Das als Trace bezeichnete nicht-invasive Aufzeichnen von Systemzuständen, während ein eingebettetes System unter realen Einsatzbedingungen in Echtzeit läuft und mit der Systemumgebung interagiert, ist ein wichtiger Teil von Softwaretests. Die Notwendigkeit für den On-Chip-Trace resultiert aus der rückläufigen Einsetzbarkeit etablierter Werkzeuge für den Off-Chip-Trace. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil von On-Chip-Trace-Architekturen ist die Volumenreduktion der Tracedaten in deren Entstehungsgeschwindigkeit direkt auf dem Chip. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Trace des Instruktionsflusses von Prozessoren. Der aktuelle Stand der Forschung zeigt zwei Ausprägungen. Bei einfachen Lösungen ist der Kompressionsfaktor zu klein. Aufwendigere Lösungen liefern einen unvollständigen Instruktionstrace, wenn auch sequentielle Befehle bedingt ausgeführt werden. Bisher existieren keine Lösungen, die einen vollständigen Instruktionstrace mit hoher Kompression realisieren. Diese Lücke wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit geschlossen. Der systematische Entwurf der neuen On-Chip-Trace-Architektur beginnt mit der umfassenden Analyse typischer Benchmarkprogramme. Aus den Ergebnissen werden grundlegende Entwurfsentscheidungen abgeleitet. Diese Bitsequenzen von Ausführungsbits, die bei der bedingten Befehlsausführung entstehen, und die Zieladressen ausgeführter indirekter Sprünge werden in unabhängigen Kompressoren verarbeitet. Ein nachgeschalteter Kompressor für die Messages der anderen beiden Kompressoren ist optional und kann die Kompression weiter steigern. Diese Aufteilung stellt ein architektonisches Novum dar. Die Kompression von Bitsequenzen ist bisher ein weitestgehend unbehandeltes Feld. Implementiert worden ist hierfür ein gleitendes Wörterbuch mit der Granularität von Einzelbits. Die Vergleiche mit den untersuchten existierenden Architekturen zeigen die Überlegenheit der neuen Architektur bei der Kompression. Ein vollständiger Instruktionstrace ist für Prozessoren mit und ohne bedingt ausführbaren sequentiellen Befehlen realisiert worden.

The marine biological carbon pump (BCP) leads to the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean interior through the growth of photosynthetic plankton in the euphotic zone and subsequent sinking of particulate matter to depth. In the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean, the BCP is limited by the availability of the micro-nutrient iron (Fe) in the offshore, high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) region and by the macronutrient nitrate in the coastal region. In the last decade, two atmospheric events led to anomalously high sea surface temperatures, or marine heatwaves, in 2014-2015 and 2019 that were related to changes in the phytoplankton community composition and the BCP. Given that the bioavailability of trace metals can control microbial community composition, and important rate processes related to the BCP, we studied the spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of dissolved trace metals manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and cadmium and macronutrients nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid from 5 stations along the Line P Time Series transect in the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean from winter (February) and summer (August) 2012-2019. In 2014 the mixed layer shallowed by diminished winter storm mixing, resulted in lower trace metal and macronutrient concentrations, but sustained dissolved iron and net community production (NCP) in the offshore, while the coastal region biogeochemistry remained similar to previous years (2012-2013). In 2015, further mixed layer shallowing allowed for similarly diminished trace metal (most notably iron), macronutrient concentrations, and NCP in the offshore and coastal regions. The phytoplankton community in the offshore shifted towards a higher relative abundance of pico-nano size species in both 2014 and 2015, with biomass sustained in 2014 and reduced in 2015. During the second marine heatwave event in 2019, the offshore was subject to similar winter mixed layer shallowing, warming, and reduced macronutrient concentrations. In the summer, surface trace metal and macronutrient concentrations were greatly diminished, resulting in nitrate limitation in the offshore. As the oceans continue to warm in response to anthropogenic CO2, a likely consequence may be more frequent, and severe, marine heatwaves that can have internal and external effects on micro-macronutrient distributions, phytoplankton production, and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the Distributed Engineering Workstation (DEW) and EPANET models. These two models are fundamentally different in the approaches taken to simulate hydraulic systems. To better understand the calculations behind each models' hydraulic simulation, three solution methods were evaluated and compared. The three solution approaches were the Todini, Hardy-Cross, and DEW bisection methods. The Todini method was included in the study because of its similarities to EPANET's hydraulic solution method and the Hardy-Cross solution was included due to its similarities with the DEW approach. Each solution method was used to solve a simple looped network, and the hydraulic solutions were compared. It was determined that all three solution methods predicted flow values that were very similar. A different, more complex looped network from the solution method comparison was simulated using both EPANET and DEW. Since EPANET is a well established water distribution system model, it was considered the standard for the comparison with DEW. The predicted values from the simulation in EPANET and DEW were compared. This comparison offered insight into the functionality of DEW's hydraulic simulation component. The comparison determined that the DEW model is sensitive to the tolerance value chosen for a simulation. The flow predictions between the DEW and EPANET models became much closer when the tolerance value in DEW was decreased. / Master of Science

