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The total syntheses of isomeric aglain natural products (±)-foveoglin A and (±)-perviridisin B have been achieved via ESIPT (excited states intramolecular proton transfer)-mediated selective (3+2) photocycloaddition of 3-hydroxyflavone with trans,trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (DPBD). Using TADDOLs or Pirkle’s alcohol as chiral hydrogen-bonding additives, enantioselective ESIPT photocycloaddition was performed providing access to (+)-foveoglin A which also enabled confirmation of its absolute configuration. Photophysical studies have been conducted for ESIPT photocycloadditions revealing the possibility for exergonic electron transfer from the excited triplet state of 3-hydroxyflavones to dipolarophiles with appropriate redox potentials, which also provided a rationale for the observed selectivity. Further application of ESIPT photocycloaddition using 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-hydroxyquinolinones (3-HQ’s) to synthesize nitrogen-containing analogues of flavaglines, aza-rocaglates, will be described. Differential photoreactivity between 2-aryl-3-hydroxyquinolinones (N-H-3-HQ’s) and 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-hydroxyquinolinones (N-alkyl-3-HQ’s) was observed. A rationale for this observation was also provided based on photophysical measurements. A novel method to synthesize N-alkyl-3-hydroxyquinolinones using sodium hydride as base was discovered to overcome limited access to photoreaction substrates. A recirculating photoflow reactor was applied to the ESIPT photocycloaddition to increase the efficiency of the reaction. Initial biological testing indicates that aza-rocaglates do not possess activity in comparison to related rocaglates which also provides further information on the SAR of the natural product scaffold. Computational studies were conducted in collaboration with Prof. David Coker’s group using Metadynamics simulation to study tetrakis-9-phenanthrenyl TADDOL-mediated asymmetric ESIPT photocycloadditions. With a choice of collective variables based on hydrogen-bonding interactions between TADDOL and 3-hydroxyflavone, the free energy surfaces associated with formation of the hydrogen-bonding complexes between TADDOL and the 3-hydroxyflavone/methyl cinnamate or 3-hydroxyflavone/stilebene pairs were obtained. The representative three-component model from the obtained free energy minimum indicate that in addition to hydrogen-bonding interactions, π-π stacking between the phenanthren-9-yl groups of TADDOL and the 3-hydroxyflavone substrate also facilitate the asymmetric photocycloaddition which has provided information for future asymmetric catalyst designs. / 2020-11-06T00:00:00Z

Concise syntheses of the natural products brosimones A and B have been achieved using sequential dehydrogenative Diels-Alder (DHDA) cycloadditions. The syntheses employ either Pt/C-cyclopentene or DDQ to effect dehydrogenation of prenylchalcone substrates in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) to promote subsequent Diels-Alder cycloadditions. A concise, biomimetic approach to sorbiterrin A has been developed employing consecutive Michael additions of a 4-hydroxypyrone to a sorbicillinol derivative and silver nanoparticle-mediated bridged aldol/dehydration to construct the [3.3.1] ring system. The relative stereochemistry of sorbiterrin A was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Metal-catalyzed, double Claisen rearrangement of a bis-allyloxyflavone has been utilized to enable a concise synthesis of the hydrobenzofuro[3,2-b]chromenone core structure of the natural products sanggenon A and sanggenol F. In addition, catalytic, enantioselective [4+2] cycloadditions of 2’-hydroxychalcones have been accomplished using B(OPh)3/BINOL complexes. Asymmetric syntheses of the flavonoid Diels-Alder natural products sanggenons C and O have been achieved employing a stereodivergent reaction of a racemic mixture (stereodivergent RRM) involving [4+2] cycloaddition. Diaporine is a natural product containing a novel epoxyquinol dimer framework. An efficient annulation involving pyrone addition to a quinone has been developed for rapid assembly of the γ-naphthopyrone core structure. Dimerization was achieved through a Pd(II)-mediated dehydrogenative coupling. A natural product and precursor to diaporine, aurofusarin, was synthesized in excellent yield through an oxidation and demethylation sequence. In addition, diastereoselective epoxidation of aurofusarin was achieved using a phase transfer catalytic system.

