Over the past decades, anti-globalization groups have denounced trade as a major source of environmental degradation in both the developed and developing worlds. From heated debates on trade in endangered species to the more recent public concern about the global climate, the international community has been struggling over maintaining a balance between economic growth and environmental protection in the context of globalization. Drawing on panel data of more than 170 countries, my research investigates whether trade openness results in more environmental and climate degradation. More specifically, I look at how different levels of development interact with trade openness and domestic value added ratio. These interactions have important implications for environmental and climate outcomes. / Independent Study for the Degree of B.A., Professor David Deese.

Thesis advisor: Peter N. Ireland / This dissertation consists of three essays that examine macroeconomic implications of trade liberalization. There has been a long-lasting debate on how trade openness influences the effectiveness of monetary policy. The first two essays provide a novel empirical and theoretical investigation into this issue. Motivated by recent new phenomena in U.S. labor market, the third essay is a work in progress that seeks to explore the evolution of U.S. manufacturing employment structural dynamics, and its connection with import competition. The first essay uses annual data of US manufacturing industries at 4-digit SIC level from 1972 to 2005 to conduct the empirical analysis. It shows that trade openness is negatively associated with industry-level effect of monetary policy, and at a given degree of trade openness, industries that involve in offshoring don't necessarily exhibit weaker responses. These empirical findings are hard to reconcile with the implications of standard open economy New Keynesian model, which indicates that trade openness strengthens the effectiveness of monetary policy and doesn't model offshoring separately. The second essay provides a new open economy New Keynesian model that can explain the empirical findings in the first essay. The model features endogenously determined international trade pattern based on Ricardian trade theory, and one-way offshoring from the advanced economy to the less developed one. This model highlights a new channel through which trade openness influences the monetary transmission mechanism: a decline in both trade and offshoring costs raises labor demand elasticity. Trade openness weakens the effects of monetary policy changes on output and inflation by dampening the responses of the domestic labor market. The calibrated model indicates that, when the economy moves from trade and financial autarky to a modern trade regime with an incomplete international financial market, the monetary policy shocks have 22% less of an effect on real GDP and consumer price inflation. The third essay provides the motivation on why to explore the evolution of U.S. manufacturing employment structural dynamics, introduces the methodology, and describes the dataset as well as future works. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

by Koo Yee-yin, Irving. / Bibliography: leaf 59 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1983

by Leung Sze Man Evon. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-54). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Aims of the Study --- p.1 / Rationale of the Study --- p.3 / Organization of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- MANAGEMENT IN CHINA --- p.5 / Chapter III. --- CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES -LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / What is Culture ？ --- p.8 / Two School of Thoughts Concerning Managerial Performance --- p.10 / The Practical School of Thought --- p.10 / The Cross-Cultural School of Thought --- p.11 / Conclusion --- p.13 / Chapter IV. --- CULTURAL NOVELTY BETWEEN HONG KONG AND CHINA --- p.14 / Hofstede's Four Dimension Model --- p.16 / Power Distance --- p.16 / Uncertainty Avoidance --- p.17 / Individualism versus Collectivisim --- p.18 / Masculinity versus Femininity --- p.20 / Conclusion --- p.21 / Chapter V. --- HYPOTHESIS --- p.22 / Environment --- p.23 / Customer --- p.24 / Staff --- p.25 / Government and Regulations --- p.26 / Conclusion --- p.27 / Chapter VI. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.28 / Chapter VII. --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION --- p.32 / Reasons for Poor Reponse Rate --- p.33 / The Nature of the Consumer Market in PRC --- p.33 / Modification of the Hypothesis --- p.36 / The Actual Practice of Companies in Selecting and Deploying Managers --- p.38 / What Kind of Managers are Culturally Most Appropriate to be Deployed to PRC ？ --- p.41 / Conclusion --- p.44 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.45 / APPENDIX --- p.48 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.51

