In the context of South Africa, there is an increasing interest in the provision of a TSA to be made available at a region level (Ragab, 2014). The satellite accounting approach and its regional extension are likely to be the most appropriate tools to estimate the economic contribution of the tourism sector (Jean-Pierre & Perrain, 2016). Nonetheless, due to the complexity and limitations of the methodology (Jones & Munday, 2010) the researcher had to define the boundaries of the data available in South Africa at a regional level in terms of the RTSA requirements (United Nations, 2013). The construction of an RTSA can be done through a top-down or bottom-up approach (Jean-Pierre & Perrain, 2016; Song et al., 2012; Pham et al., 2008; Fletching, 2008). The top-down approach is the more common method used in literature since it is more cost effective, utilises existing resources and allows for national level and inter-regional comparisons. Taking this into consideration, the researcher applied a top-down approach in order to determine the appropriateness of the secondary data available in South Africa in the context of constructing an RTSA for a region. The data challenges in constructing an RTSA for the Western Cape region, in South Africa, related to the lack of a regional account, the inadequate tourism surveys at a regional level, and the unbalanced reconciliation of supply and demand. As in most emerging destinations, the study area did not have an available regional account detailed enough to satisfy the structural requirements of an RTSA. The location quotient technique was used to regionalise the national production table made it less accurate. The tourism data available at a regional level did not report on the necessary expenditure indicators to regionalise the national tourism expenditure; further, the international and domestic tourism data varied in indicators reported at granular level. This created inconsistencies in the estimated regional expenditure distribution between international and domestic tourism. Finally, these data challenges resulted in the regional supply and tourism demand ratio to be unbalanced. The aforementioned needs to first be addressed for an accurate and reliable RTSA to be constructed for a region. Therefore, as in many emerging destinations, the lack of adequate tourism supply and demand data is a critical limitation in estimating the value of tourism as an economic activity at a regional level. In conclusion, emerging tourism destinations would need to use alternative methods to construct an RTSA that would be deemed less accurate but still adequate for policymakers decision-making processes. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria 2019. / Tourism Management / MCom / Unrestricted

Cette thèse se concentre sur la question de la détermination des prix des services touristiques et celle de l’évolution de leur qualité. La première partie s’intéresse aux canaux de distribution, en particulier aux incidences de la généralisation de l’usage des TIC sur leur mode de fonctionnement et les stratégies de prix qui y sont mises en place. Le premier chapitre dresse un état des lieux des évolutions récentes. Il met l’accent sur les modalités de tarification dynamique. Puis, le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’analyse des offres opaques qui contribuent aujourd’hui beaucoup à l’activité des canaux alternatifs. Nous montrons que la diversification des modalités de vente opaque par un monopole n’est pas souhaitable en information complète, mais qu’elle peut en revanche améliorer les profits de ce monopole en situation d’information incomplète. La deuxième partie s’articule autour de problématiques liées à l’incidence de la montée des préoccupations environnementales sur la qualité et l’offre des produits touristiques. Ainsi, le troisième chapitre étudie théoriquement l’impact de la modification de la demande sur les stratégies d’offre des professionnels, dans un contexte de monopole, puis de duopole. Nous montrons comment une offre environnementalement responsable peut émerger, évoluer, jusqu’à évincer l’offre de produits traditionnels. Le quatrième chapitre part du cadre envisagé dans le précédent, en y adjoignant une population de résidents. La prise en compte des populations locales a deux conséquences : celle d’accélérer l’adoption de normes environnementales, mais aussi de limiter l’offre de services du tourisme. / This Ph.D. thesis focuses on tourism products pricing and quality evolution. The first part considers the impacts of ICT development on distribution channels, intermediation and pricing strategies. The first chapter identifies and analyzes prevailing distribution and pricing strategies. The focus is made on dynamic pricing models. Then, the second chapter focuses on alternative distribution channels, namely the innovative strategies of opaque selling. It analyzes the case of an intermediary in a situation of monopoly facing heterogeneous demand. Model results depend on consumers’ uncertainty levels. We find that when information is complete, the combination of opaque channelsis not profitable for the monopoly. On the opposite, in case of incomplete information, joint implementation of both systems provides the best results. The second part considers the influence of increasing environmental awareness on the quality of tourism products. In the third chapter, by adapting a demand-driven approach, in context of monopoly, and then duopoly, we explain the role of the industry in the adoption of environmental sustainability norms. We show, how sustainable tourism products emerge, evolve, and may even eliminate traditional products. Then, in the fourth chapter, based on the same theoretical core, we include another aspect of sustainability, which concerns interactions with local population. We consider how a population ofresidents influences the adoption of environmental norms. We show that taking into account residents’ actions leads the service provider to reduce its offer, and in most cases, to choose the sustainable solution.

