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The literature relating to the ontogeny of the opioid system and to the toxic effects of lead in both man and animals with particular reference to neurochemical and behavioural toxicity of lead is reviewed. The effects of perinatal lead exposure on the development of several aspects of opioid function has been studied using a dosing model of lead (as the acetate) in the maternal drinking water from conception until postnatal day 14 or 21. This model of low level perinatal lead exposure in rats had no toxic effects on growth and produced blood lead levels close to the safety limits set for human exposure and similar to those that have been recorded in some children. The ontogeny of morphine antinociception using the tail immersion test and ketocyclazocine in the paw pressure test was studied in 10,21 and 30 day old rats. Perinatal lead exposure decreased the antinociceptive activity of both morphine and ketocyclazocine in 10 day old rats. Recovery of morphine antinociception occured by 21 days and ketocyclazocine antinociception by 30 days. Radioligand binding studies with [3H]DAGO were used to study the ontogeny of u-opioid receptors in 10,21 and 30 day old rats. Perinatal lead exposure was without effect on equilibrium dissociation constant or maximal binding capacity. Radioligand binding studies with [[3]H] DPDPE were used to study the ontogeny of 6 -opioid receptors in rats between 15 and 50 days. The affinity of the 6-opioid binding site for [[3]H] DPDPE was reduced by perinatal lead exposure but without accompanying changes in binding capacity. This effect of lead on s-opioid receptors was persistant and was observed in rats aged 15-50 days. Basal plasma corticosterone levels (measured fluorimetrically) were elevated by perinatal lead exposure in 45 and 60 day old rats but not in 30 day old rats. In addition the modulatory effect of morphine on stress induced elevations of corticosterone levels was also affected by lead exposure. A reduced effect of morphine was seen in 30 day old animals whilst an increased effect was seen in 60 day old animals. Locomotor activity (measured by photocell detection) of 10,21 and 30 day old rats was recorded over 1 hour during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. Exploratory locomotor activity was reduced in lead exposed animals at postnatal day 10 and the hypolocomotor effect of morphine was also increased in 10 day old lead exposed animals. The opioid system is particularly sensitive to perinatal low level lead exposure and this is manifested in several aspects of physiological function. Possible mechanisms by which lead affects the development of the opioid system are discussed.

The present studies determine the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in three pinniped species, evaluate the relationship with relevant biomarkers of exposure, and calculate toxic effect thresholds. Stranded harp and hooded seals were found to be accumulating PBDEs at levels which could pose a based on threshold levels determined in this study. Northern fur seals are accumulating all three classes of POPs (PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs) with significant relationships being seen with blubber percent lipid. Correlations between contaminant concentrations and expression levels of relevant biomarkers were seen potentially indicating an effect on multiple pathways. Overall risk can be hard to determine due to factors such as sex and age. Broad threshold response values and hazard quotients were calculated for toxic effect endpoints in pinnipeds. Overall these results suggest that certain populations of pinnipeds are at high risk of experiencing toxic effects due to POP exposure, but it is important to understand effects even at lower concentrations. The relationship between exposure, toxic effects, and other stressors, both environmental and physiological, can impact the overall fitness and survival of pinnipeds.

The work described in this thesis is in three parts:. Part I deals with the metabolism of 5-p-aminobenzene-sulphonamide- 3-methylisothiazole (sulphasomizole), 5-amino-3--methylisothiazole, sulphanilamide, and some of the acetyl derivatives. A marked species difference has been found in the metabolism of sulphasomizole.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar distúrbios fisiológicos e bioquímicos causados pelo alumínio em duas linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae: levedura de panificação Fleischmann e a linhagem PE-2. Para tal, procurou-se simular, tanto quanto possível, as condições fisiológicas da fermentação industrial. Foram realizados 4 experimentos, empregando-se mosto semi-sintético e caldo de cana, contendo 200 g de açúcares redutores totais (ART) por litro. O alumínio foi adicionado na forma de AlCl3.6H2O nas seguintes proporções: 0 (testemunha), 50 e 100 mg/L, nos experimentos de 1 a 3, e 0 e 50 mg/L, no experimento 4, variando-se o pH dos mostos de 4,0 a 5,0. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com reciclo de células, sendo avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: rendimento em etanol, formação de glicerol e açúcares residuais, crescimento em biomassa, viabilidade celular, contaminação bacteriana, teores iniciais e finais dos carboidratos de reserva (trealose e glicogênio) e acúmulo de alumínio nas células de levedura. Concluiu-se que níveis tóxicos de alumínio podem estar presentes em mostos industriais, pois os efeitos tóxicos foram constatados em ambas linhagens, porém, a linhagem PE-2 mostrou-se mais resistente a tais efeitos quando comparada com a levedura de panificação Fleischmann. / The aim of this work was to study physiological and biochemical effects caused by aluminum (Al) in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: baker's yeast Fleischmann and strain PE-2. For such, was tried to simulate, so much as possible, the physiological conditions of the industrial process. Four experiments were performed: using semi-synthetic and cane juice containing 200g of total reducing sugar per liter at pH 4.0 and 5.0. Aluminum was added in the form of AlCl3.6H2O in the following proportions: 0 (control), 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L . The experiments were performed with cell reuse and the following parameters were analysed: ethanol production, glicerol production and residual sugars, growth of the yeast, yeast viability, bacterial contamination, trehalose and glycogen content and accumulation of aluminum in the yeast cells. It was concluded that toxic levels of aluminum could be present in industrial substrates, since toxic effects were verified for both strains. The strain PE-2 showed to be more tolerant to aluminum when compared to baker's yeast.

