Thesis (M.Env.Dev.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007. / Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Science and Mathematics Education Centre, Curtin University of Technology, 2001. / Title from PDF title screen (viewed Oct. 7, 2004).

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-102). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-90). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-397). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3441690 bytes, checksum: 5ecec682c969e6b6fa08dc527ca62829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / There is considerable interest in the integrity and environmental equilibrium of coastal regions as they are home to approximately 2/3 of the world s population - including many traditional communities that are directly dependent on local natural resources for their survival and economic welfare. It is within this context that the present ethnobiological study analyzed the use of native animals in the region around Icapuí to better understand the relationships between human communities and their surrounding environments and to aid in developing public policies and actions directed towards sustainability. Icapuí is located on the eastern coast of Ceará State, Brazil, and comprises 16 coastal fishing communities that are characterized principally by traditional fishing activities and by the relationships they have established with the sea, as well as 22 rural communities that depend agriculture and animal husbandry. The villages of Córrego do Sal and Redonda were chosen to undertake the present ethnozoological research. The methodologies employed included bibliographic research, observations, interviews, reunions with focal groups, the free-listing technique, the use of photographs and drawings to confirm the identification of the animal species, community mapping, and non-specific induction and new reading. The following activities were undertaken: general characterizations of how the communities at Icapuí use local natural resources and occupy that space; a socio-environmental diagnosis of the Córrego do Sal community; participatory mapping of the Córrego do Sal community; and ethnozoological inventories of the Córrego Sal and Redonda communities. The fisherman interviewed in Redonda cited 176 marine animals, corresponding to 329 species (of which 11 could only be identified to the genus level). A total of 156 fish were cited (87% of all of the animals mentioned), corresponding to 292 species. A total of 96 animals were cited by the residents of the Córrego do Sal agricultural community, corresponding to 108 species (of which two could only be identified to the genus level). There were visible differences between the communities at Icapuí that were related to their individual modes of community life, even in spite of many external influences and the incorporation of new cultural values. The use of biological resources by the different communities at Icapuí varied principally according to their immediate environments (whether coastal or interior sites). The traditional knowledge retained by these social groups will be of significant importance in establishing local policies that can help guarantee the sustainability of the activities undertaken by these communities, their well-being, and the conservation of native animal species. / Existe uma preocupação com a integridade e o equilíbrio ambiental das regiões costeiras, onde, aproximadamente, 2/3 da população mundial vive, disputando os recursos e o território, incluindo muitas comunidades tradicionais, que são dependentes diretamente dos recursos naturais para a sua sobrevivência e para o exercício de as suas atividades econômicas. É nesse contexto que o presente trabalho, revestido de caráter etnobiológico, visa analisar as diferentes formas de utilização dos animais na região de Icapuí, buscando uma melhor compreensão da relação entre as comunidades humanas e o ambiente, bem como o embasamento de ações e políticas que visem à sustentabilidade das atividades desenvolvidas no local. Icapuí localiza-se no leste do litoral do Estado do Ceará e, dentre as suas 39 comunidades, foram escolhidas as comunidades do Córrego do Sal e de Redonda para a realização da pesquisa etnozoológica. A metodologia consistiu-se em levantamentos de dados bibliográficos, em observações, entrevistas, em reuniões com o grupo focal, na técnica de lista livre, na uso de fotografias e imagens para confirmação das espécies animais e no mapeamento comunitário. Foram realizadas as seguintes atividades: caracterização geral de como as comunidades de Icapuí usam os recursos naturais e ocupam o espaço a partir da observação do meio; diagnóstico socioambiental da Comunidade do Córrego do Sal; elaboração de forma participativa do mapa da Comunidade do Córrego do Sal; inventário etnozoológico das Comunidade do Córrego Sal e de Redonda, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, reuniões com o grupo focal, técnica de lista livre e metodologias de indução não específica e de nova leitura. Existem em Icapuí 16 comunidades pesqueiras à beira-mar, que se caracterizam principalmente pela pesca e pela