This thesis research analyzes how Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) can be used to understand extant Northeastern Plains Village (NEPV) settlement strategies in aggregate for the purposes of subjoining a subsequent verification metric to the current archaeological classification system used to describe NEPV associated sites. To accomplish this task, I extracted Traditional Ecological Knowledge from ethnographic sources for comparison to geospatial, geostatistical, and statistical analyses. My results show that the hierarchical clustering exhibited among NEPV sites is congruent with first person narratives of habitation and resource collection activities occurring in the pre-Reservation period (before AD 1880) within the research area. This study emphasizes the importance of the incorporation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge into material typological classification schemes for archaeological sites which are convoluted by a high rates of cultural transmission.

A Story of placement looks at displacement in Colombia during three different time periods: 529 years ago during colonization, today, and a speculative scenario in 10 years.  The project springs from traditional ecological knowledge developed by indigenous Colombian communities, and applies it to create a habitat proposal for a displaced community in Medellin.   How can we generate stories of placement in the near future?  The Kogi, Arhuaco, Kankuamo, and Wiwa descendants from the Taironas, have been living in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta after being displaced from the lowlands during the colonization. They have remained isolated from the western cultures preserving their knowing and being and living harmoniously with their territory. Colombia has today around 5.6 million people in a situation of displacement because of the armed conflict, natural disasters, or big land acquisitions by corporations. The project develops a progressive, sustainable, portable, and productive housing solution for communities in  a situation of displacement, inspired by indigenous communities from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the North of Colombia.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24058号 / 地環博第221号 / 新制||地環||42(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 深町 加津枝, 教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

The Arctic regions are currently undergoing transformative changes linked to globalization and climate change, which pose challenges for current governance structures. This thesis investigates governance in times of change through the lens of reindeer pastoralism, and the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)- based management in reindeer herding. While studies increasingly highlight the benefits of incorporating TEK into governance, a central challenge remains in finding ways to ensure integration. To contribute such knowledge, this thesis analyses how reindeer-herding local management systems interact with multiple processes of governance steering reindeer pastoralism, and the ways TEK is negotiated in such interactions. Theoretically, the thesis draws on literature on multi-level governance as an analytical framework for engaging with different types of governance processes and actors, and the literature on TEK to conceptualize local social institutions. Methodologically, a qualitative bottom-up methodological strategy (with local reindeer-herding groups and constellations – siidas, brigadas – forming the central starting point for the research) was adopted, focusing on cases from reindeer pastoralism in western Finnmark in northern Norway and Yamal in northwest Siberia. The results show that local reindeer herding organizations are incorporated into processes of governance through participatory, representative and deliberative processes for decision-making. Yet, such incorporation has not facilitated integration of the TEK to processes of governance. A central challenge is that current governance processes are formalized in a way that do not accommodate non-scientific ways of knowing, or non hierarchical consensus-based decision- making. The thesis thus highlights the need for holistic strategies for how to include TEK in governance. Co-management and participatory processes alone are not enough. / IPY EALÁT, the Reindeer Herders Vulnerability Network Study / RUF: Forvaltning i endring

