mammal presence/absence full factorial plots. What we observed was that again small mammals created a biotic resistance on the density of B. rubens regardless of the burn or precipitation treatments. This biotic resistance also translated into decreasing B. rubens biomass and seed density. Under the drought and ambient precipitation treatments we found that small mammals kept the density and biomass equal but under increased precipitation the efficacy of biotic resistance on B. rubens density and biomass was lessened by the availability of the added water.

This research investigates eco-clusters as driver for greening regional economic policy and examines necessary incentive structures to foster eco-innovation as well as growth and employment in the eco-industry sector. Eco-clusters are seen in context with sustainability and environmental friendly behavior as means for a socio-ecological transition in the long run. The main hypothesis implies that eco-clusters have to be policy driven and established top-down and therefore differ from cluster structures in other industries. Possible reasons are uncertainty on a developing market as well as external effects of eco-innovations; the latter are seen as radical innovations. Based on theoretic findings for the establishment of clusters and general research findings for eco-clusters and eco-innovations, it is differentiated between a spontaneous cluster emergence from private initiatives through self-reinforcing forces of companies in a region (bottom-up), and the formation of a policy-driven network with primarily regional objectives to stimulate the competitive advantage of the regional industrial location (top-down). The hypothesis will be proofed by empirical results gained through personal interviews and complemented by findings in current research literature. Finally, implications for incentive structures to green economic policy are identified. It is shown that eco-clusters are different to other clusters and crucial for a long-term sustainable change and thus need political commitment and public incentives. For empirical observation, eco-clusters in Austria were selected. This research relates to the ongoing debate on green growth and develops policy incentives for establishment of eco-clusters and thus greening of economic policy. / Series: WWWforEurope

In a changing climate, it is increasingly important to be able to model environmental effects on food webs, and to do that, one must have appropriate dynamic models. I present a shallow lake ecosystem model where producers, grazers, carnivores, piscivores, and detritivores are coupled through resource (light, nutrients and detritus) fluxes between the benthic and pelagic habitats and through carnivore life history events (ontogenetic habitat and diet shifts). The two habitats each contain primary producers, grazers, carnivores and detritivores. Within the habitats, there is strong top-down regulation, but across habitat boundaries, bottom-up interactions drive production. In the absence of piscivores, stage-structured carnivores cause intriguing patters of alternative stable states. Notably, the model predicts a lesser dependence on benthic production with detritus presence. Model predictions are largely in agreement with empirical studies. The results have implications for management of freshwater, and for the interpretation of previous models.