relação que estabelecem com o mar, e 22 comunidades rurais que vivem principalmente da agricultura e pecuária de subsistência. Os pescadores entrevistados de Redonda citaram 176 animais, todos de habitat marinho, que correspondem a 329 espécies, sendo 11 identificadas em nível de gênero. Foram citados 156 peixes, correspondentes a 292 espécies, representando 87% do total de animais citados. Na Comunidade do Córrego do Sal, foram citados pelos moradores 96 animais, correspondentes a 108 espécies, das quais 02 foram identificadas somente em nível de gênero. Existem diferenças visíveis entre as comunidades de Icapuí, que estão arraigadas no seu modo de vida comunitário e que, apesar das influências externas e da incorporação de novos valores, as caracterizam como tal e as diferenciam das demais. O uso dos recursos biológicos pelas comunidades de Icapuí varia, principalmente, de acordo com o ambiente em que elas estão inseridas, seja no litoral ou no campo. O conhecimento tradicional apresentado por esses grupos sociais é de grande importância para o embasamento de futuras ações e de políticas locais que prezem pela continuidade das atividades desenvolvidas nas comunidades, proporciando o bem-estar social e contribuindo para a conservação das espécies da região.

Après de multiples cycles au cours des siècles passés, la récolte des algues dans le Finistère se renouvelle et s’inscrit comme une filière d’avenir. Au-delà des changements socio-économiques, elle se confronte aux problématiques actuelles de conservation de la biodiversité et de partage de l’espace maritime. Comment dès lors concilier activités anthropiques et préservation du milieu ? La démarche ethnoécologique mobilisée, interroge la gestion des ressources par les populations locales au travers de leurs engagements — pratiques, savoirs locaux et représentations. L’objectif de la thèse est donc double : comprendre les dynamiques des engagements des collecteurs d’algues ? Et comprendre comment ils sont mobilisés et ils évoluent face aux enjeux actuels ? Grâce à une enquête ethnographique et aux méthodes de l’ethnoécologie, nous avons interrogé les cadres scientifiques, sociaux et administratifs de manière diachronique pour saisir le contexte et les enjeux. Ensuite, nous avons questionné l’identité des collecteurs au travers des « statuts administratifs », puis de cinq profils émergeant des données. Cette diversité des formes d’engagement se retrouve dans les perceptions sensorielles mobilisées lors de la récolte, dans les systèmes de classification vernaculaires des algues et dans l’appréhension de l’espace. L’analyse de ces trois dimensions révèle un ensemble très riche de savoirs « intimes », « incorporés » et « situés » indissociables des techniques, sur les algues, le milieu aquatique et les dynamiques de l’écosystème. Différents éléments au travers des savoirs et des représentations éclairent les conflits et illustrent l’influence des scientifiques et des industriels sur les collecteurs. L’aléa climatique de l’hiver 2013-2014, en impactant la ressource algale, a contraint les collecteurs d’algues à s’adapter. Il a révélé les jeux d’acteurs dans les filières et la nature composite, voire hybride des engagements, premier pas vers une cogestion. / After several cycles over the course of past centuries, seaweed harvesting in Finistere is once again experiencing a revival and emerging as a promising sector. Beyond socio-economic transformations, it is also faced with current issues of biodiversity conservation and the sharing of maritime space. How can human activity and preservation of the environment be reconciled? The mobilized ethnoecological approach looks at resource management by local communities through their engagement - practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and representations. The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: understanding the dynamics of seaweed harvesters' engagement, and understanding how they mobilize and cope with current issues. Through ethnographic survey and ethnoecological methods, the scientific, social, and administrative frameworks were investigated diachronically to understand the context and the issue. The identity of the collectors were studied through both 'administrative statuses' as well as five profiles that emerged from the data. This diversity in forms of engagement is reflected in the sensory perceptions mobilized during harvesting, in the vernacular classifications of seaweed, and in how space is apprehended. The analysis of these three dimensions reveals a rich body of 'intimate', 'embodied', and 'situated' knowledge that is inextricable from practices relating to seaweed, aquatic environments, and ecosystem dynamics. Finally, various elements across knowledge and representations shed light on conflicts and illustrate the influence of science and industry on collectors. The climate event that took place during the winter of 2013–2014, for example, left an impact on seaweed resources and forced collectors to adapt. It revealed the interplay between actors of the various sectors and the composite (or even hybrid) nature of their engagement, a first step towards co-management.

