The main purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between foreign exchange reserves and RMB exchange rate. In order to obtain a precise result, foreign trade situation and GDP are also considered. The monthly data is collected over period 1994 to 2011, and processed through ADF test, Johansen test, and Granger causality test. Final results indicate that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship existing between foreign exchange reserves and RMB exchange rate. Moreover, any changes of foreign exchange reserves would lead to the fluctuation of RMB exchange rate but not vice versa. At last, the dummy variables are added into regression model to test influence from the reform of RMB exchange rate regime. Results suggest that regime reform not only increase flexibility of RMB exchange rate, but also slow down the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves.

Este estudo compara quatro diferentes intensidades com o volume total similar no exercício supino. Avaliou-se a dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), atividade de creatina quinase (CK), as concentrações sangüíneas de interleucina (IL)-1<font face=\"symbol\">b, IL-6, fator de necrose tumoral-<font face=\"symbol\">a (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a), prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e o perfil hormonal. A amostra foi composta de soldados do exército brasileiro, divididos em cinco grupos: 50%-1RM, 75%-1RM, 90%-1RM, 110%-1RM e o controle. A DMIT e a atividade plasmática de CK aumentaram significativamente (P<0,05) após a sessão de exercício. A concentração de PGE2 também teve aumento significativo (P<0,05) após a sessão (P<0,05). A concentração plasmática de cortisol após 1h do término do exercício aumentou apenas no grupo 75%-1RM (p < 0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que a intensidade no exercício supino não afeta a magnitude da DMIT, marcadores de lesão muscular, inflamação e na resposta hormonal geral, desde que haja a equalização do volume total, com exceção da concentração plasmática do cortisol, grupo 75%-1RM. / This study compared four different intensities with similar total volume of a bench press exercise for muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) activity, interleukin (IL)-1<font face=\"symbol\">b, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-<font face=\"symbol\">a (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hormonal concentrations in the blood. Brazilian Army male soldiers were placed into five groups: 50%-1RM, 75%-1RM, 90%-1RM, and 110%-1RM, and control that did not perform the exercise. Muscle soreness and plasma CK activity increased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise. Serum PGE2 concentration also increased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise. After one hour post exercise cortisol increased in 75%-1RM group, with this response also exceeding the other intensities (p<0.05). These results suggest that the intensity of bench press exercise does not affect the magnitude of muscle soreness and blood markers of muscle damage, inflammation and largely similar hormonal responses, which may be attributed to the equalization of total volume, exception made for the 75%-1RM group for serum cortisol concentration.

Submitted by FLAVIANE POLETO DE OLIVEIRA null (fla_vb13@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-24T13:04:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado_Flaviane Poleto_versão definitiva.pdf: 677650 bytes, checksum: b1dd23673956cadc620d339f8764038f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-03-26T12:39:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_fp_me_prud.pdf: 677650 bytes, checksum: b1dd23673956cadc620d339f8764038f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T12:39:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_fp_me_prud.pdf: 677650 bytes, checksum: b1dd23673956cadc620d339f8764038f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Treinamento Concorrente (a combinação de exercício aeróbio com treinamento de força) pode resultar em uma interferência negativa no desempenho de força. Além disso, há indicações de que a magnitude dessa interferência é dependente do modo/intensidade do exercício aeróbio. OBJETIVO: Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito agudo do Treinamento de Força (TF) e do Treinamento Concorrente (TC) consistidos do Treinamento Intermitente de Alta Intensidade (HIIT) sob os ganhos de força máxima e volume durante 12 semanas. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 19 homens recreativamente ativos divididos entre o grupo TC (n=11) e grupo TF (n=8). O grupo TC realizou o HIIT (1min de corrida a 100% da velocidade aeróbia máxima intercalado por 1min de recuperação passiva até atingir 5 km) e em seguida uma sessão de treinamento de força constituída por oito exercícios com cargas de 8-12 repetições máximas, enquanto o grupo TF realizou apenas as sessões de treinamento de força. Ambos os grupos treinavam duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. A força máxima e o volume de treinamento durante uma sessão aguda foram avaliados pré, após oito e 12 semanas de treinamento. RESULTADOS: Um pequeno efeito de interferência foi observado na força máxima em relação à massa corporal após 12 semanas de treinamento com maiores melhorias no grupo TF quando comparado ao grupo TC. A mesma não foi observada após oito semanas de treinamento. