Tourism is promoted by the governments of many developing countries because it offers the potential for creating jobs, thus generating income for the country and revenue for the government. However, the tourism industry can also be viewed as a destructive force, associated with negative externalities such as the loss of natural landscapes, congestion, and environmental and cultural degradation. These problems are more likely to be exacerbated where there is a lack of well-designed planning and effective management of tourism development. An essential component of any management of tourism is the ability to engage with, and get a positive response from, the tourism industry. There are a wide range of enterprises involved in providing tourist products and experiences, and in many nations, both developing and developed, a large number of these businesses are small and medium in size and tend to operate at a local scale. The informal nature of tourism enterprises in the developing world can make it difficult to spread awareness of tourism policy and to measure moves towards more sustainable performance on the part of the industry. Using the case study of tourism in the city of Hue, this thesis argues that it is essential to understand both what tourism enterprises know about sustainable tourism practice and policy and also how they respond to its adoption, if we are to more fully understand tourism and its links to sustainable economic development. Located on the central northern coast of Vietnam, Hue is well known for its cultural resources and natural beauty, and the province has become a major tourism centre in Vietnam. The city of Hue itself is recognized as having international heritage value and was listed as a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO in 1993. During the last decade, tourism revenues have increased by nearly 35% per annum, and Hue has made great efforts to both stimulate and cater for increasing demand for its tourism products and services. The Vietnamese government has introduced a number of policies designed to enhance environmental quality generally and, more specifically, to improve the sustainability of enterprises in the tourism sector. This thesis examines the degree to which tourism enterprises in the city of Hue are aware of the broad concept of sustainable tourism and of the specific legislation designed to influence the sustainability of their businesses. I examine the structure and make-up of the industry and then analyse whether characteristics such as size, ownership type and sectoral focus play a role in influencing awareness of, and response to, government policy. The research triangulates data-gathering methods: secondary data, literature reviews, semi-structured interviews and an enterprise survey are all used to gain insights into the core research questions. Each method feeds into and is strengthened by the others, and their combination (including 50 interviews and 180 survey responses) provides a robust data set to work from. The findings reveal that many of the firms operating in the Hue tourism industry are characterized by weak institutional practices, low financial capacity, poor facilities and a lack of broader awareness of policies that influence sustainable tourism practice. The tourism industry’s awareness of general sustainable development issues is low, and much business practice focuses on short-term rather than long-term perspectives. This limits the use of environmentally friendly practices by firms, especially small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs), in their daily business activities. The study reveals that there is no significant variation in the adoption of sustainable tourism practices according to the size of enterprises, especially if the practices in question are simple and can be introduced with cost savings. However, as the cost and complexity of introducing environmental measures increases, we see a greater ability on the part of larger enterprises to adopt such actions – partly because they are in a stronger position to bear the short-terms costs of implementing such approaches. There are a wide range of factors that constrain the Hue tourism industry from adopting more sustainable tourism practices. Internal constraints such as limited financial and human resources are combined with external constraints such as increasing cost-based competition, the lack of enforcement of government policies, and limited awareness of sustainable tourism pracitces. All of these factors play a crucial role in shaping the actions of enterprises in relation to sustainable tourism practices and policies. The results of this study also point to the fact that government sustainable tourism initiatives that rely on ‘command-and-control’ approaches will have limited effect; instead, a variety of institutional economic instruments offer greater potential to overcome deficiencies in the ability of the market to drive tourism enterprises towards more sustainable business practices. The thesis also argues that it is important to develop approaches that can cope with the special challenges attached to management of sustainable tourism development in destinations that are dominated by SMEs. The thesis contributes to the growing body of theory and literature in sustainable tourism development and tourism-enterprise behaviour. It also makes an important contribution to our understanding of tourism enterprises in the developing world. In particular, the findings add an important layer of understanding to those attempting to develop a more sustainable tourism industry in Vietnam. Specifically, it provides policy-makers with important insights into the ways in which different types of tourism enterprises respond to initiatives that relate to improved business sustainability.

