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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analysis of the Accumulation, Toxic Effects, and Risk of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Pinnipeds

Soulen, Brianne K 08 1900 (has links)
The present studies determine the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in three pinniped species, evaluate the relationship with relevant biomarkers of exposure, and calculate toxic effect thresholds. Stranded harp and hooded seals were found to be accumulating PBDEs at levels which could pose a based on threshold levels determined in this study. Northern fur seals are accumulating all three classes of POPs (PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs) with significant relationships being seen with blubber percent lipid. Correlations between contaminant concentrations and expression levels of relevant biomarkers were seen potentially indicating an effect on multiple pathways. Overall risk can be hard to determine due to factors such as sex and age. Broad threshold response values and hazard quotients were calculated for toxic effect endpoints in pinnipeds. Overall these results suggest that certain populations of pinnipeds are at high risk of experiencing toxic effects due to POP exposure, but it is important to understand effects even at lower concentrations. The relationship between exposure, toxic effects, and other stressors, both environmental and physiological, can impact the overall fitness and survival of pinnipeds.
2

Mezinárodněprávní ochrana mořských savců / Protection of marine mammals under International Law

Hloušek, Michal January 2012 (has links)
The present thesis begins with a brief overview of some of the most important international, mainly global conventions relevant to the protection of biological diversity in its entierety. Subsequent chapters then deal with some species or higher taxons of marine mammals, in particular with cetaceans, polar bears and pinnipeds. The aim was not only to analyse relevant international conventions, but also to discuss some interesting and precise questions that complete and form the conservation regime.
3

Alterações anatomopatológicas em lobos-marinhos (Otariidae) encontrados na costa do Brasil / Anatomopathological changes in fur seals found ashore on the coast of Brazil