闕文莉. / 論文(碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院經濟學系, 1995. / 參考文獻: leaves 68-74. / Que Wenli. / 内容提要 / 鳴謝 / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 鋼鐵工業管理體制的改革 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二節 --- 中國鋼鐵工業的基本情況 --- p.7 / Chapter 第三節 --- 本硏究的目的 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章 --- 關于中國生產率研究的文獻檢索 --- p.14 / Chapter 第一節 --- 對國營工業技術效率的硏究 --- p.15 / Chapter 第二節 --- 對中國工業配置效率的硏究 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三節 --- 有關中國鋼鐵工業硏究的文獻檢索 --- p.21 / Chapter 第三章 --- 估計方法和數據處理 --- p.24 / Chapter 第一節 --- 函數的定式 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二節 --- 效率變量的說明 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三節 --- 數據處理 --- p.33 / Chapter 第四節 --- 估算結果 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四章 --- 實証分析 --- p.43 / Chapter 第一節 --- 技術效率的增長趨勢 --- p.43 / Chapter 一、 --- 技術效率(Technical Efficiency)水平高低的比較 --- p.44 / Chapter 二、 --- 技術效率的增長趨勢 --- p.46 / Chapter 三、 --- 技術效率的收斂趨勢 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節 --- 技術效率及工業產出的增長 --- p.50 / Chapter 一、 --- 計算工業產出增長的方法 --- p.51 / Chapter 二、 --- 工業產出的增長狀況 --- p.53 / Chapter 三、 --- 工業產出的增長因素分析 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三節 --- 配置效率的改進 --- p.58 / Chapter 第五章 --- 探討與總結 --- p.63 / Chapter 第一節 --- 探討 --- p.63 / Chapter 第二節 --- 總結 --- p.64 / 統計資料 --- p.67 / 參考文獻 --- p.68 / Chapter 一、 --- 中文部分： --- p.68 / Chapter 二、 --- 英文部分： --- p.71 / 附錄符號說明 --- p.75 / 表格目錄 --- p.77 / Chapter 表1 --- 中國鋼鐵工業的基本情況 --- p.77 / Chapter 表2 --- 統計總節 --- p.78 / Chapter 2.1 --- 地區性數據 --- p.78 / Chapter 2.2 --- 企業性數據 --- p.79 / Chapter 表3 --- 簡單OLS回歸結果 --- p.80 / Chapter 表4 --- 從固定效果模型與隨機效果模型估計而得 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- 地區性數據 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- 企業性數據 --- p.82 / Chapter 表5 --- 技術效率的組成 --- p.84 / Chapter 表6 --- 絶對效率水平指數 --- p.84 / Chapter 6.1 --- 各省份的絶對效率水平 --- p.84 / Chapter 6.2 --- 各企業的絶對效率水平 --- p.85 / Chapter 表7 --- 相對效率水平指數 --- p.86 / Chapter 7.1 --- 各省份的相對效率水平 --- p.86 / Chapter 7.2 --- 各企業的相對效率水平 --- p.87 / Chapter 表8 --- 相對效率的變異系數 --- p.88 / Chapter 8.1 --- 相對效率水平的變異系數 --- p.88 / Chapter 8.2 --- 相對效率的地區型態 --- p.88 / Chapter 表9 --- 產出增長的來源 --- p.89 / Chapter 表10 --- 規模收益及單要素生產率的增長 --- p.90 / Chapter 表11 --- 生產要素邊際產量的變異系數 --- p.90

by Clement Kam-man Au. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 77-79.

Lam Man Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT CHINESE --- p.iv / ENGLISH --- p.v / ACKNOWLEGEMENT --- p.vi / LISTS OF TABLES --- p.vii / LISTS OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.viii / LISTS OF APPENDICES --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Arguments for the Existence of the J- Curve --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Arguments against the Existence of the J-Curve --- p.7 / Chapter THREE --- THE STUDY OF J-CURVE EFFECT ON THE TRADE BALANCE --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Methodology and Model --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data Description --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3 --- Empirical Analysis on VAR Models by Using Level Data --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Combinations of Variables in Twelve Models --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Empirical Results Analysis on Both Univariate and VAR Approach --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Individual Model Description --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Empirical Analysis on VAR Models by Using Differenced Data --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Zivot-Andrews (ZA) Unit Root Test --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The Comparison of Empirical Results on Using the Level and Differenced Data --- p.33 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Comparison of the Elasticity at Means of Japan and Singapore by Using the Previous Empirical Results --- p.35 / Chapter FOUR --- THE PATTERN OF POST-ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS TRADE BALANCE --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1 --- Hong Kong --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Indonesia --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Japan --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4 --- Malaysia --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Philippines --- p.45 / Chapter 4.6 --- Singapore --- p.46 / Chapter 4.7 --- South Korea --- p.48 / Chapter 4.8 --- Taiwan --- p.49 / Chapter 4.9 --- Thailand --- p.50 / Chapter FIVE --- CONCLUSION --- p.52 / APPENDICES --- p.53 / ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.67 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.78

No description available.