A fumonisina B1 (FB1) é um metabólito secundário produzido principalmente por Fusarium verticilioides em diversos tipos de alimentos, principalmente o milho, o qual constitui a base para composição de rações para várias espécies de animais domésticos. A FB1 é particularmente tóxica para suínos, cujas manifestações clínicas são evidentes em animais expostos a altas concentrações de FB1 na ração (em geral, acima de 30 mg/kg). No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da FB1 em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixas concentrações de fumonisinas, as quais são mais prováveis de serem encontradas em condições de campo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição de suínos a baixos níveis de FB1 na ração, durante 28 dias, sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, peso relativo de órgãos e aspectos histológicos do baço, fígado, pulmões, rins, coração e esôfago, a resposta imune e a determinação do resíduo de FB1 em materiais biológicos como plasma, urina e fezes. Vinte e quatro suínos foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais e alimentados com rações contendo 0 mg (controle), 3,0 mg, 6,0 mg ou 9,0 mg FB1/kg de ração. As diferentes dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso e nem o peso relativo dos órgãos analisados. Não foram constatadas lesões macroscópicas ou histopatológicas no esôfago, rins, coração e fígado. No entanto, foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos pulmões de todos os suínos alimentados com rações contaminadas com fumonisinas, indicando que nenhum dos níveis de FB1 usados no experimento poderia ser considerado como seguro para suínos. Ainda, a FB1 não alterou as concentrações de imunoglobulinas totais, por outro lado, diminuiu a resposta imunológica dos suínos vacinados com Stellamune®, como também reduziu a expressão de citocinas pro-inflamatórias. As concentrações plasmáticas de FB1 residual encontradas permaneceram constantes ao longo dos 28 dias de exposição, nos suínos que se alimentaram com 3,0 mg FB1/kg de ração. Por outro lado, os níveis de FB1 no plasma variaram de 400,3 ± 19,6 pg/mL a 260,6 ± 61,6 pg/mL nos animais expostos a 6,0 mg FB1/kg de ração, e de 1127 ± 494,5 pg/mL a 460,7 ± 69,5 pg/mL nos animais expostos a 9,0 mg FB1/kg de ração, entre os dias 7 e 28 dias de exposição, respectivamente. Em relação aos níveis residuais de FB1 eliminados na urina, embora com variações ao longo dos 28 dias de exposição, foram encontrados níveis que variaram de 28,53 ± 17,9 ng/mL a 16,1 ± 22 ng/ml na urina dos suínos expostos com 3,0 mg FB1/kg de ração, de 47,4 ± 26,4 ng/mL a 24,12 ± 26 ng/mL nos suínos expostos a 6,0 mg FB1/kg de ração e de 75,05 ± 55,2 ng/mL a 18,9 ± 4,4 ng/mL nos suínos expostos a 9,0 mg FB1/kg de ração. Os níveis de FB1 residual eliminados nas fezes permaneceram constantes nos animais expostos com 3,0 mg FB1/kg de ração entre 2,26 ± 1,6 mg/kg e 3,25 ± 2,26 mg/kg, variando de 5,18 ± 1,6 mg/kg a 10,6 ± 2,3 mg/kg, e de 8,16 ± 6,8 mg/kg a 13,8 ± 4,8 mg/kg, nos suínos expostos a 6,0 mg FB1/kg de ração e 9,0 mg FB1/kg de ração, respectivamente. Os resíduos de FB1 encontrados nas fezes decaíram a partir de 21 dias de exposição a FB1 em suínos expostos a 6,0 mg FB1/kg de ração, porém, estes níveis permaneceram constantes entre o dia 21 e 28 em suínos expostos 9,0 mg FB1/kg de ração, indicando uma baixa absorção da toxina em todos os tratamentos. As correlações entre a FB1 eliminada nas fezes (mg/kg) e os níveis de FB1 ingeridos por suínos (mg FB1/animal) foram significativas (P<0,05) em todos os dias. Foram observadas correlações significativas (P<0,05) entre a ingestão de FB1 nos diferentes tratamentos e as concentrações de FB1 na urina e no plasma aos 7 e 28 dias, respectivamente. Deste modo, a quantificação de FB1 na urina e plasma é adequada como biomarcador da ingestão de baixos níveis FB1 no início (7 dias) e no final (28 