Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2007. / Also issued online.

abstract: Because of its ability to harbor social values, norms, and beliefs, heritage has always been utilized as an ideological vehicle. One prominent example of politicizing heritage is Chinese red tourism, comprised of state-promoted tours to revolutionary memorial sites. It is expected to generate political, economic, and social benefits, particularly to reinforce the legitimate leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Statistics show that dramatic market growth in red tourism has occurred over the past decade. Yet it is still heavily driven by the government and thus whether long-term sustainability can be achieved is still questionable. This dissertation explores the dynamics of red tourism from the perspective of a meaning-making process, where tourism discourses circulate among the processes of production, transmission, and consumption. The results reveal that higher-level government primarily assumes the leading role, whereas local government is largely excluded from strategy making processes and primarily responsible for implementation and operation. Some dissonance exists between higher and lower-level governments in their goals and involvement in red tourism development. Second, intermediaries are not altruistic and attempt to maximize their own benefits. While site interpreters may provide officially authorized narratives, their primary focus is hosting higher-up administrative visitors. On the contrary, tour guides are more customer-oriented, which may lead to officially undesirable interpretations. Third, driven by multiple motives, tourists have increasingly diverse attitudes towards red heritage and participate in various political and non-political activities. A considerable degree of congruence was found between tourists' participation, motivation, memories, and perception. Quantitative results indicate that the majority of tourists have learned about the political significance and/or content of red heritage, and developed more positive attitudes towards, and support for, the CCP and the government, to a certain extent. This dissertation contributes to current research by adopting a systematic and emic perspective to explore the dynamics of red tourism. Several conceptual frameworks were developed inductively to describe the meaning-making process. Mixed methods were used to learn about tourists' consumption and perceptions of red heritage. Implications regarding enhancing the effectiveness of the meaning-making process, limitations of the study, and potential directions for future research are also discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Community Resources and Development 2014

M.Comm. (Tourism and Hospitality Management) / Community-based tourism is increasingly being developed and promoted as a means of reducing poverty in developing countries whereby the needs of local communities are met through the offering of a tourism product. The Swaziland Tourism Authority (STA) with the support of the European Union Fund has made significant contributions to the development of community-based tourism in Swaziland enabling rural communities to successfully develop tourist attractions. However, whilst many community-based tourism ventures have been established in developing countries, their operations have not been monitored properly. The same scenario exists in Swaziland where, at the operational level, when the projects are completely left in the hands of the communities, these projects seem to lack the drive and stagnate. It is apparent that most of these community-based tourism ventures are faced with a number of challenges at operational level. This study, therefore, investigated these operational challenges facing community-based tourism in Swaziland. The study used the mixed methods research design whereby qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group interviews and participant observation. Quantitative data was collected from visitors to community-based tourism ventures through questionnaires. From the findings of the study, it was clear that operational challenges ranged from poor management to lack of operational resources and impatient communities among others. The report concludes by stating recommendations to possible solutions to these operational challenges.

Cultural tourism is considered to be one of the largest and fastest growing types of global tourism markets. Culture is increasingly being used to promote destinations and enhance their attractiveness and competitiveness. Many cities are now actively developing their cultural assets as a way of developing comparative advantages over others in the tourism marketplace. In the light of this, there is need to diversify the tourism economy of the City of Johannesburg by strengthening the Cultural tourism aspect. Despite the fact that Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area has a good cultural infrastructure which includes a number of theatres, museums and art galleries, cultural tourism is one of the underdeveloped aspects of the local tourism economy. The main focus of the research was to identify ways to diversify the tourism economy of the City of Johannesburg by anchoring it on cultural products and activities, thereby improving the cultural image and competitiveness of Johannesburg as an urban cultural city destination in Africa. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Arts degree in the Center for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand,1998. / The tourism industry is today recognised as being an activity of global significance. It is therefore not surprising that tourism is receiving attention from governments, the private sector and academics. Here, in South Africa too, tourism is receiving this attention yet there are communities in this country which still do not enjoy the opportunities offered by tourism. It is for this reason that a study of tourism constraints of Umlazi township residents is undertaken. This study aims at determining the constraints that are a hindrance to the Umlazi township residents' participation in tourism. The main concern of the study is why some people do not travel to visit other places in their own country. It emerged from this study that lack of finance is the main reason why the Umlazi township residents do not travel. Other reasons that were revealed in the study were lack of knowledge, fear of crime and fear of accidents. In view of these findings the study makes some recommendations. These recommendations are related to the problems of lack of finance, lack of knowledge, fear of crime and fear of accidents. To overcome the problem of finance it is recommended that communities form groups and organise saving schemes to help them towards saving for tourism. These groups can also organise group tours at reasonable cost. The private sector should organise incentive tours for their employees. There should be joint action among various provincial governments and travel organizations in the different provinces in order to promote domestic travel by low income groups. The government should also establish special programmes for the unemployed youth in order to allow them opportunities to travel. To deal with lack of knowledge, provision of information must be given priority in a country like South Africa, where a majority of its people have been left out of tourism in the past. In order to alleviate crime, people should not rely on law enforcement alone. Communities must be involved in dealing with crime. The government must provide counselling services for the victims of crime so that the fear of crime can be addressed. To encourage drivers and pedestrians to be careful on the roads, campaigns like arrive alive, siyabakhumbiila, drive alive, should be encouraged. This can contribute towards limiting the number of road accidents in this country. This should also be a continuous exercise and not just for certain seasons. The recommendations in this study are not intended only for the area in which this study was undertaken, but for all those communities that face similar constraints. / Financial Aid Bureau of the University of Zululand

This thesis aims to fill an existing research gap, identified in a review of more than 173 TM studies, by developing a theoretical model of turnover intentions among talented employees in the Saudi Arabian tourism sector.

No description available.

The growth of mass tourism has placed great pressure on British seaside destinations, and has contributed to the social costs experienced by the resident population via symptoms of changing perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards tourism, and the presence of higher crime rates. This thesis examines the social reality experienced by residents, and determines the impacts of tourism-related crime upon two tourist communities which are experiencing high levels of crime. The comparative study of a British seaside resort and a coastal town reveals that tourism communities are influenced by individual resident opinions. Simultaneously these communities influence resident perception and behaviour towards tourism-related crime, and it is through this exchange process, that evidence of destination specific criteria has emerged. The research established that the resort community found commonality through the mutual gaze, whilst the coastal community formed closed perceptions of deviant activities through discord and the local gaze. The study concludes by arguing that a destination offering a hedonistic lifestyle will not necessarily have higher crime rates than other safer destinations. This is due to the widespread implementation of crime prevention methods in the resort, and the lack of deterrents established in the coastal town. Therefore there may be nothing criminogenic about these particular destinations. Instead, collective community perception, digressed through crime talk, has influenced community crime interpretation and individual resident evaluation of the tourism industry.

Kar-yiu Wong. / Title also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 244-248.

Summary in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1975. / Bibliography: leaves 110-112.