L’esperienza estetica è un fenomeno complesso e articolato, caratterizzato da un particolare intreccio di processi percettivi, emotivi, cognitivi. Il dibattito sulla definizione del ruolo dei fattori che intervengono nell’esperienza estetica è molto controverso: diverse cornici teoriche enfatizzano o il ruolo dei fattori "bottom-up", riguardanti le caratteristiche visive e strutturali dell'opera d'arte come il colore e simmetria, o il ruolo dei fattori "top-down", relativi al bagaglio di conoscenze ed esperienze personali. Questa tesi presenta due studi volti ad approfondire, attraverso l'analisi dei movimenti oculari, l'influenza dei processi "bottom-up" e "top-down" sul comportamento visivo di adolescenti o adulti non esperti d’arte durante l'osservazione di opere d’arte pittorica. I dati ottenuti suggeriscono che processi intersoggettivi e relazionali giocano un ruolo essenziale nel guidare l’apprezzamento estetico di un quadro. Questi risultati innovativi supportano alcune recenti ipotesi teoriche relative alla natura intrinsecamente intersoggettiva dell’esperienza estetica. / Experiencing art is a complex and articulated phenomenon characterized by a peculiar weaving of perceptive, emotional, and cognitive processes. The debate on the definition of factors that contribute to the surfacing of an aesthetic experience is very controversial, partly because of the different weights assigned to the elements in the competition between “bottom-up” and “top-down” processes. Different theoretical frames emphasize the role of bottom-up factors - concerning the visual and structural characteristics of the artwork such as colour and symmetry - or top-down cognitive processes - concerning the cognitive feedback deriving from everyone’s cultural background and knowledge - in the building up of an aesthetic experience. In this work, two studies aiming at shedding some light on art appreciation are presented. These studies were designed to investigate, by means of the analysis of eye-movements, the influence of bottom-up and top-down processes on visual behavior while adolescents or adults naïve to art criticism were presented with representational paintings. Data suggest that intersubjective and relational processes intervene in first stages of aesthetic experience. These important and novel results support new theoretical proposals, which consider embodied intersubjective processes underpinning aesthetic experience.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-02T13:54:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Cacilda Rocha.pdf: 2113838 bytes, checksum: 349b3a96b2897b76b15485e6fd1e6f54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T13:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Cacilda Rocha.pdf: 2113838 bytes, checksum: 349b3a96b2897b76b15485e6fd1e6f54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CAPES / Macrófitas submersas promovem atributos das comunidades zooplanctônicas mediante estrutura física, transparência da água, habitat, e abrigo de predadores. Enquanto competem por luz e nutrientes, afetando negativamente o crescimento do fitoplâncton atuando nas interações de controle base-topo e promovendo efeito de controle topo-base do zooplâncton. Pouco foi investigado sobre o papel da vegetação submersa nas interações do zooplâncton e fitoplâncton em áreas sobre influência de reservatório no semiárido brasileiro. Nesse sentido, de maneira a identificar principais lacunas e perspectivas para estudos futuros sobre as macrófitas e interações tróficas enfatizando buscas por estudos realizados na América do Sul, realizamos uma análise cienciométrica, e acreditamos que o número de artigos na área exibirá uma tendência crescente ao longo dos anos, onde a América do Sul apresentará participação significativa tanto no número de publicações quanto na cooperação internacional. Além disso, com a finalidade de investigar se nas áreas com pressões pelos usos em reservatório e solo, plantas submersas são afetadas positivamente, e estruturam riqueza e abundância para o zooplâncton, e suas interações afetam negativamente o fitoplâncton durante quatro períodos, coletamos evidências de efeitos de controle base-topo e topo-base de macrófitas sobre o plâncton. Para tanto, comparamos atributos de comunidades e nutrientes dissolvidos em bancos de plantas na zona litorânea e centros correspondendo à pelágica. Para análise Cienciométrica, acessamos publicações usando base de dados internacional entre 1980 a 2015. A coleta do material no campo mediante navegação pelas áreas em distâncias superiores de 3.5km, com coletas simultâneas da cobertura vegetal, comunidades planctônicas e nutrientes nitrogenados e fósforo total dissolvido. Áreas de cobertura das plantas submersas foram estimadas por medição da proporção de presença e ausência de espécies em 24 pontos em transectos paralelos às margens em área superior a 3.5 km. Coletamos 24 amostras do fitoplâncton e de nutrientes. Para o zooplâncton, realizamos amostragem composta da coluna d’água na vertical e horizontal através de arrastos totalizando 48 amostras. A Cienciometria mostrou que o número de pesquisas sobre essas interações tróficas cresceram nos últimos anos na América do Sul, com contribuições do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. O conhecimento sobre as interações tróficas em tem norteado abordagens técnicas e pesquisas científicas em países temperados para melhorar a qualidade da água e restaurar lagos e reservatórios eutrofizados, mas a América do Sul avançou pouco. Constamos que o maior volume de artigos indexados tratou sobre a dinâmica e estrutura das assembléias aquáticas, teias e interações tróficas, para as quaias reservatórios e áreas alagadas receberam pouca atenção. Grande número de estudoscontemplam toda comunidade aquática e interações entre macrófitas, fitoplâncton zooplâncton e peixes. Com relação à pesquisa de campo, a macrófitas ocorreram em alta densidade e cobertura vegetal em 12 pontos por baía (60%; 70%) a diferentes profundidades (2m a 6m). Nas baías, fósforo (médias= 0.03 e 0.05 mg/L) e nitrogênio (0.4 e 0.9 mg/L) apresentaram baixas concentrações. A transparência de Secchi foi alta nas duas baías (>3.8). O fitoplâncton teve riqueza de 17 táxons, dos quais Cyanophyta e Bacillariophyta foram mais