O conhecimento tradicional (CT) das populações costeiras pode ser fundamental para a Gestão Costeira Integrada (GCI), pois é de base empírica e combina informações sobre o comportamento dos organismos marinhos e sua taxonomia, processos físicos-oceanográficos, métodos tradicionais de manejo dos recursos naturais, etc. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi compreender o CT de pescadores artesanais da Baía do Araçá e aplica-lo à gestão costeira através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas conjuntamente com a composição de mapas etnográficos e da sistematização das informações adquiridas. As informações etno-oceanográficas levantadas também foram aplicadas a dois modelos conceituais de orientação para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão local, amplamente utilizados na gestão, a análise SWOT e o DPSIR. A Baía do Araçá é palco de conflitos e impactos que comumente influenciam a qualidade das regiões costeiras e suas relações socioambientais, havendo uma forte necessidade de planejamento do uso do território e, assim, servindo como exemplo para outras localidades. Ao todo, 18 pescadores foram identificados como informantes e entrevistados. Todos demonstraram ter afinidade com a Baía do Araçá e atribuíram ao local uma grande importância para a manutenção de seu modo de vida. Na pesca, foi verificado que a utilização de diferentes estratégias e equipamentos varia conforme as condições do mar e do tempo, espécies-alvo, locais de pesca e de acordo com os saberes e habilidades que cada um possui. De modo geral, os pescadores demonstraram ser \"local experts\", possuindo elevado conhecimento do ambiente que utilizam tanto para sobrevivência como para reprodução sociocultural de seu modo de vida caiçara. As análises SWOT e do DPSIR contribuíram para a sistematização do CT levantado, possibilitando sua utilização por gestores e sua aplicação para o planejamento local. Recomenda-se que esse saber e a participação dos pescadores na tomada de decisão sejam considerados na planificação de políticas de gestão dos espaços e recursos naturais costeiro-marinhos. / The traditional knowledge (TK) of coastal populations may be fundamental to Integrated Coastal Management (ICG), as it is based on empirical practices and combines information about the behavior of marine organisms and their taxonomy, physical-oceanographic processes, traditional methods of natural resource management, etc. The major aim of this work was to understand the TK of artisanal fishermen from Araçá Bay and apply it to coastal management through semi-structured interviews along with the composition of ethnographic maps and the systematization of the acquired information. The ethno-oceanographic information obtained was also applied in two conceptual models, widely used in management, that can guideline the development of local management strategies: the SWOT analysis and DPSIR. Araçá Bay has a scene of multiple conflicts and impacts that commonly influence the quality of coastal regions and their socio-environmental relations, outstanding the important need to plan the use of this territory. Thus the study area serve as an example for other localities. In total, 18 fishermen were identified as informants and were interviewed. All of them demonstrated affinity with Araçá Bay and attribute to this place a great importance for the maintenance of their way of life. For fishing, it was verified that the use of different strategies and equipment varies according to the conditions of the sea and of the weather, to the target species, fishing places and according to the knowledge and abilities that each one possesses. In general, fishermen demonstrated to be \"local experts\", possessing an abundant knowledge of the environment that they use for both survival and sociocultural reproduction of their way of life. SWOT and DPSIR analyzes contributed to the systematization of the registered TK, allowing its use by managers and its application for local planning. It is recommended that both the TK and the participation of fishermen in decision-making practices should be considered in policies of management planning for coastal areas and natural resources.

O conhecimento tradicional (CT) das populações costeiras pode ser fundamental para a Gestão Costeira Integrada (GCI), pois é de base empírica e combina informações sobre o comportamento dos organismos marinhos e sua taxonomia, processos físicos-oceanográficos, métodos tradicionais de manejo dos recursos naturais, etc. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi compreender o CT de pescadores artesanais da Baía do Araçá e aplica-lo à gestão costeira através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas conjuntamente com a composição de mapas etnográficos e da sistematização das informações adquiridas. As informações etno-oceanográficas levantadas também foram aplicadas a dois modelos conceituais de orientação para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão local, amplamente utilizados na gestão, a análise SWOT e o DPSIR. A Baía do Araçá é palco de conflitos e impactos que comumente influenciam a qualidade das regiões costeiras e suas relações socioambientais, havendo uma forte necessidade de planejamento do uso do território e, assim, servindo como exemplo para outras localidades. Ao todo, 18 pescadores foram identificados como informantes e entrevistados. Todos demonstraram ter afinidade com a Baía do Araçá e atribuíram ao local uma grande importância para a manutenção de seu modo de vida. Na pesca, foi verificado que a utilização de diferentes estratégias e equipamentos varia conforme as condições do mar e do tempo, espécies-alvo, locais de pesca e de acordo com os saberes e habilidades que cada um possui. De modo geral, os pescadores demonstraram ser \"local experts\", possuindo elevado conhecimento do ambiente que utilizam tanto para sobrevivência como para reprodução sociocultural de seu modo de vida caiçara. As análises SWOT e do DPSIR contribuíram para a sistematização do CT levantado, possibilitando sua utilização por gestores e sua aplicação para o planejamento local. Recomenda-se que esse saber e a participação dos pescadores na tomada de decisão sejam considerados na planificação de políticas de gestão dos espaços e recursos naturais costeiro-marinhos. / The traditional knowledge (TK) of coastal populations may be fundamental to Integrated Coastal Management (ICG), as it is based on empirical practices and combines information about the behavior of marine organisms and their taxonomy, physical-oceanographic processes, traditional methods of natural resource management, etc. The major aim of this work was to understand the TK of artisanal fishermen from Araçá Bay and apply it to coastal management through semi-structured interviews along with the composition of ethnographic maps and the systematization of the acquired information. The ethno-oceanographic information obtained was also applied in two conceptual models, widely used in management, that can guideline the development of local management strategies: the SWOT analysis and DPSIR. Araçá Bay has a scene of multiple conflicts and impacts that commonly influence the quality of coastal regions and their socio-environmental relations, outstanding the important need to plan the use of this territory. Thus the study area serve as an example for other localities. In total, 18 fishermen were identified as informants and were interviewed. All of them demonstrated affinity with Araçá Bay and attribute to this place a great importance for the maintenance of their way of life. For fishing, it was verified that the use of different strategies and equipment varies according to the conditions of the sea and of the weather, to the target species, fishing places and according to the knowledge and abilities that each one possesses. In general, fishermen demonstrated to be \"local experts\", possessing an abundant knowledge of the environment that they use for both survival and sociocultural reproduction of their way of life. SWOT and DPSIR analyzes contributed to the systematization of the registered TK, allowing its use by managers and its application for local planning. It is recommended that both the TK and the participation of fishermen in decision-making practices should be considered in policies of management planning for coastal areas and natural resources.