Reisfeld, Laura Chrispim 04 February 2016 (has links)
Diversas doenças emergentes, lesões e agentes infecciosos em mamíferos marinhos foram identificados pela primeira vez em animais encalhados. No Brasil, é comum a ocorrência de encalhes de lobos marinhos que se encontram debilitados e/ou enfermos. Devido à falta de estudos recentes que descrevam as principais causas de morte e alterações histopatológicas nos animais encalhados, o presente trabalho visa contribuir para a patologia comparada e, indiretamente, para a conservação de pinípedes por meio da investigação das principais lesões, enfermidades e causas de morte que acometem estas espécies no sul do Brasil. Para esse estudo, foram analisadas amostras de tecidos de 50 indivíduos de duas espécies de lobos marinhos: lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis) e lobo-marinho-subantártico (Artocephalus tropicalis), que foram encontrados ao longo da costa brasileira, incluindo cadáveres e animais recebidos vivos e que vieram a óbito em centros de reabilitação no Brasil. Essas amostras estão armazenadas no Banco de Tecido de Mamíferos Marinhos e foram avaliadas, identificadas e processadas no Laboratório de Histologia do VPT/FMVZ. Os achados histopatológicos que tiveram ocorrência superior ou igual a 30% foram: pneumonia (90%; 44/49), hiperplasia linfoide em linfonodo (59%; 19/32), congestão hepática (55%; 27/49), hiperplasia linfoide esplênica (55%; 24/44), edema pulmonar (53%; 26/49), enterite em intestino delgado (51%; 18/35), traqueíte (45%; 14/31), hepatite (43%; 21/49), enterite em intestino grosso (42%; 13/31), congestão pulmonar (33%; 16/49), expansão folicular em linfonodo (31%; 10/32) e glomerulonefrite membranosa (30%; 14/47). Dois casos de interesse especial foram reportados; um indíviduo de A. australis com possível causa de morte associada a meningoencefalite causada por protozoário da família Sarcocystidae e um indíviduo de A. tropicalis em que foi observado linfoma. Em uma análise geral, o principal sistema acometido foi o respiratório com 34% (17/50) dos casos, seguido por processos infecciosos, registrados em 28% (14/50) dos casos, sendo que infecções parasitárias por parafilaroides representaram 30,7% (4/13) das causas de morte de A. tropicalis. Dentre os infecciosos, a septicemia representou 42% (6/14) dos casos e foi reportada com maior frequência em A. australis. As outras causas de morte também observadas foram: nutricional (caquexia) 10% (5/50), indeterminada 10% (5/50), digestivo (enterite e hepatite) 6%(3/50), circulatório (choque) 6% (3/50), metabólico (estresse) 4% (2/50) e neoplasia (linfoma), observada em um único caso. Acreditamos que a análise dos dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderá fornecer um panorama sobre as doenças que indivíduos dessas espécies em vida livre possam apresentar em situações de encalhe e durante a reabilitação. Quantificar e entender as causas de encalhe de pinípedes irá fornecer importantes dados aos centros de reabilitação, que por sua vez, poderão utilizar essas informações para planejar cuidados veterinários adequados / Many emerging diseases, injuries and infectious agents in marine mammals have been identified for the first time in stranded animals. Stranding of fur seals that are weak and/or debilitated is common in Brazil. Due to lack of recent studies describing the main causes of death and histopathological changes in stranded animals, this paper aims to contribute to the comparative pathology and indirectly, for the conservation of pinnipeds, by investigating major injuries, illnesses and causes of death that affect these animals in southern Brazil. For this study, we analyzed tissue samples from 50 individuals from two species of sea lions: South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and Sub-Antarctic fur seal (Artocephalus tropicalis), which were found along the Brazilian coast, including carcasses and animals that died in rehabilitation centers in Brazil. These samples are stored in the Marine Mammal Tissue Bank and were evaluated, identified and processed in the Laboratory of Histology (VPT/FMVZ). Histopathological findings that had occurrence equal to 30 % or higher were: pneumonia (90%; 44/49), lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph node (59%; 19/32), hepatic congestion (55%; 27/49), splenic lymphoid hyperplasia (55%; 24/44), pulmonary edema (53%; 26/49), small intestine enteritis (51%; 18/35), tracheitis (45%; 14/31), hepatitis (43%; 21/4 9), large intestine enteritis (42%; 13/31), pulmonary congestion (33%; 16/49), follicular expansion in lymph node (31%; 10/32) and membranous glomerulonephritis (30%; 14/47). Two cases of special interest were reported; one individual of A. australis, with cause of death possibly associated with meningoencephalitis caused by protozoa of Sarcocystidae family, and one individual of A. tropicalis, where lymphoma was observed. In an overview, the main affected system was respiratory with 34% (17/50) of the cases, followed by infectious processes, recorded in 28% (14/50) of the cases, in which Parafilaroides parasitic infections accounted for 30.7% (4/13) of the causes of death for A. tropicalis. Among the infectious process, septicemia accounted for 42% (6/14) of the cases and was more frequently reported in A. australis. Other causes of death that were also observed were: Nutritional (cachexia) 10% (5/50), undetermined 10% (5/50), digestive (enteritis and hepatitis) 6% (3/50), circulatory (shock) 6% (3/50), metabolic (stress) 4% (2/50) and neoplasia (lymphoma), observed in a single case. We believe that the analysis of the data obtained in this study may provide an overview of the diseases that wild individuals of these species can present in stranding situations and during rehabilitation. Quantifying and understanding the causes of strandings in pinnipeds, will provide important data for rehabilitation centers, which in turn may use this information to plan appropriate veterinary care
4

Brucella spp. in aquatic mammals of Brazil: serological, molecular, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigation / Brucella spp. em mamíferos aquáticos no Brasil: investigação sorológica, molecular, histopatológica e imunohistoquímica