Pour quantifier l'influence des activités humaines sur le climat et en particulier sur la composition chimique de l'atmosphère, il est primordial de disposer de mesures continues et homogènes. C'est pourquoi l'objet de ce travail de thèse a consisté, dans un premier temps, à installer une nouvelle station d'observation (OASIS pour Observations Atmosphériques par Spectrométrie Infrarouge Solaire) sur le toit de l'Université Paris-Est à Créteil, pour mesurer des spectres d'absorption solaire dans l'infrarouge, en vue d'analyser les concentrations de gaz traces et leurs différentes variabilités temporelles. Cette étude est centrée sur deux molécules clés de l'atmosphère impliquées, à diverses échelles, dans les problèmes environnementaux actuels : l'ozone (O3) et le monoxyde de carbone (CO). Le développement de la méthode expérimentale et l'adaptation du code d'inversion (PROFFIT) a permis de restituer les colonnes totales et partielles de ces deux espèces. Pour valider les performances de cet instrument et de la méthode employée, les résultats des analyses de OASIS ont été comparés avec diverses données corrélatives provenant de mesures au sol (SAOZ pour l'O3), de satellites (IASI, GOME-2, OMI, pour l'O3, et MOPITT et IASI pour le CO) et de modèles globaux (REPROBUS pour l'O3 et MOCAGE pour le CO). Les résultats ont montré de très bons accords et prouvent la qualité du spectromètre à moyenne résolution, de la station OASIS, pour mesurer les concentrations de l'O3 et du CO atmosphérique. Une partie de ce travail a également concerné la validation des performances des instruments spatiaux actuels de détection de l'ozone atmosphérique, grâce à la campagne de mesures (avril-mai 2009) que j'ai réalisée à Izaña (Tenerife). Cette station, située en région sub-tropicale, à 2370 m d'altitude et en milieu non pollué, est intégrée dans le réseau NDACC, et possède un spectromètre à haute résolution spectrale. Les concentrations d'ozone issues des inversions de ses spectres ont été comparées aux données fournies par un instrument au sol (Brewer, situé sur le même site) et par plusieurs instruments satellitaires (IASI, OMI, GOME-2). Les résultats ont présenté d'excellents accords. Les diverses variabilités temporelles observées à Izaña et à Créteil (saisonnière, inter-journalière, diurne et événements extrêmes) ont été interprétées et les capacités respectives de ces instruments (haute et moyenne résolution spectrale) ont fait l'objet d'une discussion détaillée / In the frame of atmospheric composition change related to human activities, homogeneous and continuous atmospheric measurements have to be performed. This is why a new observatory (called OASIS for Observation of the Atmosphere by Solar occultation Infrared Spectroscopy) has been installed on the roof of the University of Paris-Est in order to analyze concentrations and variations of key atmospheric trace species, such as ozone and carbon monoxide. Development of experimental methodology and adaptation of inversion code (PROFFIT) allow to retrieved total and partial columns of these gases. Results are compared to different data from ground-based (SAOZ for O3), satellites (IASI, GOME-2, OMI, for O3, and IASI and MOPITT for CO) and from atmospheric model calculations (REPROBUS for O3 and MOCAGE for CO). Very good correlations were found, showing that a middle resolution instrument, such as OASIS is able to monitor atmospheric trace gases with a good accuracy. Then, thanks to a measurements campaign (April-May 2009), realized at Izaña (Tenerife, clear atmospheric conditions) observatory which is equipped with high resolution spectrometer, we provide valuable information about the performance of various total column ozone measuring instruments from ground (Brewer) and space (IASI, OMI, GOME-2). All temporal O3 and CO variabilities (seasonal, day-to-day, diurnal and extreme events) observed at both sites, such as respective high and middle resolution instruments capabilities were discussed in details

A computação paralela tem se estabelecido como uma ferramenta indispensável para conseguir o desempenho esperado em aplicações de muitas áreas científicas. É importante avaliar os fatores que limitam o desempenho de uma aplicação paralela. Este trabalho vem apresentar o desenvolvimento e a implementação de uma ferramenta chamada Hierarchical Analyses que permite o levantamento de dados para análise de fatores de desempenho em programas paralelos de forma hierárquica, ou seja, permite coletar as informações acompanhando o nível de abstração usado pelo programador. Essa ferramenta é composta pelos módulos de coleta e transformação dos dados. O módulo de coleta chamado HieraCollector é responsável por coletar e armazenar os dados em arquivos no formato XML, sendo que o usuário não precisa alterar o código fonte de sua aplicação. O módulo de transformação chamado HieraTransform é reponsável por transformar os dados coletados extraindo medidas que permitam a realização da análise do programa paralelo. Para validação dos módulos de coleta e transformação foi utilizada a biblioteca MPI e o framework OOPS que utiliza orientação a objetos. Outra contribuição deste trabalho, foi o desenvolvimento da ferramenta visual chamada HieraOLAP que auxilia o usuário na análise de desempenho de programas paralelos. / Parallel computing has become an essential tool to achieve the performance needed by many scientific applications. The evaluation of performance factors of parallel applications is of utmost significant. This work presents the developement and implementation of a tool called Hierarchical Analyses which facilitates data collection for performance analysis of parallel programs with hierarchical information, i.e. the information is collected in the various abstraction levels used in the application program. The tool consists of a collection and a transformation modules. The collection module (HieraCollector) collects the data and stores it in XML format. The transformation module (HieraTransform) processes the collected data computing measurements to be used in the analysis of parallel code. To validate the tool, implementations adapted to MPI and the OOPS framework have been developed. Another contribution of this work is the development of a visual tool called HieraOLAP to help the user in the analysis of parallel program performance.