The research presented in this thesis presents a unique experimental environment designed to identify social components that may strengthen the social context of online shopping. This experimental environment is designed to simulate the interaction of customers' social experiences in their offline shopping tasks, e.g. when they visit stores socially to shop with friends or relatives. In collaboration with the simulation environment a fractional factorial experimental study has also been designed to explore how social and co-presence, can be built, measured and improved within online retailers' e-commerce websites. This research investigates whether social and copresence have an impact on user perceived involvement, engagement and interactivity when socially rich elements embedded in a shopping environment are adjusted. A key element of this research investigates the social influence on customers' attitudes, including search and purchase decision behaviour, when online shopping is shared with friends or relatives. A unique research model combining an experimental simulation and fractional factorial design of an experimental study is proposed that examines the effect of socially rich elements on social and co-presence. The proposed model also provides additional insight into the effect and consequences of social and co-presence on perceived involvement, engagement and interactivity in the online shopping experience. Specifically, a fractional factorial design of the experimental study with three interventions was planned and implemented. The experiment involved small groups of two participants who performed a group experimental task with the simulation environment in computer laboratory conditions. The fractional factorial experimental study required the design of unique structured pre- and post-test questionnaires, a novel shopping environment simulation and associated experimental tasks. The population of this research includes staff and students of the University of Sussex. Experimental results support the hypotheses developed in this thesis. They illustrate positive correlations between three interventions and dependent variables. It was found that increased level of social presence results in higher level of experienced involvement, engagement and interactivity with the shopping channel. Also, it was found that social presence has statistically significant effect on perceived involvement and engagement. However, social presence has a main effect on perceived interactivity. In addition, it was found that increased level of social presence reduces consumers' search effort for product information, and also increased level of social presence increases the effectiveness and quality of purchase decision. This thesis demonstrates that retailers could develop innovative new online shopping channels that exploit primarily social presence, i.e. shopping with friends and relatives, to increase revenues because social presence accounts for 15% of the users' intention to buy.