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que o volume realizado não exerceu impacto nos ganhos de força até oito semanas de treinamento concorrente constituído por HIIT. / The concurrent training (i.e., combination of endurance with strength training) may result in negative interference on strength performance. Moreover, there are indications that the magnitude of this interference is dependent on endurance exercise mode. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare maximal strength gains and acute volume performed during strength training (ST) and concurrent training (CT) consisting of high-intensity intermittent training plus strength training over the course of a 12-week intervention. METHODS: Nineteen recreationally active males were divided in CT (n=11) and ST (n=8) groups. The CT group performed repeated 1 min efforts at 100% of maximal aerobic velocity interspersed by 1 min of passive recovery until accumulating a total running distance of 5km followed by a strength session (consisting of three sets of eight exercises with loads of 8-12 repetition maximum) twice weekly for a period of 12 weeks, while the ST group performed only strength training sessions. Maximal strength and training volume during an acute exercise session were evaluated at baseline and after eight and 12 weeks of training. A two-way analysis of variance (group and training period) with repeated measures in the second factor was conducted to compare maximal strength values. A three-way analysis of variance (group, training period and set) was conducted to compare the volume performed in the acute exercise sessions. RESULTS: A small interference effect was observed in maximal strength relative to body mass after 12 weeks of training with greater improvements in the ST group compared to the CT group, that were not observed after 8 weeks. The volume performed during the acute exercise session was lower in CT than ST after 8 and 12 weeks of training. In summary, executing high-intensity intermittent exercise before strength training impaired the total volume performed after 8 and 12 weeks compared with strength training alone but the impairment of maximal strength occurred only after 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the impairment of volume performed did not have an impact on strength gains until after 8 weeks of concurrent training with high-intensity intermittent exercise.

Este estudo compara quatro diferentes intensidades com o volume total similar no exercício supino. Avaliou-se a dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), atividade de creatina quinase (CK), as concentrações sangüíneas de interleucina (IL)-1<font face=\"symbol\">b, IL-6, fator de necrose tumoral-<font face=\"symbol\">a (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a), prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e o perfil hormonal. A amostra foi composta de soldados do exército brasileiro, divididos em cinco grupos: 50%-1RM, 75%-1RM, 90%-1RM, 110%-1RM e o controle. A DMIT e a atividade plasmática de CK aumentaram significativamente (P<0,05) após a sessão de exercício. A concentração de PGE2 também teve aumento significativo (P<0,05) após a sessão (P<0,05). A concentração plasmática de cortisol após 1h do término do exercício aumentou apenas no grupo 75%-1RM (p < 0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que a intensidade no exercício supino não afeta a magnitude da DMIT, marcadores de lesão muscular, inflamação e na resposta hormonal geral, desde que haja a equalização do volume total, com exceção da concentração plasmática do cortisol, grupo 75%-1RM. / This study compared four different intensities with similar total volume of a bench press exercise for muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) activity, interleukin (IL)-1<font face=\"symbol\">b, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-<font face=\"symbol\">a (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hormonal concentrations in the blood. Brazilian Army male soldiers were placed into five groups: 50%-1RM, 75%-1RM, 90%-1RM, and 110%-1RM, and control that did not perform the exercise. Muscle soreness and plasma CK activity increased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise. Serum PGE2 concentration also increased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise. After one hour post exercise cortisol increased in 75%-1RM group, with this response also exceeding the other intensities (p<0.05). These results suggest that the intensity of bench press exercise does not affect the magnitude of muscle soreness and blood markers of muscle damage, inflammation and largely similar hormonal responses, which may be attributed to the equalization of total volume, exception made for the 75%-1RM group for serum cortisol concentration.