This research is mainly through research and data analysis from the world's major tourism master advanced to the national tourism policy, observe the revitalization of tourism, by advanced countries for effective tourism policies and strategies for the revitalization of tourism, to understand our tourism development strategy in the most urgent need to improve and strengthen, to develop the overall tourism development strategy. In March 2007, World Economic Forum (WEF) issued a "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness (TTC) Ranking" for 124 countries and areas of travel or travel conditions, assess the global competitiveness; WTTC forecasts until 2010, the scale of the global tourism industry will reach 11.6% of world GDP, equivalent to six trillion 591.1 billion U.S. dollars; forecast until 2010, the global tourism industry employed population reached 200 million 5162 million. In 2008,we have rank the tourism industry as one of the six major industrys for our nation, may foresee the important of developing tourism to our economy. Literature shows that many experts and scholars views on the development of tourism and research, but many emphasize on promote and marketing tourism. Advanced countries development strategy of tourism policy of our country than lacking. If we want to develop the tourism of Taiwan, in addition to the established policy of tourism, tourism development must be integrated with the main industry, civil society, experts and scholars to work together and research to bear fruit. In this research literatures, summarized the major dimension of tourism development and related development strategies, after that combined with the unit organization and the use of Delphi method to reach experts and scholars in the tourism development strategy aspects of the consensus, to develop a fit for our overall tourism development strategy recommendations. The results show that Taiwan's most urgent need is to establish a unique tourist features and brand, whether the function of government guidance the tourism industry, tourism personnel training and certification, tourist facilities, tourist attractions are needed for integration and partnership, In addition, need to improve Tourism industry as a national issue, Taiwan's tourist profile and degree of internationalization, How to promote Taiwan's tourism promotion to increase the number of tourists is also very important.Accommodation,transportation,attrations,communicate should be integrated between tourist industry person.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19115号 / 情博第561号 / 新制||情||99 / 32066 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 林 春男, 教授 田中 克己, 教授 喜多 一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Competitiveness is an important matter receiving increasing attention by the tourism industry. There is an intense focus on destination competitiveness and it became evident that smaller tourism products are mostly excluded. The main aim of this study was therefore to develop a competitiveness model for tourism products. Five research objectives were derived from the main aim of the research. The first objective was to analyse various research methodologies and structures. Secondly, positioning and travel decision-making and the role thereof in competitiveness were analysed. The third objective was to analyse the key components of competitiveness. Fourthly, to interpret the results from the empirical research enabling the identification of key components of the competitiveness model for tourism products_ The fifth objective was to draw conclusions and lastly recommendations were made. In order to achieve this goal, a literature study was firstly necessary to identify key components of competitiveness in general and to develop the questionnaire. The key words included competitiveness, competitiveness model, tourism industry, competitor and competitor analysis. After the literature study, the empirical research was done by means of a questionnaire_ After pilot testing the questionnaire, the research was conducted amongst tourists visiting Klein Kariba Holiday Resort. With the application of this process 372 useable questionnaires were received. The results of the questionnaires were statistically processed and utilised in designing the competitiveness model. The study indicated that even with smaller tourism products, effective positioning is critical in order to be competitive. Through travel decision-making the most important variables or attributes of positioning are identified and are therefore crucial to understand as these variables or attributes lead to purchase behaviour and have a direct influence on competitiveness. The study also indicated that competitiveness refers to those forces, indicators and success factors that contribute to each tourism product's own uniqueness, allowing the identification of the relative strengths and weaknesses. A valuable contribution was therefore made in determining the relationships between the variables in the model, which directly indicates the importance of certain aspects in increasing competitiveness. Based on the literature and empirical study a competitiveness model for tourism products was developed which can aid managers and product owners in making tourism products more competitive. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Competitiveness is an important matter receiving increasing attention by the tourism industry. There is an intense focus on destination competitiveness and it became evident that smaller tourism products are mostly excluded. The main aim of this study was therefore to develop a competitiveness model for tourism products. Five research objectives were derived from the main aim of the research. The first objective was to analyse various research methodologies and structures. Secondly, positioning and travel decision-making and the role thereof in competitiveness were analysed. The third objective was to analyse the key components of competitiveness. Fourthly, to interpret the results from the empirical research enabling the identification of key components of the competitiveness model for tourism products_ The fifth objective was to draw conclusions and lastly recommendations were made. In order to achieve this goal, a literature study was firstly necessary to identify key components of competitiveness in general and to develop the questionnaire. The key words included competitiveness, competitiveness model, tourism industry, competitor and competitor analysis. After the literature study, the empirical research was done by means of a questionnaire_ After pilot testing the questionnaire, the research was conducted amongst tourists visiting Klein Kariba Holiday Resort. With the application of this process 372 useable questionnaires were received. The results of the questionnaires were statistically processed and utilised in designing the competitiveness model. The study indicated that even with smaller tourism products, effective positioning is critical in order to be competitive. Through travel decision-making the most important variables or attributes of positioning are identified and are therefore crucial to understand as these variables or attributes lead to purchase behaviour and have a direct influence on competitiveness. The study also indicated that competitiveness refers to those forces, indicators and success factors that contribute to each tourism product's own uniqueness, allowing the identification of the relative strengths and weaknesses. A valuable contribution was therefore made in determining the relationships between the variables in the model, which directly indicates the importance of certain aspects in increasing competitiveness. Based on the literature and empirical study a competitiveness model for tourism products was developed which can aid managers and product owners in making tourism products more competitive. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Tourism is promoted by the governments of many developing countries because it offers the potential for creating jobs, thus generating income for the country and revenue for the government. However, the tourism industry can also be viewed as a destructive force, associated with negative externalities such as the loss of natural landscapes, congestion, and environmental and cultural degradation. These problems are more likely to be exacerbated where there is a lack of well-designed planning and effective management of tourism development. An essential component of any management of tourism is the ability to engage with, and get a positive response from, the tourism industry. There are a wide range of enterprises involved in providing tourist products and experiences, and in many nations, both developing and developed, a large number of these businesses are small and medium in size and tend to operate at a local scale. The informal nature of tourism enterprises in the developing world can make it difficult to spread awareness of tourism policy and to measure moves towards more sustainable performance on the part of the industry. Using the case study of tourism in the city of Hue, this thesis argues that it is essential to understand both what tourism enterprises know about sustainable tourism practice and policy and also how they respond to its adoption, if we are to more fully understand tourism and its links to sustainable economic development. Located on the central northern coast of Vietnam, Hue is well known for its cultural resources and natural beauty, and the province has become a major tourism centre in Vietnam. The city of Hue itself is recognized as having international heritage value and was listed as a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO in 1993. During the last decade, tourism revenues have increased by nearly 35% per annum, and Hue has made great efforts to both stimulate and cater for increasing demand for its tourism products and services. The Vietnamese government has introduced a number of policies designed to enhance environmental quality generally and, more specifically, to improve the sustainability of enterprises in the tourism sector. This thesis examines the degree to which tourism enterprises in the city of Hue are aware of the broad concept of sustainable tourism and of the specific legislation designed to influence the sustainability of their businesses. I examine the structure and make-up of the industry and then analyse whether characteristics such as size, ownership type and sectoral focus play a role in influencing awareness of, and response to, government policy. The research triangulates data-gathering methods: secondary data, literature reviews, semi-structured interviews and an enterprise survey are all used to gain insights into the core research questions. Each method feeds into and is strengthened by the others, and their combination (including 50 interviews and 180 survey responses) provides a robust data set to work from. The findings reveal that many of the firms operating in the Hue tourism industry are characterized by weak institutional practices, low financial capacity, poor facilities and a lack of broader awareness of policies that influence sustainable tourism practice. The tourism industry’s awareness of general sustainable development issues is low, and much business practice focuses on short-term rather than long-term perspectives. This limits the use of environmentally friendly practices by firms, especially small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs), in their daily business activities. The study reveals that there is no significant variation in the adoption of sustainable tourism practices according to the size of enterprises, especially if the practices in question are simple and can be introduced with cost savings. However, as the cost and complexity of introducing environmental measures increases, we see a greater ability on the part of larger enterprises to adopt such actions – partly because they are in a stronger position to bear the short-terms costs of implementing such approaches. There are a wide range of factors that constrain the Hue tourism industry from adopting more sustainable tourism practices. Internal constraints such as limited financial and human resources are combined with external constraints such as increasing cost-based competition, the lack of enforcement of government policies, and limited awareness of sustainable tourism pracitces. All of these factors play a crucial role in shaping the actions of enterprises in relation to sustainable tourism practices and policies. The results of this study also point to the fact that government sustainable tourism initiatives that rely on ‘command-and-control’ approaches will have limited effect; instead, a variety of institutional economic instruments offer greater potential to overcome deficiencies in the ability of the market to drive tourism enterprises towards more sustainable business practices. The thesis also argues that it is important to develop approaches that can cope with the special challenges attached to management of sustainable tourism development in destinations that are dominated by SMEs. The thesis contributes to the growing body of theory and literature in sustainable tourism development and tourism-enterprise behaviour. It also makes an important contribution to our understanding of tourism enterprises in the developing world. In particular, the findings add an important layer of understanding to those attempting to develop a more sustainable tourism industry in Vietnam. Specifically, it provides policy-makers with important insights into the ways in which different types of tourism enterprises respond to initiatives that relate to improved business sustainability.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the appropriateness of B2B technology transfer in developing countries, particularly in Thailand. This study seeks an understanding of how Thai culture affects the appropriateness of B2B technology adoption for inter-firm communication in Thailand. A research model was developed for investigating this issue via a strategic fit lens. The proposed model extended the Task-technology fit (TTF) model by Goodhue and Thompson (1995) by integrating interorganisational theories and theories of national culture. This research takes the view that, to achieve a high utilisation of B2B technology adoption, firms in developing countries need to adopt effective IT strategies that align with their local environment. Hence, this research proposes that cultural fit is a major influence on the perception of appropriateness of B2B technology adoption in Thailand. The study was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first study, the qualitative study, was conducted as a preliminary study by interviewing officials in the Thai government and companies in the tourism industry. The objectives were to explore and identify the cultural dimensions that impact on the appropriateness of B2B technology adoption in Thailand. The resulting dimensionalities of cultural fit are: personal relationships; long-term relationships; interorganisational trust; ability to communicate in the English language and materialism. The second study was conducted via a quantitative approach and scales were developed to validate the proposed research model. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire, and analysed by using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. This study found that cultural fit does influence the appropriateness of B2B technology adoption in Thailand. A better perceived fit between Thai culture and B2B technology results in higher technology utilisation. In addition, the results of moderating effect analysis found that, although task-technology fit had no direct impact on utilisation, task-technology fit did have indirect impact on utilisation by moderating the impact of culture. Nevertheless, the results indicated that task-technology fit still had a greater impact on firms' perceived performance than utilisation.