Entre 1970 et 2017 le terrorisme a frappé 180 000 fois dans le monde. Il devient l’un des défis sécuritaires majeurs de notre époque. Ce phénomène n’a épargné aucun territoire ni aucune cible, notamment ; le tourisme. L’important essor du tourisme international se confronte chaque jour davantage à l’ascension du terrorisme. À partir de ce constat, l’objectif de ce travail de recherche réside dans l’amélioration de la connaissance du lien de causalité entre le terrorisme et le tourisme. Notre approche théorique repose sur la rationalité de l’acteur terroriste. La première partie est consacrée à la détermination des motivations du terrorisme au sujet du tourisme. La deuxième partie porte sur l’impact du terrorisme sur l’économie du tourisme internationale. En plus de la séparation du tourisme et de ses cibles, l’originalité de notre recherche repose sur l’attention théorique portée à la mécanique terroriste par l’intermédiaire de la doctrine du terrorisme, ses acteurs, son action, et les modes opératoires employés. En termes empiriques, elle relève de la dissociation des cibles touristiques de celles non touristiques, la catégorisation des variables indépendantes du terrorisme et l’interrogation d’autres facteurs d’influences de la demande touristique. Dans une thématique peu abordée par la littérature, cette thèse apporte une vision dynamique des mécanismes de la relation entre le tourisme et le terrorisme. / Within 1970 and 2017, terrorism has hit the world 180,000 times. It has become one of the major security challenges of our time. This phenomenon has spared no territories or targets, among which; tourism. The important growth of international tourism is increasingly confronted with the rise of terrorism. Departing from this observation, the objective of this research work is to improve the knowledge of the causal link between terrorism and tourism. Our theoretical approach is based on the rationality of the terrorist actor. The first part is devoted to determining the motivations of terrorism for tourism. The second part focuses on the impact of terrorism on the international tourism economy. In addition to the separation of tourism and its targets, the originality of our research is focuses on the theoretical attention given to terrorist mechanics through the doctrine of terrorism, its actors, its action, and the operating methods adopted. In empirical terms, it relates to the dissociation of tourist targets from non-tourism targets. Moreover it also relates to the categorization of the independent variables of terrorism and the questioning of other factors which influence tourism demand. In a theme rarely addressed to by literature, this thesis provides a dynamic vision of the mechanisms of the relationship between tourism and terrorism.

<p> The purpose of this study was twofold: Part 1, to empirically develop and statistically analyze a new model that measures the culture-based motivators to consume luxury wine by business travelers that identify as culturally-Chinese; and Part 2, to validate the new model. Luxury wine stakeholders may often have issues accessing luxury wine and providing the ideal choices that appeal to the business traveler from China, and yet there is a larger concern. </p> <p>In a field with a significant lack of research, it is a challenge for global stakeholders to gather information, acquire and implement cross-cultural competence, and remain knowledgeable of the most important motivators for Chinese consumers to pursue luxury wine in an environment of accelerated consumption. The intent of developing and validating this model was so that the resulting developmental process might be adopted by other researchers who wish to explore the psychological, culture-based motivators to consume luxury products by those that identify as culturally-Chinese, including, but not limited to, wine. The model provides stakeholders with culture-based knowledge to meet, or transcend, their consumers’ luxury wine purchasing, tasting, and presenting needs. It also addresses gaps in research literature surrounding luxury product consumption, such as emerging markets, global affairs, Chinese (Eastern) versus Euro-American (Western) perspectives, and consumer sociodemographics. Interdisciplinary scale development and inventory tests followed by hospitality-specific, culture-based scale development and item development literature were reviewed and deduced for model development. The scale underwent validity and reliability tests; through a rigorous scale development procedure that tested theory, the scale became a model. The findings and implications are discussed and recommendations for future research are offered.</p>