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The aim of this study was to develop a set of models that will allow the determination of volume for Tectona grandis trees and stands grown in plantation form in Tanzania. As a secondary objective, models describing tree and dominant stand height were developed. Total volume and volume ratio models were fitted that respectively predict total tree volume and merchantable volume. In order to allow the calculation of volume for different product classes and dimensions, taper models were fitted. All the data were collected by non-destructive sampling methods using a Barr and Stroud optical dendrometer. This proved to be an accurate and inexpensive method of collecting data for developing volume and taper models. Sampling stratification was based on age and site quality and as wide a range as possible was covered to ensure adequate representation of all growing sites and ages present in Tanzanian teak plantations. A total of 2617 individual observations were made from 222 trees at three teak plantations. Several models were selected from the literature to describe teak volume and shape. Results indicated that the Schumacher and Hall (1933) volume equation best describes total volume over and underbark to a fixed upper limit of 7.5 cm. Merchantable volume to upper stem diameter and height limits were best described by respectively the Burkhart (1977) volume ratio model and the Cao and Burkhart (1980) modification thereof. Many of the fitted taper models were unable to adequately describe stem shape over the whole stem, mainly due to the large range in tree sizes and ages used in model fitting. The variable form taper model by Perez, Burkhart and Stiff (1990) provided the best results according to various criteria and is recommended for predicting teak underbark diameters to various heights and, if only a single model is required, the merchantable volume. Top height growth of teak stands was adequately described by the generalized Schumacher (1939) model with the value of the exponent k estimated from the sample data. From this a series of anamorphic site index curves were developed. Suitable height-dbh curves were obtained by a simple linear model and predictions improved by including stand age and site index as predictor variables.

[pt] Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre a influência de técnicas de saturação, empregadas em laboratórios comerciais e de pesquisa, no comportamento tensão-deformação-resistência de solos residuais quando submetidos a ensaios de compressão triaxial tipo CIU. Os solos avaliados são provenientes de litologias distintas e apresentam diferenças na composição mineralógica, grau de intemperismo e estrutura. Um dos solos pertence ao perfil de alteração de uma rocha alcalina encontrada no município de Tanguá-RJ. Os demais solos são oriundos das feições melanocrática e leucocrática de um migmatito da baixada fluminense (Duque de Caxias-RJ). A variação de volume total dos corpos de prova durante a saturação foi monitorada em alguns ensaios para auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma câmara triaxial dupla com sistema de medida de variação de volume total de fácil montagem e custo reduzido, cujas características técnicas são competitivas com as existentes no mercado. O método de saturação que consiste na percolação de água por meio de sucção com baixa tensão confinante seguida de aumento contínuo e simultâneo de tensões (saturação automática) mostrou ser o mais adequado para o solo residual de rocha alcalina, que apresenta estrutura frágil, sem agentes cimentantes e com elevado índice de vazios. Já o solo residual de migmatito (feição melanocrática), que apresenta agentes cimentantes e elevada tensão de cedência, é menos susceptível à técnica de saturação, tendo seu comportamento afetado apenas pelo emprego da técnica de incremento único de contrapressão. / [en] This research presents a study on the influence of saturation procedures, used in commercial and research laboratories, on the stress-strain-strength behavior of residual soils when subjected to CIU triaxial tests. The selected soils are derived from different lithologies and show differences in mineralogical composition, structure and weathering degree. One of them belongs to the weathering profile of an alkaline rock located at the city of Tanguá-RJ. The others are the result of weathering processes on melanocratic and leucocratic features of a migmatite from Duque de Caxias, in Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area. Variation of the total volume of the test specimens was monitored during the saturation process in some tests to assess the influence of this procedure on the soil structure. For this purpose, it was developed a double-walled triaxial cell with a system based on the measurement of variation of the volume of the fluid filling the inner cell. The equipment has competitive technical features, besides the low cost and easy to assemble. The saturation technique based on percolating water by suction with a low cell pressure followed by continuous and simultaneous increase of backpressure (automatic saturation) was the most suitable method for the residual soil from the alkaline rock, which presents a weakly cemented structure, without bonding, and high voids ratio. However, the residual soil from the migmatite rock (melanocratic feature), which has strong cementation and high yielding stress, shown to be less susceptible to the saturation procedures, having its behavior affected only by the saturation technique of elevation of backpressure in just onestage.