This study had as its origin the questioning by the researcher of the statements made by local and national politicians that the increase in tourist numbers visiting the Southern Cape was resulting in the creation of many new business ventures and work opportunities. This result was, however, not visible. In an attempt to find an answer to the above problem no pertinent information regarding the tourism industry, or evidence that local or regional government was actually involved in planning for the development of such an eventuality, could be found. In 1996 the National Government identified tourism as a major industry sector which could contribute towards economic development. The industry was expected to make a substantial contribution to the alleviation of poverty and to black economic empowerment. The government issued a White Paper on the Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa (1996) in order to produce key policy foundations for the development of the tourism industry in South Africa. Notwithstanding the fact that the central government had, since 1996, implemented various incentive schemes aimed at the tourism industry in general and towards small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME's) that operate in the tourism sector specifically, evidence of these incentive schemes reaching grass-root potential entrepreneurs has not been apparent. Furthermore, although purported to spread the economic benefits equitably among all members of the population, the local previously disadvantaged community did not seem to be benefiting from these policies at all. The above perceptions have, in turn, led to a number of questions listed and noted in Chapter one, and culminated in the research problem that was identified as follows: Can a strategy be formulated to stimulate SMME development and concurrent job creation among SMME's operating in the tourism sector of the Southern Cape and can such a strategy be depicted within a framework of a development model? The aim of the study was, therefore, to find a practical solution to the developmental requirements of tourism-related SMME's in order to stimulate job creation. The study was conducted in three sections: Section 1 consisted of an extensive literature survey in which it was determined that: <ul> <li>Tourism-related SMME's could make a positive contribution to local economic development.</li> <li>Although operating under conditions of globalisation, SMME's still had a future if they followed international best practices.</li> <li>Certain practices were considered international best practices.</li> <li>In order for SMME's to be successful, it becomes necessary to plan for the growth.</li> <li>There is a definitive role to be played by Government in this planning exercise.</li> <li>Although much work has already been done in the field of SMME development, very little has been done that addressed the tourism industry.</li></ul> Section 2 comprised an empirical study designed to test the opinions of tourism-related SMME's operating in the Southern Cape region. Factors which were considered to be essential to stimulate the growth of job opportunities were identified and compared with the theoretical requirements established in the previous section. Finally, Section 3 combined the findings of the previous two sections in an attempt to construct a framework depicting a model and strategy for the development of SMME's operating in the tourism sector of the Southern Cape. / Thesis (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19115号 / 情博第561号 / 新制||情||99(附属図書館) / 32066 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 林 春男, 教授 田中 克己, 教授 喜多 一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / This study aims to investigate the role of artificial intelligence (AI) driven facial recognition to enhance a value proposition by influencing different areas of services in the travel and tourism industry. We adopted semi-structured interviews to derive insights from 26 respondents. Thematic analysis reveals the development of four main themes (personalization, data-driven service offering, security and safety, and seamless payments). Further, we mapped the impact of AI- driven facial recognition to enhance value and experience for corporate guests. Findings indicate that AI-based facial recognition can facilitate the travel and tourism industry in understanding travelers’ needs, optimization of service offers, and value-based services, whereas data-driven services can be realized in the form of customized trip planning, email, and calendar integration, and quick bill summarization. This contributes to strengthening the tourism literature through the lens of organizational information processing theory.