Sarmiento, Angelica Maria Sanchez 26 February 2018 (has links)
Aquatic mammals are sentinels of zoonotic pathogens that may be a threat to species conservation, to humans and domestic animals. Brucella genus is responsible for brucellosis, one of the main widespread zoonosis. In aquatic mammals, Brucella spp. was firstly described in 1994 and currently there are two recognized species infecting that group: B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis. In cetaceans, Brucella spp. has been linked to asymptomatic infection, acute or chronic disease and several pathological processes which may lead to stranding and/or death. In pinnipeds, pathogenicity of Brucella spp. is still unclear. Data about Brucella spp. in aquatic mammals in South Atlantic Ocean particularly in Brazil is limited, with a significant knowledge gap despite the rich diversity of this group. In this research, we investigated exposure to and/or infection by Brucella spp. by serological, molecular, histopathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological methods in samples of aquatic mammals of Brazil kept at the Marine Mammal Tissue Bank, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Sera from 63 cetaceans [families Iniidae (n=37), Delphinidae and Kogiidae (n=26)], 35 pinnipeds (Southern elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina), and 21 West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) were tested via the Rose Bengal Test, a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and the serum agglutination test (SAT; selected c-ELISA positives) to detect Brucella spp. antibodies. In addition, DNA from selected samples of 124 cetaceans, 4 pinnipeds and 1 manatee were analyzed by conventional PCR and/or real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the genus Brucella spp. Culture, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed in samples from exposed or infected individuals (serology and/or conventional PCR/qPCR positives; n=13). Antibodies against Brucella spp. were detected in 3/35 (8.6%) of the M. leonina tested while Iniidae and Kogiidae cetaceans and manatees were negative. Brucella spp. DNA was detected in 4/124 (3.2%) of the cetaceans tested by conventional PCR/qPCR: one Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene) with acute brucellosis, positive by serology and IHC; and three other individuals without available sera: one asymptomatic Franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei), positive by qPCR and IHC; one case of chronic brucellosis in a Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) presenting fibrinosuppurative atlanto-occipital osteoarthritis with abscess formation, positive by qPCR and by IHC; one Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), positive by conventional PCR/qPCR and by IHC and previously diagnosed with cetacean morbillivirus. Despite negative PCR amplification, Brucella-type lesions were found in one S. clymene and one pigmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), both positive by serology and by IHC. Positive serology and/or IHC suggested exposure and/or Brucella-infection in three short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), two melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra), a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and a S. clymene. Main part of the Brucella spp. exposed or infected cetaceans came from State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Culture was not successful, hampering strains classification. All the pinnipeds and the manatees tested by PCR were negative. Opportunistic screening of Leptospira spp. exposure via the microscopic agglutination test on all sera samples used for the Brucella spp. screening gave negative results. In conclusion, we found Brucella spp. exposure, asymptomatic infection, as well as cases of acute and chronic brucellosis and coinfection by Brucella spp. and other pathogens. To our knowledge, this research is the first long-term survey of Brucella spp. in aquatic mammals in South America, widening the hosts and the geographic range of this agent and contributing to the understanding of pathological and epidemiological aspects of its infection. Further research is needed to fully characterize the strains involved, evaluate their public health relevance and the possible occurrence and impacts in other species of aquatic mammals in Brazil. / Os mamíferos aquáticos são sentinelas de patógenos zoonoticos, os quais podem representar uma ameaça a sua conservação, aos humanos e aos animais domésticos. O género Brucella é responsável pela brucelose, uma das zoonoses mais comuns. Nos mamíferos aquáticos Brucella spp. foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1994 e atualmente duas espécies são reconhecidas nesse grupo: B. ceti e B. pinnipedialis. Nos cetáceos, Brucella spp. tem sido associada a infecção assintomática, doença aguda ou crônica e diversos processos patológicos que podem levar ao encalhe e/ou morte. Nos pinípedes, a patogenicidade de Brucella spp. ainda não é clara. Dados sobre Brucella spp. em mamíferos aquáticos no Oceano Atlântico Sul, particularmente no Brasil, são limitados com uma significativa lacuna de conhecimento mesmo com a rica diversidade. Nesta pesquisa, investigou-se exposição a e/ou infecção por Brucella spp. com métodos sorológicos, moleculares, histopatológicos, imunohistoquimicos e microbiológicos em amostras de mamíferos aquáticos do Brasil armazenadas no banco de tecidos de mamíferos marinhos, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo. Soro de 63 cetáceos [famílias Iniidae (n=37), Delphinidae e Kogiidae (n=26)], 35 pinipedes (Elefante-marinho-do-sul, Mirounga leonina) e 21 peixe-bois marinhos (Trichechus manatus) foi testado pelo Rosa de Bengala, um kit comercial de ensaio imunossorvente ligado a enzima de competição (c-ELISA) e a prova de soroaglutinação lenta em tubo (SAT; c-ELISA positivos selecionados) para detecção de anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. Em adição, DNA de amostras selecionadas de 124 cetáceos, 4 pinípedes e 1 peixe-boi marinho foram analisadas pelo PCR convencional e/ou em tempo real (qPCR) tendo como alvo o gênero Brucella spp. Realizou-se cultivo, histopatologia e imunohistoquimica (IHQ) nas amostras dos indivíduos expostos ou infectados (positivos na sorologia e/ou PCR convencional/qPCR; n=13). Anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. foram detectados em 3/35 (8.6%) dos M. leonina testados enquanto cetáceos das famílias Iniidae e Kogiidae e os peixe-bois foram negativos. DNA de Brucella spp. foi detectado em 4/124 (3.2%) dos cetáceos analisados por PCR convencional/qPCR: um golfinho-climene (Stenella clymene) com brucelose aguda, positivo pela sorologia e IHQ; e três indivíduos adicionais sem soro disponível: uma Franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei), assintomática, positiva pela qPCR e IHQ; um caso de brucelose crônica em um golfinho-rotador (Stenella longirostris), apresentando osteoartrite fibrinosupurativa atlantoccipital com formação de abcesso, positivo pela qPCR e IHQ; um boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis), positivo pela PCR convencional/qPCR e IHQ e previamente diagnosticado com morbillivirus dos cetáceos. Apesar da PCR negativa, lesões compatíveis com brucelose foram encontradas em um S. clymene e uma orca-pigmeia (Feresa attenuata), ambos positivos pela sorologia e IHQ. Exposição e/ou infecção por Brucella spp. foi confirmada pela sorologia e/ou IHQ positiva em três baleia-piloto-de-aleta-curta (Globicephala macrorhynchus), dois golfinhos cabeça de melão (Peponocephala electra), um golfinho nariz de garrafa (Tursiops truncatus) e um S. clymene. A maior parte dos cetáceos expostos a/ou infectados por Brucella spp. foram provenientes do estado de Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. A cultura não foi bem-sucedida, prejudicando a classificação das cepas envolvidas. Todos os pinípedes e peixe-bois testados foram negativos na PCR. Triagem oportunistico para avaliar exposição a Leptospira spp. por meio do teste de aglutinação microscópica nos soros testados para Brucella spp. foi negativo. Em conclusão, confirmou-se exposição a Brucella spp., infecção assintomática, brucelose aguda e crônica e coinfecção por Brucella spp. e outros agentes patogênicos. Dentro de nosso conhecimento, esta pesquisa constitui o primeiro trabalho de longo prazo sobre Brucella spp. em mamíferos aquáticos na América do Sul, ampliando a sua faixa de hospedeiros e localização geográfica e contribuindo na compreensão dos aspectos patológicos e epidemiológicos de sua infecção. Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para caracterizar as cepas envolvidas, avaliar a sua relevância na saúde publica, bem como sua possível ocorrência e impactos em outras espécies de mamíferos aquáticos no Brasil.
5