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal verificar os problemas nos Ãmbitos cultural, ambiental e socioeconÃmico, analisando a influÃncia da atividade turÃstica na constituiÃÃo e agravamento destes processos no MunicÃpio de Aquiraz - CE. Para isto, foram analisados os seguintes objetivos especÃficos: realizar sucinta abordagem histÃrica do MunicÃpio e abreviado retrato socioeconÃmico; mostrar a evoluÃÃo das polÃticas pÃblicas de turismo e sua importÃncia enquanto diretriz para o desenvolvimento da atividade turÃstica, verificando a existÃncia e repercussÃo destas em Aquiraz; identificar os impactos sociais, ambientais e econÃmicos nas comunidades litorÃneas, averiguando suas inter-relaÃÃes com a atividade turÃstica e pesquisar o desenvolvimento socioeconÃmico do MunicÃpio de Aquiraz, no espaÃo-temporal de 10 anos (1995 â 2004), tomando por base a atividade turÃstica para este desenvolvimento. A metodologia empregada consistiu em anÃlise descritiva dos dados, os quais tiveram origem primÃria e secundÃria. TambÃm, foram empregadas as tÃcnicas de entrevista semi-estruturada e aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios com os moradores das comunidades, turistas e pessoas que trabalham na atividade turÃstica. Aquiraz foi escolhido para o estudo de caso focalizado neste trabalho por ser uma das localidades mais visitadas do CearÃ, segundo pesquisas da Secretaria de Turismo do Estado do Cearà â SETUR-CE. Sendo o turismo, porÃm, uma atividade que costuma vir acompanhada de redefiniÃÃes sociais, econÃmicas e ambientais, principalmente no uso do tempo, dos espaÃos e dos territÃrios a pesquisa torna-se relevante para avaliar as âcontribuiÃÃesâ que o turismo vÃm trazendo para o MunicÃpio. Neste sentido, a investigaÃÃo contribui para a exposiÃÃo da realidade da atividade turÃstica em Aquiraz, podendo nortear estratÃgias empreendedoras no campo do turismo, especialmente no litoral aquiraense, que vem sendo explorado, apenas, mediante o binÃmio âsol e marâ. / The present work has for main objective to verify the problems in the cultural scopes, ambient and socioeconomics, analyzing the influence of the tourist activity in the constitution and aggravation of these processes in the City of Aquiraz - CE. For this, the following specific objectives had been analyzed: to carry through historical boarding of the City and shortened socioeconomics picture; to show to the evolution of the public politics of tourism and its importance while line of direction for the development of the tourist activity, verifying the existence and repercussion of these in Aquiraz; to identify the social, ambient and economic impacts in the littoral communities, inquiring its Inter-relations with the tourist activity and to search the socioeconomics development of the City of Aquiraz, in the space-time of 10 years (1995 - 2004), taking for base the tourist activity for this development. The employed methodology consisted of descriptive analysis of the data, which had had primary and secondary origin. Also, the techniques of half-structuralized interview and application of questionnaires with the inhabitants of the communities, tourist had been used and people who work in the tourist activity. Aquiraz was chosen for the study of case focused in this work for being one of the most visited localities of the CearÃ, according to research of the Secretariat of Tourism of the State of Cearà - SETUR-CE. Being the tourism, however, an activity that use to come followed of social, economic and ambient redefinitions, mainly in the use of the time, the spaces and of the territories the research becomes excellent to evaluate the "contributions" that the tourism brings to the City. In this direction, the inquiry contributes for the exposition of the reality of the tourist activity in Aquiraz, being able to guide enterprising strategies in the field of the tourism, especially in the aquiraense coast, that comes being explored, through the âsun and sea" tourism, only.

No description available.

No description available.