Orientador: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho / Resumo: A eucaliptocultura carece de pesquisas referentes a adubação de rebrotas. Assim, este trabalho objetivou estudar em três experimentos distintos, divididos em duas etapas; o efeito residual da adubação com nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), aplicados na primeira rotação na fase inicial das brotações, primeira etapa, avaliando os teores de nutrientes no solo, no folhedo e na folha diagnose, além do crescimento do eucalipto no sistema talhadia no Cerrado. Na segunda etapa do experimento, avaliou-se o residual de doses de N, P e K, do primeiro ciclo produtivo do eucalipto, e o efeito da reaplicação dos respectivos nutrientes, no solo, na biomassa produzida e partição dos nutrientes extraídos, além da altura, diâmetro a altura do peito e volume de madeira do eucalipto. O sistema usado foi o talhadia, em um solo arenoso com baixa fertilidade de Três Lagoas - MS. O delineamento experimental da primeira etapa utilizado nos três experimentos foi delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados e com cinco repetições. Experimento 1: residual de quatro doses de N (0, 70, 105 e 140 kg ha-1), na forma de nitrato de amônio. Experimento 2: residual de quatro doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 70 e 100kg ha-1), aplicadas totalmente no sulco de plantio, utilizando o superfosfato triplo. Experimento 3: residual de doses de K2O (0, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1), na forma de cloreto de potássio. O delineamento estatístico da segunda etapa dos três experimentos foram o de blocos casualizados, dispostos em e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and development of new therapies have been challenging due to the disease complexity and slow progression, and the limited sensitivity of available clinical outcomes. Modeling and simulation has become an increasingly important component in drug development and in post-marketing optimization of use of medication. This thesis focuses on development of pharmacometric models for characterization and quantification of the relationships between drug exposure, biomarkers and clinical endpoints in relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) following cladribine treatment. A population pharmacokinetic model of cladribine and its main metabolite, 2-chloroadenine, was developed using plasma and urine data. The renal clearance of cladribine was close to half of total elimination, and was found to be a linear function of creatinine clearance (CRCL). Exposure-response models could quantify a clear effect of cladribine tablets on absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), burden of disease (BoD), expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and relapse rate (RR) endpoints. Moreover, they gave insight into disease progression of RRMS. This thesis further demonstrates how integrated modeling framework allows an understanding of the interplay between ALC and clinical efficacy endpoints. ALC was found to be a promising predictor of RR. Moreover, ALC and BoD were identified as predictors of EDSS time-course. This enables the understanding of the behavior of the key outcomes necessary for the successful development of long-awaited MS therapies, as well as how these outcomes correlate with each other. The item response theory (IRT) methodology, an alternative approach for analysing composite scores, enabled to quantify the information content of the individual EDSS components, which could help improve this scale. In addition, IRT also proved capable of increasing the detection power of potential drug effects in clinical trials, which may enhance drug development efficiency. The developed nonlinear mixed-effects models offer a platform for the quantitative understanding of the biomarker(s)/clinical endpoint relationship, disease progression and therapeutic response in RRMS by integrating a significant amount of knowledge and data.

In my thesis, I focused on monitoring of microorganisms in the sample of red grape juice and on the interactions between yeasts, bacteria and filamentous fungi. Three different media were applied for the cultivation of microorganisms; firstly for monitoring of total volume of microorganisms, secondly for yeasts and third time for lactic acid bacteria. The indirect method was used for the determination of the amount of viable cells. This method consists in enumerating of visible macroscopic colonies grown up on agar plates. When the cells grew up, the forms of colonies were analyzed visually and the morphology of microorganisms was detected microscopically. The operating time of enzymes in grape juice in the production of red wine was monitored after application of commercial enzymatic preparation. The enzym action in grape juice was observed on the basis of the process of degradation of high – molecular substrate by enzymes through the use of Ubbelohd´s viscometer. The research findings provided a lot of knowledge about the occurance of microflora in the process of production of red wine. The commercial preparations added to grape juice played a significant role.