Ecologie en mer des phoques de Weddell de l'Antarctique de l'Est en relation avec les paramètres physiques de l'environnement / At sea ecology of Weddell seals in East Antarctica in relation with environmental physical parameters

Heerah, Karine 09 October 2014 (has links)
L'étude des mouvements et du comportement de plongée des prédateurs marins en relation avec les caractéristiques biotiques et abiotiques de l'environnement permet d'apporter des indications précieuses sur les stratégies comportementales innées et/ou qu'ils ont développé afin de maximiser l'acquisition des proies dans un environnement donné. Le phoque de Weddell est le seul mammifère marin vivant toute l'année dans la banquise permanente. Bien que son comportement ait été bien étudié en été lorsque les individus se reproduisent et muent sur la glace de mer, nous ne savons presque rien de leur l'écologie hivernale. Cependant, l'hiver est une période cruciale dans le cycle de vie des phoques de Weddell durant laquelle ils passent 80% de leur temps à chasser sous la glace afin de stocker l'énergie nécessaire pour la saison de reproduction suivante. Grâce à l'utilisation de données télémétriques, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'améliorer notre compréhension des stratégies de recherche alimentaire adoptées par les phoques de Weddell pendant l'hiver dans deux régions de l'Antarctique de l'Est (Dumont D'Urville et Davis). Tout d'abord, nous avons développé deux méthodes permettant d'identifier et de quantifier l'effort de recherche alimentaire au sein de la plongée, pour des données de plongée haute et basse résolutions. Ces indices de l'effort de recherche alimentaire ont été ensuite utilisés afin d'étudier l'influence de plusieurs paramètres clés de l'environnement (topographie, intensité lumineuse, glace de mer, masses d'eau) sur le comportement de recherche alimentaire des phoques de Weddell. / Studying the movement patterns and diving behaviour of top predators in relation with biotic and abiotic environmental features can provide valuable insights in the behavioural tactics they have evolved and/or learned to maximize prey acquisition in a given environment. The Weddell seal is the only marine mammal inhabiting the coastal fast-ice area year-round. While its behaviour has been well studied in summer when individuals are breeding or moulting on the sea-ice, virtually nothing is known about their winter ecology. However, winter is a crucial period in Weddell seals life cycle during which they spend 80% of their time diving under the ice to store the energy needed for the following breeding season. Using telemetric data, the main aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the foraging strategies adopted by Weddell seals during winter in two locations of East Antarctica (Dumont D’Urville and Davis). First, we developed two methods to identify and quantify within dive foraging effort from both high and low-resolution dive datasets. Then, these foraging metrics were used to investigate the influence of several key abiotic parameters of the Antarctic environment (topography, light intensity, sea-ice, water masses) on Weddell seals’ foraging behaviour.
6