representativos. Baixas densidades registradas refletiram nos baixos valores clorofilaa (médias= 9 e 12 µg/l). O zooplâncton apresentou alta dissimilaridade na riqueza (97 spp.) dos Rotifera, Cladocera e Copepoda e abundância relativa, com densidades variando significativamente na zona pelágica (24 a 2013 ind./m³) e litorânea (28 a 1260 ind./m³) de ambas as baías. Nesse contexto, confrontando esses resultados com os dados encontrados da vegetação, juntamente com as baixas concentrações de nutrientes dissolvidos, clorofila-a e alta transparência da água (Secchi), há forte indício da ocorrência de interações com controles base-topo e topo-base sobre o fitoplâncton. Nossos dados suportam a hipótese de prováveis efeitos dessas interações estejam contribuindo para a manutenção das condições de transparência da água nas baías, favorecendo baixa riqueza e biomassa algal. Uma vez que o conhecimento sobre as interações tróficas, particularmente as que ocorrem em cascata tem sido desenvolvido com sucesso em na reestruturação e restauração da qualidade da água em diversos países. Esta pesquisa contribui para o conhecimento das interações mediadas pelas macrófitas, sobre o zooplâncton e fitoplâncton em áreas de influência de reservatórios. Contudo, estudos na área das interações tróficas mediadas pelas macrófitas poderão ser direcionados de maneira a atenuar assimetrias internacionais, encorajando o aumento da produtividade científica na América do Sul. Esforços para restaurar as baías no entorno do reservatório no Brasil poderão ser despendidos usando técnicas combinadas para aumentar a qualidade da água e incrementar atributos das comunidades aquáticas. / Submerged macrophytes promote attributes of planktonic communities by physical structure, water transparency, habitat, and shelter from predators. As they compete for light and nutrients, affecting negatively the phytoplankton growing, mediated bottom-up and topdown control interactions of zooplankton. Little has been investigated on the role of submerged vegetation in the interactions of zooplankton and phytoplankton in areas of reservoir influence in the Brazilian semiarid region. In order to identify major gaps and perspectives for future studies of macrophytes and trophic interactions, emphasizing searches for studies in South America, we conducted a scientometric analysis. We believe that the number of articles in the area show an increasing tendency to over the years, where South America will present significant participation in both the number of publications and in international cooperation. In order to investigate the impact of land use areas surrounding reservoir in submerged plants on planktonic communities, during four periods, we collect evidence of bottom-up and top-down controls of macrophyte on plankton. Our hypothesis is that the macrophytes are affected positively in that areas, and at the same time, can provide structure for richness and abundance to zooplankton and their interactions affect phytoplankton negatively. In the field we compare attributes of communities and dissolved nutrients in plant beds in the littoral and pelagic zones. For scientometrical analysis, we access publications using international database from 1980 to 2015. In the field, the samples were collected by boat, where greater distances with simultaneous sampling of vegetation, plankton communities and nitrogenous nutrients and total phosphorus dissolved. The submerged plant coverage areas were estimated by reducing the proportion of presence and absence of species in 24 points in parallel transects an area greater than 3.5 km. We collected 24 samples of phytoplankton and nutrients. For zooplankton, carry out sample composed of the water column vertically and horizontally, through hauls totaling 48 samples. The scientometrical analysis results showed that the number of trophic interactions researches grown in recent years in South America, with contributions from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We found that the highest volume of indexed articles deals with the dynamics and structure of aquatic assemblages, webs and trophic interactions. Reservoirs and wetlands have received little attention. The large number of studies includes all aquatic community and interactions between macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. Macrophytes occurred in high density and vegetation cover at 12 points per bay (60%; 70%) at different depths (2m to 6m). In the bays, phosphorus (mean = 0.03 and 0.05 mg / L) and nitrogen (0.4 and 0.9 mg / L) had lower concentrations. We found high Secchi transparency (>3.8) for both bays. The phytoplankton richness was 17 taxa, of which Cyanophyta Bacillariophyta were most representative. Low densities recorded reflected in lower values Chlorophyll-a (mean = 9.12 µg/l). Zooplankton showed high dissimilarity in the richness (97 spp.) of rotifers, Cladocera and Copepoda, with relative abundance. Densities varying significantly in the pelagic (24-2013 ind./m³) and littoral zones (28-1260 ind./m³) of both the bays. In this context, comparing these results with data from the vegetation, along with low concentrations of dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll-a and high water transparency, there is strong evidence of the occurrence of macrophytes and zooplankton interactions with bottomup and top-down controls on phytoplankton. Our data support the hypothesis that probably, effects of these interactions are contributing to the maintenance of conditions of water transparency, favoring low richness and algal biomass. The knowledge of trophic interactions, particularly which occur in cascades, has been successfully developed in the restructuring and restoration of water quality in several countries. This research brings to contributes to the knowledge of macrophytes, zooplankton and phytoplankton interactions in areas influenced by reservoirs. However, studies in the area of trophic interactions mediated by macrophytes may be directed in order to mitigate international asymmetries by encouraging increased scientific productivity in South America. Efforts to restore the bays around the reservoir in Brazil may be spent using combined techniques to increase the quality water and increase attributes of aquatic communities.

