The main purpose of this work is to present short biographical accounts of the lives of the scholars who were either natives of or visitors to Nishapur from the beginning of the eighth century to the first quarter of the thirteenth century.

Company leaders in the workplace represent all generations with diverse values, and those values influence their financial decisions in the workplace. The problem is that multigenerational company leaders and their employees possess different values from one another, which in turn creates different financial priorities for the company. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain a better understanding of how the financial values of company leaders from different generations are developed, and how those values influence their financial decisions in the workplace. The key research question for this qualitative study examined how the financial values and decisions of company leaders in the workplace differ from their fellow company leaders from a different generation. This study assessed the different motivations for financial decision making by the multigenerational managers in the workplace. Semi-structured interviews and notes from direct observation of 10 multigenerational managers coupled with the analysis compiled from qualitative research software showed that most managers possessed similar financial values and made similar financial decisions, regardless of their generation. The findings also showed that the financial values of the participants were developed at an early age, which influenced their financial decision-making in the workplace. These results could lead to positive social change by gaining a better understanding of the motivations for financial values and financial decisions made in the workplace.

This thesis is a qualitative empirical study aimed at understanding the legal consciousness of women in a poor urban community. Through the narratives of women who were interviewed for this study, articles in the media, social media, and film, it explores the predominant problems experienced by women, and their experiences of engaging systems ‘in and around the law'. I argue that localities like Lavender Hill cannot be seen as homogenous and one cannot assume that all people approach problem solving from a similar perspective. Using a feminist lens, with literature on legal consciousness, legal cynicism, and legal pluralism as a backdrop, I describe the legal consciousness of poor urban women; what Ewick and Silbey refer to as ‘tracing the law in everyday life'. I interviewed 52 women, of which eight are women who live and work with other women in the community. Using an open ended questionnaire, I captured these narratives and analysed them, describing the themes and trends which surfaced. Poor urban women in this context not only navigate the daily threat of gang violence. They live in a place that is neglected, and seek positive solutions, despite high levels of patriarchy and systems that are inaccessible and unfair in response to their problems and disputes. A key finding of relevance to legal consciousness theory is the existence of different typologies of women − despite the relatively small geographic locality − with diverse norms and values. Of value is the description of varied attitudes towards systems ‘in and around the law', and different problem solving approaches. This makes a significant contribution to legal consciousness scholarship, in that it brings into view the seminal role of norms and values in social control, and how this shapes women's expectations of the law, as well as their approaches to the law, and other systems that assist with problem solving. This finding has value for practitioners and policy makers seeking to make a contribution to social justice and improve the lives of women in poor urban neighbourhoods like Lavender Hill.

Thesis ( MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / In the practice of public administration, the law-making process always predominates and therefore, it should be stressed from the onset that law making in general is much more than a decision making. This study therefore locates the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy (Act 92 of 1996) as a law articulation that need to be implemented accordingly to realise societal goals. However, with good intentions of such a law, there are challenges regarding implementation thereof within sectors of the society due to the diverse nature of South Africa in both traditions, cultural and religious beliefs. The introduction of the Act in South Africa was received with lot of pessimism and concerns by traditionalists, individuals that are culturally sensitive and religious leaders of various denominations. Such concerns has observably created a conundrum within traditional communities within the selected villages found in the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality in that termination of pregnancy is regarded as a taboo and immoral, more so within both the traditional and religious circles. Due to those escalating challenges and perceptions, it is deemed necessary that the study of this kind be conducted to inform both the practice and the academia for purpose of advancing knowledge within the field of Public Administration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of community members of the selected villages of Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality about the Termination of Pregnancy Act (92 of 1996). This was done through the use of primary and secondary data as it aimed to present the quantitative and qualitative explanation and report on the perceptions of the community members of the Act 92 of 1996 in South African municipalities. However, this was chosen because the methods assist in verifying the validity of the data and tend to emphasise that there is a common reality on which people can agree on. Therefore, the findings of the study reveals that community members are aware of the implementation of Act 92 of 1996, they believe that the Act is a human right issue and it provide health and safety of women but nevertheless, they perceive the Act as contradicting their moral right, because they believe that termination of pregnancy is as same as murder. In conclusion, it is recommended that the effective public participation is needed because people are aware of termination of pregnancy but are not well informed of the Act; that the implant contraceptive injection should be a rule, be applied to high schools that every teenage girl must be injected to prevent unwanted pregnancies; girls bellow the age of 18 years should consult their legal guardians before requesting TOP; conditions of parents to those of minors should be different and only pregnancy that resulted from rape must be allowed for termination or however, the Act should just be abolished.