Organização e arquitetura microscópica do sistema tegumentar do Lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis, Zimmermann, 1783) / Microscopic organization and architecture of the integumentary system of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis, Zimmermann, 1783)

Silva, Ana Paula da 07 November 2008 (has links)
O lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis) membro da Ordem Carnivora, é comumente visto nos períodos de outono e inverno na costa brasileira do Rio Grande do Sul até o Rio de Janeiro, porém, sem colônias reprodutivas estabelecidas. A espécie pertence ao grupo dos pinípedes, carnívoros com membros em forma de nadadeiras que vivem em ambiente aquático e terrestre. Estudos sobre a morfologia da pele em pinípedes são raros e antigos, destes procederam muitos relatos divergentes, em virtude da colheita da pele sem referências anatômicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever o sistema tegumentar da espécie Arctocephalus australis, utilizando animais que vieram a óbito por causas naturais de uma colônia reprodutiva do Uruguai. As áreas corporais colhidas dorso-ventralmente foram identificadas anatomicamente. Essas regiões foram examinadas por microscopia óptica, segundo critérios histológicos, histomorfométricos, histoquímicos e imuno-histoquímicos nas diferentes estruturas que constituem o sistema tegumentar. A pele do Arctocephalus australis apresentou diferenças entre as regiões de epiderme delgada e espessa. A epiderme delgada apresentou maior quantidade de pêlos do que a epiderme espessa, a qual em algumas regiões era destituída destes. Como os demais mamíferos, a pele do lobo-marinho-sul-americano apresentou glândulas sebáceas, glândulas sudoríparas apócrinas e merócrinas. As nadadeiras apresentaram o maior número de especializações entre as regiões do corpo estudadas, especialmente vinculadas à termorregulação, como o maior volume de glândulas sudoríparas e secções vasculares. Esta pesquisa apontou os aspectos morfofuncionais relacionados à biologia da espécie em ambientes distintos, e esclareceu alguns dados controversos na literatura sobre o sistema tegumentar em pinípedes. / The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) members of the Order Carnivora is usually seen during the autumn and winter season in the Brazilian coast from Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro, however, there are no reports of reproductive colonies established. The species belongs to the group of pinnipeds, carnivorous with limbs fin-shaped that inhabits both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Studies of the skin morphology are rare and ancient; these studies have arisen many divergent reports, due to sampling of the skin without anatomical references. The purpose of this research was to describe the integumentary system of the species Arctocephalus australis, using animals that came to death by natural cases from reproductive colonies from Uruguay. The body dorsal and ventral regions were identified anatomically. These regions were examined by light microscopy, according to the histological, histomophometric, histochemical and immunohistochemical criteria in the different structures constituting the integumentary system. The skin of the Arctocephalus australis showed differences between the thin and thick epidermis. The thin epidermis showed larger amount of hair follicles than the thicker epidermis, which in some regions was devoid of hair. As well as the other mammals, the South-american-fur-seal skin showed sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. The limbs showed the largest number of the specialization among the regions of the body examined, particularly related to thermoregulation, as well as the largest volume fraction of sweat glands and vascular sections. This research pointed the morphofunctional aspects related to biology of the species in different environments, and elucidated some controversial data in the investigation about the integumentary system in pinnipeds.
7