This thesis aim to describe and analyze different organisations’ work with reducing child labour. In order to understand the complex matter of child labour, a case study concerning children’s situation within the mining industry in Peru has been made. The first part of the thesis has been designed to be an introduction to the matter, with a description of the mining industry in Peru and the situation of child labour. The two following parts are more analytic in character. The second and third part discusses how the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be used as an instrument of reducing child labour. Further, top down and bottom up-theories will be discussed as different approaches and working methods for organisations. In addition to find the answers to our questions, interviews have been conducted with employees of the organisations (ILO, UNICEF and Save the Children), articles and literature have been analyzed and finally Internet have contributed with information about child labour, Peru, the organisations, theories and the MDGs. This study claims that child labour is a complex matter and one possible solution to reduce it can be through promoting education. This can only be viable if organisations work together with governments, using a combination of top down and bottom up approaches.

No description available.

The field of high-energy physics has been living a very exciting period of its history with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN collecting data. Indeed, this enormous machine able to collide protons at a center of mass energy of 14 TeV promises to unveil the mystery around the physics at such energy scales. From the physicists side, the expectations are very strong as it isnowadays a certitude that the Standard Model of particle physics is incomplete and should, in fact, be interpreted as the effective theory of a more fundamental one. Unfortunately, the 7 and 8 TeV runs of the LHC did not provide any sign of new physics yet but there has been at least one major discovery in 2010, namely the discovery of a scalar particle with a mass of 125 GeV and whichproperties are very close to those of the Standard Model Higgs boson. Since then, many questions have come up as we now want to understand if it really is the Standard Model Higgs boson or if it exhibits any deviations. It is in this peculiar context that my research work was carried. In a first project, we, my supervisors, our collaborator and I, have wanted to explore thephenomenology associated with the neutralinos and charginos sector of the left-right symmetric supersymmetric model. Such an analysis can be motivated by several reasons such as the fact that the supersymmetric nature of these models provides a natural explanation for the infamous hierarchy problem, implies the unification of the gauge coupling constants at very high energy and provides a natural candidate for dark matter. In addition to these nice features, the left-right symmetry introduces a natural framework for explaining the smallness of neutrino masses but also helps in addressing several other unresolved issues in the Standard Model framework. Only focusing on the lightest charginos and neutralinos decaying into one or more light leptons, we have shown in our study that these models can be easily discovered in multi-leptonic final states as theylead to signatures very different from those induced by the Standard Model or its supersymmetric version.[...]

The complexity of credit-money is conceived as the central issue in the banking-macro nexus, which the author considers as a structural as well as process component of the evolving economy. This nexus is significant for the stability as well as the fragility of the economic system, because it connects the monetary with the real domain of economic production and consumption. The evolution of credit rules shapes economic networks between households, firms, banks, governments and central banks in space and time. The properties and characteristics of this evolutionary process are discussed in three sections. First, the author looks into the origins of the theory of money and its role for contemporary monetary economics. Second, he briefly discusses current theoretical foundations of top-down as well as bottom-up approaches to the banking-macro nexus, such as dynamic stochastic general equilibrium and agent-based models. In the third part he suggests an evolutionary framework, building on a generic rule-based approach, to arrive at standards for bottom-up foundations in agent-based macroeconomic models with a banking sector. (author's abstract)