Chatham Islands are part of a small archipelago, Tl’chés, off the City of Victoria, southeastern Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada), in the Salish Sea, territory of the Songhees First Nation. Chatham and adjacent islands comprise nationally endangered Garry oak ecosystems, supporting a wide diversity of habitats for plant and wildlife communities. Chatham Islands are childhood home of Songhees elder Joan Morris [Sellemah], raised by grandparents and great-grandparents. Tl’chés has been uninhabited and untended for over 50 years now, entering in a process of rapid environmental change and degradation after Songhees residents left to live in the main Songhees Reserve in late 1950s. Sellemah longs to see the traditional gardens and orchards she remembers at Tl’chés restored, as well as her people’s relationship with their environment, for healthier and more sustainable ways of life. This thesis honours Sellemah’s vision by exploring best approaches for intervention in heavily degraded cultural landscapes in order to promote ecological and cultural integrity and long-term sustainability for people and ecosystems in Tl’chés, combining conventional ecological approaches with traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom (TEKW), cultural and participatory investigations, in the context of ethnoecological restoration. Ultimately, this research aims to provide assistance in the restoration of ecological and cultural features in Chatham Islands and within the Songhees First Nation, revitalizing traditional ecological knowledge on the landscape and reversing trends of biodiversity and cultural losses. / Graduate

The eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), a small anadromous smelt (Family Osmeridae) found only along the Northwest Pacific Coast, is poorly understood. Many spawning populations have suffered declines but as their historic status is relatively unknown and the fisheries poorly documented, it is difficult to study the contributing factors. This thesis provides a survey of eulachon fisheries throughout its geographical range and three analyses aimed at improving our understanding of past and present fisheries, coast-wide abundance status, and the factors which may be impacting these populations. An in-depth view of the Nuxalk Nation eulachon fishery on the Bella Coola River, Central Coast, BC, is provided. The majority of catches were used for making eulachon grease, a food item produced by First Nations by fermenting, then cooking the fish to release the grease. Catch statistics were kept yearly from 1945-1989 but have since, rarely been recorded. Using traditional and local ecological knowledge, catches were reconstructed based on estimated annual grease production. Run size trends were also created using local Fisheries Officers and Nuxalk interview comments. A fuzzy logic expert system was designed to estimate the relative abundance of fifteen eulachon systems. The expert system uses catch data to determine the exploitation status of a fishery and combines it with other data sources (e.g., CPUE) to estimate an abundance status index. The number of sources depended on the existing data and varied from one to eight. Using designed heuristic rules and by adjusting weighting parameters a final index was produced. Results suggest that there have been recent and extended declines in several eulachon rivers particularly the Klamath, California; Bella Coola, BC; Wannock, BC; and Kitimat, BC. Seven of the fifteen abundance time-series were used to evaluate the potential relationships between the declines and some of the factors that impact eulachon. Results suggest increases in shrimp and hake catches, seal and sea lion abundance, and sea surface temperatures were weakly associated with the declines. But contrary to expectations, adult hake biomass showed a positive association with four eulachon relative abundance time-series, suggesting that common environmental factors influenced both species. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Typically small in number and poorly resourced, Canadian non-status First Nations often find themselves in conflict with more powerful private interests pursuing intensive resource development activities on their traditional lands. In the face of these threats, some non-status First Nations are using a combination of traditional environmental knowledge, a renewed commitment to traditional subsistence activities, and self-developed spiritual ecologies to reassert their sovereignty over ancestral territories. Eastern Ontario’s Ardoch Algonquin First Nation (AAFN) is one such group. AAFN members carry out cultural activities such as canoe building, hunting, trapping and harvesting wild rice on their traditional lands at the headwaters of the (Canadian) Mississippi, Madawaska, and Rideau rivers, lands that are part of a larger unresolved land claim made by Ontario’s Algonquin peoples. This research reports findings from a multi-year participatory research project that sought to understand AAFN’s traditional spiritual ecology (miyo-pimaadiziwin), to describe how it is understood and practiced by community members, and to use these insights as a lens to better understand the current and future trajectory of relations between AAFN members, governments, and outside interests engaged in resource development in this region. While AAFN members hope their miyo-pimaadiziwin-based values will foster mutual respect with non-aboriginal neighbours, the results are yet uncertain. However, what is plainly clear is that miyo-pimaadiziwin has traditionally been fundamentally at odds with rural and resource development strategies being promoted by the provincial government, meaning the potential for future and ongoing conflict is great. Although the two land strategies in contention are in many ways different, this analysis identifies some possible future areas of reconciliation in which the two approaches share common goals. The findings from the study contribute to broader scholarly efforts that seek to better understand the challenges faced by non-status First Nations in preserving cultural knowledge and traditional land-based activities more generally. / Les Premières nations canadiennes non-statuées sont typiquement petites, et elles disposent de peu de moyens financiers. Ces Premières nations se retrouvent souvent dans des situations conflictuelles avec des intérêts privés qui visent à réaliser des projets de développement de ressources naturelles intensifs sur des territoires autochtones traditionnels. Face à cette menace, certaines Premières nations non-statuées ont commencé à élaborer des stratégies de gestion territoriale ancrées dans le savoir écologique traditionnel, ainsi que dans les activités de subsistance. Ces stratégies ont pour but de réaffirmer leur souveraineté territoriale. La vision de gestion territoriale de la Première nation algonquine d’Ardoch (PNAA), située dans l’est de l’Ontario, est représentative de ce nouveau courant. Les membres de la PNAA pratiquent couramment des activités culturelles, telles que la fabrication de canoës, la chasse, le piégeage, et la récolte du riz sauvage, sur leurs territoires traditionnels, localisés à la source des rivières Mississippi (ontarienne), Madawaska et Rideau. Ce territoire fait actuellement partie d’une revendication territoriale algonquine toujours non-résolue. Cette étude présente les résultats d’un projet de recherche pluriannuel qui visait à mieux comprendre l’écologie spirituelle algonquine (miyo-pimaadiziwin) de la PNAA, de décrire comment ce concept est interprété et mis en pratique par les membres de la communauté, ainsi qu’à obtenir un aperçu quant à la trajectoire des relations entre les membres de la PNAA, les gouvernements et les intérêts privés, qui sont responsables du développement des ressources naturelles dans la région. Bien que les membres de la PNAA espèrent pouvoir (en suivant les principes éthiques de miyo-pimaadiziwin) éventuellement établir et maintenir un sentiment de respect mutuel et d’harmonie avec leurs voisins non-autochtones, cette vision reste loin d’être en mesure d’être réalisée. Cependant, il reste que les principes de miyo-pimaadiziwin sont fondamentalement irréconciliables à la vision du développement de ressources naturelles intensif que promeut le gouvernement provincial de l’Ontario. Par conséquent, la possibilité de futures mésententes et de conflits entre la PNAA et le gouvernement provincial reste élevée. Bien que ces deux stratégies territoriales soient, à plusieurs égards, fondamentalement différentes, cette analyse identifie quelques objectifs et ambitions partagés par la PNAA et le gouvernement ontarien, ce qui indique la possibilité de collaboration entre ces deux partis. Les résultats et conclusions de cette étude pourront contribuer aux tentatives de la part de l’érudition de mieux comprendre les défis auxquels font face les Premières nations non-statuées, en ce qui concerne la conservation culturelle, qui va de pair avec la pratique d’activités de subsistance sur le territoire traditionnel.