Vocaliza??es subaqu?ticas e fen?menos n?o lineares em focas ant?rticas

MACIEL, Israel de S? 02 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-11-08T17:53:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Israel de S? Maciel.pdf: 3184590 bytes, checksum: 1d079e88bc7d2ff9256dc558436b7cd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T17:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Israel de S? Maciel.pdf: 3184590 bytes, checksum: 1d079e88bc7d2ff9256dc558436b7cd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / CAPES / Pinnipeds produce a variety of underwater sounds that are often related to reproductive activities and social interactions. In addition, several species of seals provide evidence of vocalizations with geographical and individual variations. Most of bioacoustics researches with seals studied the terrestrial environment repertoire using linear analysis. However, some characteristics of vocalizations can not be explained with linear analysis only or taking into account only one part of the animal's life. The nonlinear phenomena (NLP) present in vocalizations (sideband, harmonic, sub-harmonic, biphonation, jump of frequency and deterministic chaos) are still poorly studied. Given the importance of this phenomena in vocalizations to individual recognition, especially in social mammals, was studied the underwater vocalizations of Antarctic seals in order to know their vocal repertoire and their NLP as well as discuss their possible function. In 2013, Brazilian Navy conducted acoustic recordings on Half Moon Island. In this collection were recorded 128GB of sound files between 12th and 30th of November. A total of 18 days of uninterrupted collections, producing 7,448 files of 3 minutes each. These recordings were taken at the presence of seals to Lobodontini Tribe. A total of 15 types of vocalizations were found in the period between days 12-16/November. A pattern in the vocalizations types L, K and E, arranged in sequence K, L and E, respectively, was observed in all seal recordings. All files presented biphonations, jumps of frequency, harmonics, sidebands and chaos in nine types of vocalizations (A, C, E, F, K, L, M, N and O). The nonlinearities were abundant on all files, being present in 75.56% (N = 1829) of vocalizations. Deterministic chaos was most common, present in 53.86% of non-linear features and 43.08% of vocalizations in general. Taking into account only the tonal vocalizations, 88.85% of vocalizations were nonlinear. The repetition of the KLE pattern also displays a recognition function. The NLP, mainly deterministic chaos, had high incidence in the studied vocalizations indicating that this type has an important role in communication. Furthermore, it seems to belong to the acoustic pattern of Antarctic?s Lobodontines. / Pin?pedes produzem uma variedade de sons subaqu?ticos que frequentemente s?o relacionados com atividades reprodutivas e intera??es sociais. Diversas esp?cies de focas apresentam evid?ncias de vocaliza??es com varia??es geogr?ficas e individuais. A maioria dos trabalhos com focas estudou o repert?rio em ambiente terrestre e com olhares para as an?lises lineares. Entretanto, algumas caracter?sticas das vocaliza??es n?o podem ser explicadas apenas com an?lises lineares ou levando em conta apenas uma parte da vida do animal. Os fen?menos n?o lineares (FNLs) presentes em vocaliza??es (banda lateral, harm?nico, sub-harm?nico, bifona??o, pulos de frequ?ncia e caos determin?stico) ainda s?o pouco estudados. Dada a import?ncia deste fen?meno nas vocaliza??es para o reconhecimento individual, principalmente em mam?feros sociais, este trabalho buscou estudar as vocaliza??es subaqu?ticas de focas ant?rticas, visando conhecer seu repert?rio vocal e seus FNLs, bem como discutir a poss?vel fun??o dos mesmos. Em 2013, a Marinha do Brasil realizou grava??es ac?sticas na Ilha Meia Lua na Ant?rtica. Nesta coleta foram registrados 128GB de arquivos de som nos dias entre 12 e 30 de novembro, totalizando 7.448 arquivos de 3 minutos cada. Nestas grava??es foi constatada a presen?a de focas pertencentes ? Tribo Lobodontini. Contatou-se tamb?m a presen?a de 15 tipos de vocaliza??es no per?odo entre os dias 12 a 16/novembro. Em todos os dias que houve grava??es de focas foi observado um padr?o nos tipos L, K e E, organizados na sequ?ncia K, L e E, respectivamente. Ap?s a inspe??o visual de todos os arquivos, foram encontrados pulos de frequ?ncia, bifona??es, harm?nicos, bandas laterais e caos determin?stico em nove tipos de vocaliza??es (A, C, E, F, K, L, M, N e O). As n?o linearidades foram abundantes em todos os arquivos, estando presentes em 75,56% (N=1829) das vocaliza??es. O caos determin?stico foi o mais comumente observado, estando presente em 53,86% das fei??es n?o lineares e 43,08% das vocaliza??es em geral. Levando em conta apenas as vocaliza??es tonais, 88,85% das vocaliza??es foram n?o lineares. A repeti??o do padr?o KLE parece apresentar uma fun??o de reconhecimento. Os FNLs, principalmente os do tipo caos determin?stico, estiveram muito presentes nas vocaliza??es estudadas, indicando que este tipo de emiss?o possui uma fun??o importante na comunica??o. Al?m disso, estes parecem pertencer ao repert?rio ac?stico padr?o de Lobodontines ant?rticos.
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Organização e arquitetura microscópica do sistema tegumentar do Lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis, Zimmermann, 1783) / Microscopic organization and architecture of the integumentary system of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis, Zimmermann, 1783)