Thesis (M.CUR.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Indigenous practices (IPs) are experiences generated by people who are living in a specific region context and a specific cultured group. IPs are shaped by cultural traits that are passed from one generation to the next. The practices are rooted and embedded in such a society and, therefore, the practices become part of the people’s lifestyle. It is difficult to try and change these practices, since people have adhered to them throughout their entire lives. The believe system plays a major role in health care seeking behaviour of individuals because they are informed by the IPs that are observed in their environment (Shaik & Hatcher, 2005). IPs are stored in people’s memories and are expressed in songs, dances, beliefs, rituals, cultural values, myths, and healing of diseases by using herbs. During pregnancy, IPs are still applied worldwide. Ayaz and Efe (2008) indicate that it occurs mostly in Turkey and Africa where women’s reassurance is depending on the local context and meaning of pregnancy. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To determine indigenous practices of pregnant women at the Dilokong Hospital in the Greater Tubatse Municipality of the Limpopo Province.This was achieved by the exploring and describing the indigenous practices of pregnant women in the antenatal (ANC) clinic of the maternity ward at the Dilokong Hospital.. DESIGN AND METHOD A qualitative, descriptive, explorative and contextual research design was used for the participants to describe the indigenous practices by pregnant women. Data was collected by means of unstructured one-on-one interviews in maternity unit of the ANC clinic at the Dilokong Hospital of the Greater Tubatse Municipality. Ethical considerations as described by Denosa (2000) were adhered to in order to ensure the v quality of the study. The criteria for trustworthiness were observed as stipulated in Babbie and Mouton (2009).Fifteen pregnant women were interviewed. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Four themes with sub-themes emerged from the data analysis by using Tech’ṡ open coding approach (Creswell 2006, Botma, Greef, Mulaudzi & Wright, 2010). Four themes were emerged namely; indigenous practices based on ancestral knowledge; indigenous practices based on spiritual diviners versus church principles; restricted practices versus instructions followed during pregnancy and labour and indigenous practices during labour and delivery. It is recommended that a national IP strategy needs to be developed to provide a framework and platform to support and promote grass roots IPs into mainstream development in the health care system in relation to midwifery practice. CONCLUSION The study findings indicated that IPs were regarded as an honourable health intervention by THPs, families, and pregnant women. They showed trust in methods used to preserve pregnancy, labour, and delivery, although, the indigenous practices by pregnant women still continue. Indigenous practices such as cords around their waists, are still observed during physical examinations. However, there is a reduction of prescribed potions mixed with cool drinks for use to accelerate labour and to prevent negative consequences because the potential toxicity has been explained during the provision of health education. These findings call for health care professionals to emphasise training and workshops for the THPs church diviners that are the fundamental principle of effective implementation of IPs to enhance improvement in the prevention of complications during pregnancy, labour and delivery. KEYWORDS Pregnant women Indigenous practice Indigenous knowledge Antenatal care