En quoi le montage juif sur le père tel qu’il articule la procréation au mariage et à la circoncision renfermerait-il jusque dans sa propre élaboration un savoir sur la psychose qu’il conviendrait d'interroger afin de préciser la vérité qui se rapporte à la paternité ? Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous nous sommes appuyés sur deux exemples prélevés dans le texte juif. L’un dans le Talmud ; il s’agit de la douzième Michna du troisième chapitre du Talmud de Babylone, Traité Kedouchin qui fait autorité et qui sert de référence pour établir le lien de filiation et la transmission de l’identité juive. L’autre exemple se rapporte à la Haggadah de Pessah, le texte du récit de la sortie d’Egypte lu le soir de la Pâque juive, en prenant appui sur le cas de « celui qui ne sait pas questionner ». En effet, à la différence des trois autres enfants mentionnés également dans ce texte, le cas de « celui qui ne sait pas questionner » est le seul pour lequel l’interlocuteur cessera étonnamment d’être « Ata » qui désigne en hébreu le toi masculin, ici le père, pour être remplacé par « at » qui désigne le toi féminin. A telle enseigne que pour cet enfant, la marque du féminin puisse venir témoigner d’une absence de savoir sur la différence des sexes et donc d’une incertitude quant à son identité sexuelle qui semble dessiner l’horizon de la clinique des psychoses / How the Jewish montage, which links the procreation to wedding and circumcision, will contain, even in his own development, knowledge about psychosis that we should ask about, to precise the truth about fatherhood? To answer this question, we leaned on two examples from the Jewish text. One example is from the Talmud; it’ s about the twelfth Mishna of the third chapter from the Babylon Talmud which is authoritative and serve as reference to establish the link of parentage and the transmission of the Jewish identity. The other example refers to the Passover Haggadah, the story text of the release from Egypt which is read the night of Passover, leaning on the case of the “one who does not know how to ask a question”. Indeed, unlike the three others children also mentioned in this text, the case of the “one who does not know how to ask a question” is the only one for which the interlocutor will surprisingly stop being “ata”- which indicate in Hebrew the male “you”, here the father - to be replaced by “at” which indicate the female “you”. To such an extent that for this child, the sign of the feminine could testify to an absence of knowledge on sex differences and thus, of an uncertainty regarding to his sexual identity which seems to appear like the clinic of psychosis.

The Pieman River catchment has seen continuous mining of economic deposits of gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc and tin since the 1870’s. Tributaries of this river which receive mining effluent, either directly or from acid mine drainage (AMID), have total metal concentrations considerably above background levels and are of regulatory concern. The lower Pieman River is however classified as a State Reserve in which recreational fishing and tourism are the major activities. It is therefore important that water entering the lower Pieman River from upstream hydroelectric impoundments is of high quality. Metals in natural waters exist in a variety of dissolved, colloidal and particulate forms. The bioavailability and hence toxicity of heavy metal pollutants is very dependant on their physico form. Knowledge of the speciation of a metal in natural aquatic environments is therefore necessary for understanding its geochemical behaviour and biological availability. Complexation of metal ions by natural ligands in aquatic systems is believed to play a significant role in controlling their chemical speciation. This study has investigated temporal and spatial variation in complexation of metal ions in the Pieman River. The influence of pH, temperature, organic matter, salinity, ionic strength and time has been investigated in a series of field studies and in laboratory-based experiments which simulated natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Labile metals were measured using two techniques in various freshwater and estuarine environments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) allowed in situ measurement of solution speciation whilst differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used to measure labile metal species in water samples collected from the catchment. Organic complexation was found to be a significant regulating mechanism for copper speciation and the copper-binding ligand concentration usually exceeded the total copper concentration in the river water. Complexation was highly dependent on pH and at the river-seawater interface was also regulated by salinity, probably as a result of competitive complexation by major ions in seawater (eg. Ca 2+ ions). Zinc complexation was also evident, however total zinc concentrations in the water column often far exceeded the potential binding capacity of available ligands. In addition to organic complexation, Zn speciation may also be associated with adsorption by flocculated or resuspended colloidal Mn and/or Fe oxyhydroxides. Metal ion complexation and hence speciation was found to be highly variable within the Pieman River catchment. This presents major difficulties for environmental managers, as it is therefore not possible to make catchment-wide assumptions about the bioavailability of these metals. These results emphasise the importance of site-specific sampling protocols and speciation testing, ideally incorporating continuous, in situ monitoring.