As organizations become more age diverse, some business leaders face challenges managing a multigenerational workforce. The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies that leaders at a university in Northwest Florida implemented to retain their age-diverse workforce. The targeted population was higher education business managers who had success with retaining an age-diverse staff. The conceptual framework of the study was Herzberg's 2-factor theory of motivation. A significant tenet of this theory is that employees explain satisfying and dissatisfying experiences based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to their job functions. The data collection process included face-to-face interviews with 4 participants and a review of company documents, including the university's strategic plan and diversity and inclusion initiatives. Through coding and thematic analysis, 7 themes emerged that could help leaders retain a multigenerational workforce: foster a diversity-friendly workplace culture, implement effective interpersonal communication strategies, employ a formal approach, encourage a healthy work-life balance, value employees and their differences, offer professional growth opportunities, and eliminate negative generational stereotyping. Developing and cultivating retention strategies may contribute to social change by helping managers and leaders enrich retention rates, thereby increasing employment stability, improving productivity, and enhancing organizational and community relations.

Masters of Science / In a world where technology is advancing at a very rapid pace, global competition has significantly increased, and this is putting pressure on software companies to produce quality software. It has therefore become critically important to manage well the implementation of software engineering projects by employing effective methods that ensure the best product is produced. The most popular software project implementation methodologies are the Traditional methods and Agile methods. This research explored these two methodologies by comparing the strength and weakness of both approaches. The research was conducted using a constructionist epistemology with a critical inquiry using the grounded theory methodology, applying both quantitative and qualitative methods to the case studies. Findings were collected through participant observation using a designed questionnaire targeting a selected sample of the study population. This sample of the population consisted of Ecommerce organizations in the Western Cape province of South Africa to establish which of the Traditional or Agile methods would best lead to the successful implementation of Ecommerce software engineering projects. The research results showed that the Agile methodology was the preferred and recommended approach. Very few participants of the research supported the Traditional approach to still be considered and used for projects with well-known end goals. An Ecommerce website prototype for a local Cape Town business was constructed as following the Agile approach to measure and validate the findings of the research. The prototype was built successfully from conception to the final delivery product and on time confirming the Agile approach as best for Ecommerce software development. In conclusion, the Agile methodology is the choice approach based on reviewed literature, the research results, and the prototype construction. These results will help in critical decision making regarding an appropriate development methodology to follow for the Ecommerce industry in the Western Cape.

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The purpose of this study was to help the reader hear and begin to understand each of the 4 generations, resulting in an awareness of how each generation perceived the world in general, and specifically its perception of work in an academic setting. The researcher studied 4 participants currently or formerly involved in the higher education environment; each represented one of the 4 generations examined and was studied through stories, autobiography, notes, conversations, interviews, family stories, and life experiences. Today's American workforce is unique in that never before has there been such a diverse group of individuals working together. Research suggests that the mixing of race, gender, ethnicity, and generation in the workforce of today is remarkable. First, the 4 generations in this qualitative study were identified. For this study, the generations were known as The Veterans or Traditionalists born approximately between 1922 and 1945, The Baby Boomers born approximately between 1946 and 1964, Generation X born approximately between 1965 and 1980, and Generation Y born approximately between 1981 and 2000. After the collection and analysis of the 3 sets of data (interactive interviewing, written descriptions, and descriptive observations), the researcher created a coding and catalog content analysis. Much of the researcher's work consisted of a process method of analysis to discover characteristics and patterns similar to the 4 generations represented in the qualitative Narrative Inquiry methodology. Through the narrative inquiry method of this qualitative study, the examination of multiple generations within the workforce produced more similarities than differences. Common ground spanning over 80 years was evident more often than not. All 4 generations ultimately wanted the same thing with regard to their jobs: an enjoyable job, fulfillment and purpose, good benefits and pay, a perspective on what is important, respect, stability in the company and job, validation, and appreciation (Gibson, 2009).

Occurrences of four generations working side by side are not unusual. The four generations include Traditionalist, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Members of each generation have views and opinions about their work ethic and their definition of loyalty to the organization. Hiring managers will need to know characteristics of each generation. This knowledge will enable the hiring managers to place the applicant in certain positions within their organizations. By matching applicants with the correct work positions, employees are able to use their skills and abilities to be productive and to establish measurable goals for themselves and their departments. Productive work enables the employees to work individually and as a team member. The research has shown that each generation has its own strengths and weakness. Members of the older generations show characteristics that accommodate customer service and loyalty to an organization. Members of the younger generations have the technical knowledge and the ability to train others in order to use this technology to the benefit of the organization.

The main purpose of the thesis is to investigate the possibility of bridging the dichotomy between Islam and the criteria of modern society by means of reinterpreting the principles (foundations) of Islam. The reformists Abdolkarim Soroush, Sedigheh Vasmaghi and Tariq Ramadan seek to prove that the methods keeping strictly within the boundaries of tradition interpreting the Quran along the lines of previous generations is not necessarily the sole means of coming to an understanding of the Quran’s message. The thesis discusses these reinterpreters’ critique of tradition and their arguments for the possibility of uniting the principles of Islam with the prerequisites of modern society. In conjunction with this, the question whether modern society presupposes a strict division between the private and the public sphere is problematized from a point of departure in Jeffrey Stout’s Democracy and Tradition. The thesis attempts to show potential conceptions of a modern society based on the principles of Islam.