Le marché du travail est une institution centrale dans toute économie moderne. En même temps, le marché du travail est caractérisé par une réglementation omniprésente. Une littérature récente et croissante étudie les conséquences d'une telle hétérogénéité dans les institutions du marché du travail. Jusqu'à présent, cependant, peu de travaux ont abordé les implications des rigidités du marché du travail pour la dynamique du travail induite par le commerce en se concentrant sur le secteur informel, ou les chocs de second moment dans un contexte d'économie ouverte. Le but de cette thèse est de répondre à ces questions.Le premier chapitre étudie l'impact des chocs d'incertitude dans une petite économie ouverte avec des frictions de recherche et d'appariement et l'entrée d'entreprises. Nous développons d'abord notre analyse empirique dans le contexte de l'économie coréenne, car toutes les dimensions du modèle sont pertinentes dans ce pays. Une augmentation de l'incertitude réduit la production, la consommation, l'investissement et le taux de recherche d'emploi, tout en augmentant le chômage et les séparations d'emploi. Nous complétons également les données empiriques existantes en examinant la dynamique des entreprises, le taux de change réel et le comportement du compte courant. Dans notre cadre théorique, nous illustrons de nouveaux mécanismes de transmission qui sont ignorés dans la littérature. Les mécanismes économiques vont au-delà de la simple addition de chaque caractéristique. Les frictions de recherche, l'entrée des entreprises et la dimension de l'économie ouverte interagissent fortement pour amplifier les effets des chocs d'incertitude et rendre le modèle cohérent avec les données empiriques.Le deuxième chapitre étudie comment les réformes fiscales contribuent à assurer une mondialisation équitable. Dans cet article, nous développons un modèle à deux zones: un pays développé et un pays émergent. Les deux domaines diffèrent selon la taille du secteur informel, caractérisé par un marché du travail plus flexible et une productivité plus faible. Notre analyse suggère que la libéralisation du commerce stimule l'activité économique et l'emploi dans les secteurs formel et informel. Cependant, cette expansion de l'emploi est biaisée vers le secteur informel, qui n'est pas soumis à la réglementation du travail et donc plus flexible. Par conséquent, la libéralisation du commerce entraîne une baisse de la qualité de l'emploi, car les travailleurs informels ne sont pas couverts par la législation du travail, la sécurité sociale et reçoivent des salaires moins élevés. Une réforme fiscale neutre en termes de budget, qui ferait passer le fardeau fiscal des taxes sur les salaires versées par les entreprises opérant dans le secteur formel à une taxe à la consommation, pourrait représenter une stratégie pour soutenir le secteur formel. Cependant, la formalisation se fait au prix d'une inégalité croissante des revenus entre travailleurs formels et informels.Le troisième chapitre évalue l'importance des institutions du marché du travail dans la transmission des chocs d'incertitude aux marchés du travail. En utilisant des VAR spécifiques aux pays dans les pays de l'OCDE, je constate qu'il y a une hétérogénéité considérable entre les réponses des taux de chômage aux chocs d'incertitude. Je fournis également des preuves que cette hétérogénéité peut être attribuée à la législation différentielle sur la protection de l'emploi (EPL). Les pays à faible niveau d'EPL subissent des augmentations de chômage plus graves que les pays à EPL élevé à la suite de chocs d'incertitude. EPL plus stricte neutralise la réaction du chômage, rendant plus coûteux le licenciement des travailleurs. De plus, le choc du second moment renforce ce mécanisme à travers le canal des options réelles. Sous l'irréversibilité et l'incertitude, les coûts de tir viennent avec un coût plus élevé. / The labor market is a central institution in any modern economy. At the same time, the labor market is characterized by pervasive regulation. Across nations, the labor market is subject to minimum wages, hiring and firing restrictions, compulsory collective bargaining, etc. A recent and growing literature investigates the consequences of such heterogeneity in labor market institutions, studying how labor market rigidities affect the causes and consequences of policy changes. Thus far, however, few works have addressed the implications of labor market rigidities for trade-induced labor dynamics focusing on the informal sector, or the second moment shocks in an open economy setting. Important questions remain open for researchers and policymakers. The purpose of this thesis is to address these questions, studying the role of labor market frictions and its interaction with international trade and uncertainty.The first chapter investigates the impact of uncertainty shocks in a small open economy with search and matching frictions and firm entry. We first develop our empirical analysis in the context of the Korean economy, as all dimensions of the model are relevant in this country. An increase in uncertainty lowers output, consumption, investment and job finding rate, while raising unemployment and job separations. We also supplement the existing empirical evidence by looking at firm dynamics, real exchange rate and current account behavior. In our theoretical framework, we illustrate new transmissions mechanism that are ignored in the literature. Economic mechanisms go beyond the simple addition of each feature. Search frictions, firm entry and the open economy dimension actually strongly interact to amplify the effects of uncertainty shocks and make the model consistent with the empirical evidence.The second chapter studies how tax reforms help ensure a fair globalization. In this paper we develop a two-area model: a developed and an emerging country. The two areas differ according to the size of the informal sector, which is characterized by a more flexible labor market and lower productivity. Our analysis suggests that trade liberalization boosts economic activity and employment in both the formal and informal sector. However, this employment expansion is biased toward the informal sector, which is not subject to labor regulation and hence more flexible. Hence, trade liberalization leads to lower employment quality, as informal workers are not covered by the labor legislation, social security and receive lower paid. A budget-neutral tax reform switching the tax burden from payroll taxes paid by firms operating in the formal sector to a consumption tax may represent a strategy to support the formal sector. However, formalization comes at the cost of widening income inequality between formal and informal workers.The third chapter assesses the importance of labor market institutions in the transmission of uncertainty shocks to labor markets. Using country-specific VARs across OECD countries, I find that there is substantial cross-country heterogeneity in the responses of unemployment rates to uncertainty shocks. I also provide evidence that this heterogeneity can be attributed to differential employment protection legislation (EPL). Low EPL countries suffer more severe rises in unemployment compared to high EPL countries following uncertainty shocks. Stricter EPL mutes the reaction of unemployment, making it more costly to lay workers off. Moreover, the second moment shock reinforces this mechanism through the real options channel. Under irreversibility and uncertainty, firing costs come with a bigger cost. On the other hand, the role of other labor market characteristics is ambiguous.