As a lucrative tourism sector, the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) sector has been significantly affected by crises in recent years, from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, to the SARS and bird flu epidemics, to the tsunami of late 2004. One of the key effects of such crises has been growing safety concerns when it comes to crisis-struck MICE destinations. In turn, this has impacted on both MICE customers’ perceived risk in terms of purchasing MICE products, and their decision to follow through on planned MICE events. In addition, the MICE sector reveals noticeably differing levels of crisis vulnerability when compared to other tourism sectors; in particular, one of the clear differences lies in the decision making process itself, given that MICE sector buyers sponsor the endusers of MICE products, and are thus heavily liable for the safety of attendees. Not surprisingly, any life-threatening situation in MICE destinations discourages buyers from taking the decision to purchase. In contrast to other tourism sectors where the buyer and end-user are generally one and the same, in MICE tourism customers and consumers remain distinct. Taken together, both the impacts of crisis and crisis vulnerability suggest that crises can affect business continuity in the MICE sector significantly. In turn, MICE suppliers need to understand the impacts of crisis on tourism demand in the MICE sector, and come to terms with the key factors contributing to crisis vulnerability in order to better cope with, and sustain, their MICE businesses through crisis situations. To this end, the core aim of this research is to identify the critical success factors responsible for effective crisis management in the MICE sector. To achieve this, this research has developed three research questions, and investigated these questions through qualitative data collection and analysis of thirty-seven in-depth interviews with MICE suppliers in Thailand. The findings of these interviews provide both rich and substantively meaningful understandings of pertinent crisis management issues. More specifically, through detailed analysis of this data, this research examines the impact of crises on tourism demand in the MICE sector; the factors contributing to crisis vulnerability in the sector; and finally, the critical success factors of crisis management as they apply to the sector. In sum, this research achieves its research aims by providing ten critical success factors (CSFs) which organizations need to implement to successfully manage crisis situations. In summary, the findings of this research provide a contribution to knowledge by highlighting that the characteristics of the MICE product market not only contribute to fragmentation within the MICE sector, but also to both crisis vulnerability and crisis management approaches in a context of MICE tourism. Both the contributions and implications of this research have the potential to contribute to better crisis management in the MICE sector and tourism industry as a whole.