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit s'intéresse principalement à l'étude d'une voie de synthèse visant les dérivés de la lycorine, alcaloïdes encore mal connus mais possédant des activités biologiques très intéressantes. Dans cette optique, une méthodologie impliquant l'addition nucléophile d'acétylures oxygénés sur les sulfinylimines chirales d'Ellman a été développée, permettant la formation de propargylamines oxygénées avec une excellente diastéréosélectivité. L'application de la réaction développée à la synthèse totale n'a pas été possible, l'étape précédente de réduction ménagée d'un sulfinylimidate en aldimine n'ayant pas pu être mise au point. L'exploration de la réactivité des propargylsulfinamides oxygénés a par la suite permis de synthétiser des aminoesters et des éthers d'énols fonctionalisés ou encore d'accéder aux sulfonamides correspondants. Leur cyclisation par catalyse métallique a aussi été étudiée, conduisant à des sulfoximines cycliques jusqu'alors inconnus. En parallèle de ces travaux, une méthode générale et verte pour la synthèse d'imines et d'imidates sous irradiation micro-onde a été mise au point. / The work reported in this manuscript mainly concerns the study of a synthetic strategy targetting the lycorine-type alkaloïds, compounds that are not well known but have shown interesting biological activities. In this context, a methodology concerning the nucleophilic addition of oxygenated acetylides on chiral Ellman's sulfinylimines has been developped, allowing the construction of oxygenated propargylamines xith an excellent diastereoselectivity. This reaction couldn't be applied to the total synthesis because of the fail of the precedent step of our synthteic plan, consisting in the reduction of sulfinylimidates into an aldimine. The reactivity of the oxygenated propargylsulfinamides has then been studied, allowing the preparation of aminoesters, functionalized enol ethers and sulfonyl protected propargylamines. Their cyclisation under metallic catlysis has been explored too, providing cyclic sulfoximines that had not been described before. In parallel, a general and green procedure for the synthesis of imines and imidates has been developped.

The work presented in this thesis focuses on the total synthesis of (-)-6,7- Dideoxysqualestatin H5. Particular emphasis was the development of a cross- coupling strategy for direct delivery of the side chain towards the end of the synthesis. Various methods investigated to perform the key Csp3-Csp2 coupling initially led to the Fu variant of the Negishi coupling at elevated temperatures and subsequent cross- electrophile coupling at rt. Key features of the asymmetric synthesis of (-)-6,7- dideoxysqualestatin H5, include: (1) highly diastereoselective n-alkylation of a tartrate acetonide enolate and subsequent oxidation-hydrolysis to provide an asymmetric entry to a Î2-hydroxy-α-ketoester motif; (2) facilitation of Rh(II)-catalysed cyclic carbonyl ylide formation-cycloaddition by cogeneration of keto and diazo functionality through ozonolysis of an unsaturated hydrazone; and (3) stereoretentive Ni-catalysed Csp³-Csp² cross-electrophile coupling between tricarboxylate core and unsaturated side-chain to complete the natural product. Following completion of the natural product, further work was carried out on the ozonolysis of unsaturated tosylhydrazones as a direct approach to diazocarbonyls. The scope and limitations of reacting unsaturated tosylhydrazones with O₃ followed by Et₃N for the generation of 1,4- and 1,5-diazocarbonyl systems were explored. Tosylhydrazones, from tosylhydrazide condensation with readily available Î ́- and Îμ- unsaturated α-ketoesters, led in the former case to a 2-pyrazoline whereas the latter cases led to α-diazo-Îμ-ketoesters, although a terminal alkene produced a tetrahydropyridazinol. Tosylhydrazones from cyclic enones also allowed access to 1,4- and 1,5-diazocarbonyl systems using the ozonolysis-Et₃N strategy.

Natural products have long been known for their broad range of useful therapeutic properties, and have been widely utilised in the field of medicine. This dissertation describes work towards the total synthesis of natural products possessing biological activity in two important areas. The first section concerns the total synthesis of six 4-quinolone natural products, four of which had never been synthesised before. These compounds were originally isolated from a soil bacterium of the genus Pseudonocardia, and bear intriguing structural resemblance to the Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal. This signalling molecule is vital to the quorum sensing activity of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is a phenomenon by which it regulates many of its virulence factors. These natural products possess the potential to disrupt this system, hence attenuating the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The routes that were developed are highly divergent, efficiently giving access to multiple natural products from mutual late stage intermediates. Key steps included regioselective epoxidation, palladium-catalysed heterocylisation and acid catalysed 1,3-transposition of an allylic alcohol. In the second section, attention turns towards the total synthesis of the complex sesquiterpene lactone 1β-Hydroxyalantolactone. The compound possesses five stereogenic centres, one of which is quaternary, alongside a challenging tricyclic core scaffold. Previous biological studies have revealed a range of intriguing properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activity. The chosen route utilises as its key step the catalytic desymmetrisation of a diene which was itself accessed by Birch reduction chemistry. Whilst the synthesis is as yet incomplete, access was granted to a key intermediate encompassing around half of the stereocentres present in the natural product.