Ana Paula da Silva 07 November 2008 (has links)
O lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis) membro da Ordem Carnivora, é comumente visto nos períodos de outono e inverno na costa brasileira do Rio Grande do Sul até o Rio de Janeiro, porém, sem colônias reprodutivas estabelecidas. A espécie pertence ao grupo dos pinípedes, carnívoros com membros em forma de nadadeiras que vivem em ambiente aquático e terrestre. Estudos sobre a morfologia da pele em pinípedes são raros e antigos, destes procederam muitos relatos divergentes, em virtude da colheita da pele sem referências anatômicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever o sistema tegumentar da espécie Arctocephalus australis, utilizando animais que vieram a óbito por causas naturais de uma colônia reprodutiva do Uruguai. As áreas corporais colhidas dorso-ventralmente foram identificadas anatomicamente. Essas regiões foram examinadas por microscopia óptica, segundo critérios histológicos, histomorfométricos, histoquímicos e imuno-histoquímicos nas diferentes estruturas que constituem o sistema tegumentar. A pele do Arctocephalus australis apresentou diferenças entre as regiões de epiderme delgada e espessa. A epiderme delgada apresentou maior quantidade de pêlos do que a epiderme espessa, a qual em algumas regiões era destituída destes. Como os demais mamíferos, a pele do lobo-marinho-sul-americano apresentou glândulas sebáceas, glândulas sudoríparas apócrinas e merócrinas. As nadadeiras apresentaram o maior número de especializações entre as regiões do corpo estudadas, especialmente vinculadas à termorregulação, como o maior volume de glândulas sudoríparas e secções vasculares. Esta pesquisa apontou os aspectos morfofuncionais relacionados à biologia da espécie em ambientes distintos, e esclareceu alguns dados controversos na literatura sobre o sistema tegumentar em pinípedes. / The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) members of the Order Carnivora is usually seen during the autumn and winter season in the Brazilian coast from Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro, however, there are no reports of reproductive colonies established. The species belongs to the group of pinnipeds, carnivorous with limbs fin-shaped that inhabits both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Studies of the skin morphology are rare and ancient; these studies have arisen many divergent reports, due to sampling of the skin without anatomical references. The purpose of this research was to describe the integumentary system of the species Arctocephalus australis, using animals that came to death by natural cases from reproductive colonies from Uruguay. The body dorsal and ventral regions were identified anatomically. These regions were examined by light microscopy, according to the histological, histomophometric, histochemical and immunohistochemical criteria in the different structures constituting the integumentary system. The skin of the Arctocephalus australis showed differences between the thin and thick epidermis. The thin epidermis showed larger amount of hair follicles than the thicker epidermis, which in some regions was devoid of hair. As well as the other mammals, the South-american-fur-seal skin showed sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. The limbs showed the largest number of the specialization among the regions of the body examined, particularly related to thermoregulation, as well as the largest volume fraction of sweat glands and vascular sections. This research pointed the morphofunctional aspects related to biology of the species in different environments, and elucidated some controversial data in the investigation about the integumentary system in pinnipeds.
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Právní úprava ochrany mořských savců / Legal regulation of the protection of sea mammals

Makovec, Vojtěch January 2012 (has links)
The topic of this master thesis is the international legal regulation of the protection of marine mammals. The thesis concentrates primarily on the analysis of the species based international law instruments for the protection of the individual marine mammal species. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter addresses the main principles of the international environmental law, which have the biggest influence on the protection of marine mammals (biodiversity protection, precautionary principle and sustainable development). The second chapter describes the regulation of fisheries, which is closely related to the protection of marine mammals. This part deals with the historical beginning of the international regulation of fisheries, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the division of the sea areas, regulation of individual fish species and the regulation of fisheries after the UNCLOS. The particular instruments of protection of individual species of marine mammals except Cetaceans are described in the third chapter (i.e. polar bears, Pinnipeds and Sirenidae). The protection of Cetaceans is analyzed in detail in the fourth chapter. The protection of whales on the ground of International Whaling Commission is accented. This chapter describes also the standpoint of the whaling countries...

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