SOUSA, Michele de. Análise do turismo em Aquiraz - Ceará: política, desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade. 2005. 158 f. : Dissertação (mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Ceará,Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T11:30:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_msousa.pdf: 4494910 bytes, checksum: baa858b1029dbf40fdcf0c44e0e04122 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes(nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T11:33:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_msousa.pdf: 4494910 bytes, checksum: baa858b1029dbf40fdcf0c44e0e04122 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T11:33:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_msousa.pdf: 4494910 bytes, checksum: baa858b1029dbf40fdcf0c44e0e04122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The present work has for main objective to verify the problems in the cultural scopes, ambient and socioeconomics, analyzing the influence of the tourist activity in the constitution and aggravation of these processes in the City of Aquiraz - CE. For this, the following specific objectives had been analyzed: to carry through historical boarding of the City and shortened socioeconomics picture; to show to the evolution of the public politics of tourism and its importance while line of direction for the development of the tourist activity, verifying the existence and repercussion of these in Aquiraz; to identify the social, ambient and economic impacts in the littoral communities, inquiring its Inter-relations with the tourist activity and to search the socioeconomics development of the City of Aquiraz, in the space-time of 10 years (1995 - 2004), taking for base the tourist activity for this development. The employed methodology consisted of descriptive analysis of the data, which had had primary and secondary origin. Also, the techniques of half-structuralized interview and application of questionnaires with the inhabitants of the communities, tourist had been used and people who work in the tourist activity. Aquiraz was chosen for the study of case focused in this work for being one of the most visited localities of the Ceará, according to research of the Secretariat of Tourism of the State of Ceará - SETUR-CE. Being the tourism, however, an activity that use to come followed of social, economic and ambient redefinitions, mainly in the use of the time, the spaces and of the territories the research becomes excellent to evaluate the "contributions" that the tourism brings to the City. In this direction, the inquiry contributes for the exposition of the reality of the tourist activity in Aquiraz, being able to guide enterprising strategies in the field of the tourism, especially in the aquiraense coast, that comes being explored, through the “sun and sea" tourism, only. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal verificar os problemas nos âmbitos cultural, ambiental e socioeconômico, analisando a influência da atividade turística na constituição e agravamento destes processos no Município de Aquiraz - CE. Para isto, foram analisados os seguintes objetivos específicos: realizar sucinta abordagem histórica do Município e abreviado retrato socioeconômico; mostrar a evolução das políticas públicas de turismo e sua importância enquanto diretriz para o desenvolvimento da atividade turística, verificando a existência e repercussão destas em Aquiraz; identificar os impactos sociais, ambientais e econômicos nas comunidades litorâneas, averiguando suas inter-relações com a atividade turística e pesquisar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Município de Aquiraz, no espaço-temporal de 10 anos (1995 – 2004), tomando por base a atividade turística para este desenvolvimento. A metodologia empregada consistiu em análise descritiva dos dados, os quais tiveram origem primária e secundária. Também, foram empregadas as técnicas de entrevista semi-estruturada e aplicação de questionários com os moradores das comunidades, turistas e pessoas que trabalham na atividade turística. Aquiraz foi escolhido para o estudo de caso focalizado neste trabalho por ser uma das localidades mais visitadas do Ceará, segundo pesquisas da Secretaria de Turismo do Estado do Ceará – SETUR-CE. Sendo o turismo, porém, uma atividade que costuma vir acompanhada de redefinições sociais, econômicas e ambientais, principalmente no uso do tempo, dos espaços e dos territórios a pesquisa torna-se relevante para avaliar as “contribuições” que o turismo vêm trazendo para o Município. Neste sentido, a investigação contribui para a exposição da realidade da atividade turística em Aquiraz, podendo nortear estratégias empreendedoras no campo do turismo, especialmente no litoral aquiraense, que vem sendo explorado, apenas, mediante o binômio “sol e mar”.

<p>“Daka Travel” is trending to become a popular travel style in Chinese tourism market in recent years, especially for Chinese millennial travelers. This study is concerned with understanding the characteristics of Daka travel and deeply investigate travelers’ travel experience of Daka travel. To investigate the travel experience, a conceptual model based on experience economy was proposed and empirically tested. The context of the empirical study was conducted among Chinese millennials travelers. The study includes two steps. Firstly, 15 travelers who had Daka travel experience selected randomly via social media platforms were invited to participate in the semi-structured interview, the interviews were performed to identify interesting characteristics of Daka travelers and attributes of Daka travel. Secondly, people who had Daka travel experience was selected randomly online to participate in the survey. A total of 471 valid questionnaires were collected. Factor analysis and mediation analysis were conducted by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 26.0. According to the findings of this study, there are several distinctive characteristics of Daka travelers could be concluded: 1. Daka travelers get Daka tourism information from social media especially short-video applications; 2.<i> </i>Social envy is one of major motivations of Daka Travel; 3. Daka travelers share travel experience with the main purposes of recording travel memory; 4. Natural scenic spots and Food & Beverage shops are the two most popular Daka destinations. For the travel experience, the research verified that all of the dimensions (includes entertainment, esthetics, education, escapism, personalization, serendipity, localness and communitas) of experience-scape model significantly influenced the perception of travel experience for Daka travelers. Further, travel experience could contribute to creating memorable travel experience which potentially influenced travelers’ sense of well-being and meaningfulness. In addition, the multiple regression analysis revealed interesting results showing that among the eight dimensions of travel experience-scape, each realm had different influence on travelers’ sense of well-being and meaningfulness. For well-being, “Entertainment” was the most influential factor, however, “Localness” did not have significant influence at all. In contrast, for meaningfulness, “Communitas” and “Personalization” played the most important role. “Entertainment”, “Esthetic” and “Escapism” did not have significant influence. The findings of this research contribute both conceptually and practically to Daka travel destination planning and management to create a satisfying and memorable travel experience. They can improve their ability of providing tourism products and services in a more targeted and meaningful way. More detailed findings and implications will be presented in the manuscript. </p>