This thesis comprises three projects focused on the use of the combination of catalytic copper and iodonium salts towards the functionalisation of alkenes. Chapter 2 details the development of an enantioselective and regiodivergent allylic amide arylation procedure using a specific copper(II)-bisoxazoline pre-catalyst and hexafluorophosphate diaryliodonium salts. The regioselectivity of the process was discovered to be controlled by the electronic properties of the iodane employed, allowing enamide production to be biased with electron-poor iodonium salts and oxazines to be produced with electron-rich analogues. An overall scope of 38 compounds was collaboratively elaborated, with 20 synthesised personally. All products were generated in useful yields and high levels of enantioselectivity. Chapter 3 describes efforts towards the application of a copper-catalysed oxy-alkenylation procedure to the production of the macrolidal natural product (-)-lyngbyaloside B. It is proposed that an elaborate homoallylic carbamate may be coupled with a complex polyoxygenated alkenyl(aryl)iodonium salt as a fragment coupling for polyketide synthesis. Following extensive investigations, it was discovered that the challenging vinyl-iodonium salt could be synthesised in good yields and then coupled with the desired homoallylic carbamate, albeit in limited yield and low d.r. Chapter 4 presents initial studies towards a computational understanding of the copper-catalysed arylation of alkenes with iodonium salts. Evidence is presented to suggest that two functionalisation modes are energetically accessible, allowing the production of regioisomeric arylated products.

O objetivo do presente projeto é a síntese do total Siphonodiol, utilizando algumas das reações já estudadas sistematicamente no laboratório. Trata-se de um produto natural do grupo dos poliacetilenos que apresenta uma potente atividade fungicida. A síntese enantiosseletiva da porção diol pode ser efetuada em três etapas a partir do ácido ascórbico, por uma seqüência de reações de redução e oxidação já descritas na literatura. Os demais fragmentos a serem preparados consistem em reações de abertura de éteres cíclicos em meio ácido, reações de proteção e desproteção com reagentes de silício, reações de transmetalações e acoplamentos de teluretos vinílicos e, como etapa chave para a obtenção do Siphonodiol, reações de acoplamento do tipo Cadiot-Chodkiewicz. A estratégia sintética para a preparação do Siphonodiol é apresentada abaixo. / The main objective of this project consists in the total synthesis of Siphonodiol using reactions already systematically studied in our group. Siphonodiol is a natural product of the group of polyacetylenes which exhibits a potent antifungal activity. The enantioselective synthesis of the diol fragment was effected in three steps from ascorbic acid by means of a sequence of reduction-oxidation reactions already described in the literature. The others fragments were synthesized by cyclic ether ring opening reaction in acid media, protection/deprotecting reactions with silicon reagents, transmetalation reactions and coupling reactions with vinylic tellurides and, the key step to obtain the Siphonodiol, the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reaction. The synthetic strategy to the synthesis of Siphonodiol is presents bellow.

Les motifs 1,3-polyols sont fréquemment rencontrés dans de nombreuses molécules naturelles biologiquement actives. Cependant, à ce jour, il n'existe que peu de méthodes générales et efficaces permettant d'accéder à ces motifs de manière stéréocontrôlée. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la synthèse de 1,3,5,7-tétraols et une méthode a été mise au point pour former ces composés en utilisant deux cyclisations de Prins successives suivies d'une coupure réductrice du bis-tétrahydropyrane obtenu. Cette méthode permet d'accéder à tous les diastéréoisomères des tétraols efficacement et elle a été appliquée avec succès à la synthèse du (+)-cryptocaryol A, un composé polyhydroxylé stabilisant PdCd4, qui est une protéine inhibant le développement cellulaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une approche synthétique de la filipine III, un macrolide naturel possédant des propriétés antibiotiques et antifongiques, et comportant un fragment 1,3-polyol et un fragment pentaénique. Plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées afin d'accéder à ces deux fragments, qui ont été synthétisés de manière convergente. Leur assemblage a été réalisé grâce à une réaction d'aldolisation diastéréosélective et nous avons pu accéder au squelette carboné complet de la filipine III. / 1,3-Polyols are present in a large variety of biologically active natural products. However, right now only a few general and efficient methods have been described to access these compounds in a stereocontrolled manner. We were particularly interested in the synthesis of 1,3,5,7-tetraols and a method has been developed to prepare these compounds, using two successive Prins cyclizations followed by a reductive cleavage of the resulting bis-tetrahydropyran. This efficient method allows the access to all the diastereomers of these tetraols and has successfully been applied to the synthesis of (+)-cryptocaryol A, a polyhydroxylated compound which stabilizes PdCd4, a protein inhibiting the cellular growth. We have also developed a synthetic approach toward filipin III, an antibiotic and antifungal macrolide, which possesses a 1,3-polyol part and a pentaenic part. Several strategies have been envisaged to construct these fragments, which have been synthesized in a convergent manner. These fragments were then coupled using a diastereoselective aldolisation and we were able to access the complete carbon skeleton of filipin III.