dias) do período de intoxicação, respectivamente. São necessários novos estudos sobre os mecanismos de ação tóxica da FB1 em suínos, sobretudo em condições de exposição prolongada a níveis baixos de contaminação na ração. / Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in various types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for various feed composition for domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to swine, which clinical manifestations are clearly observed in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30 mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 in pigs fed diets containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are more probable to be found in field conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of piglets exposed to low levels of FB1 in the feed for 28 days on weight gain, feed intake, relative weight of organs and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys, heart and esophagus, immune response and the determination of FB1 residue in biological materials such as plasma, urine and feces. Twenty-four pigs were divided into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0 mg (control), 3.0 mg, 6.0 mg or 9.0 mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P> 0.05) weight gain or the relative weight of the analyzed organs. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were not observed in the esophagus, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histopathological lesions were observed in the lungs of all pigs fed diets contaminated with fumonisin, indicating that none of FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for pigs. Furthermore, the dietary FB1 did not alter the concentrations of total immunoglobulins, although it decreased the immune response of pigs vaccinated with Stellamune® and also reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The FB1 concentrations in plasma of pigs fed 3.0 mg FB1/kg diet remained constant over the 28 days of exposure. Moreover, FB1 plasma levels ranged from 400.3 ± 19.6 pg/ mL to 260.6 ± 61.6 pg/mL in animals exposed to 6.0 mg FB1/kg of diet and 1,127 ± 494.5 pg/mL to 460.7 ± 69.5 pg/mL in animals exposed to 9.0 mg FB1/kg diet, between 7 and 28 days of exposure, respectively. In relation to residual FB1 eliminated in urine, although a variation over the 28 days of exposure was observed, the levels ranged from 17.9 ± 28.53 ng/mL to 16.1 ± 22 ng/mL in urine of pigs exposed with 3.0 mg FB1/kg, 47.4 ± 26.4 ng/mL to 24.12 ± 26 ng/mL in pigs exposed to 6.0 mg FB1/kg, and 75.05 ± 55.2 ng/mL to 18.9 ± 4.4 ng/mL in pigs exposed to 9.0 mg FB1/kg of feed. Residual FB1 levels eliminated in the feces remained constant in animals exposed to 3.0 mg FB1/kg diet, with values of 2.26 ± 1.6 mg/g to 3.25 ± 2.26 mg/kg; in pigs fed 6.0 or 9.0 mg FB1/kg feed, the levels found in feces were 5.18 ± 1.6 mg/kg to 10.6 ± 2.3 mg/kg and 8.16 ± 6.8 mg/kg to 13.8 ± 4.8 mg/kg, respectively. The FB1 residues found in feces decreased from 21 days in pigs exposed to 6.0 mg FB1/kg of feed; however, these levels remained constant between 21 and 28 in pigs exposed to 9.0 mg FB1/kg of feed, indicating a low absorption of toxin in all treatments. Significant (P<0,.05) correlations were found between the FB1 excreted in feces (mg/kg) and the FB1 ingested (mg FB1/animal). The correlations between the ingested FB1 in the different treatments and the residual FB1 levels in urine or plasma were also significant (P<0.05) on days 7 and 28 of intoxication, respectively. Thus the quantification of FB1 in urine or plasm is suitable as biomarker of ingestion of low levels of FB1 at the beginning (7 days) or at the end (28 days) of the intoxication period, respectively. Further studies are needed on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs especially under conditions of prolonged exposure to low levels of contamination in the feed.