This study aimed to develop a radar solution that would aid the traffic calming efforts of the CSIR business campus. The Institute of Transportation Engineers defined traffic calming as "The combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use." Radar-based solutions have been proven to help reduce the speeds of motorists in areas with speed restrictions. Unfortunately, these solutions are expensive and difficult to import. Thus, this dissertation's main focus is to produce a detailed blueprint of a radar-based solution, with technical specifications that are similar to those of commercial and experimental systems at relatively low-cost. With the above mindset, the project was initiated with the user requirements being stated. Then a detailed study of current experimental and commercial radar-based traffic calming systems followed. Thereafter, the technical and non-technical requirements were derived from user requirements, and the technical specifications obtained from the literature study. A review of fundamental radar and signal processing principles was initiated to give background knowledge for the design and simulation process. Consequently, a detailed design of the system's functional components was conceptualized, which included the hardware, software, and electrical aspects of the system as well as the enclosure design. With the detailed design in mind, a data-collection system was built. The data-collection system was built to verify whether the technical specifications, which relate to the detection performance and the velocity accuracy of the proposed radar design, were met. This was done to save on buying all the components of the proposed system while proving the design's technical feasibility. The data-collection system consisted of a radar sensor, an Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC), and a laptop computer. The radar sensor was a k-band, Continuous Wave (CW) transceiver, which provided I/Q demodulated data with beat frequencies ranging from DC to 50 kHz. The ADC is an 8-bit Picoscope 2206B portable oscilloscope, capable of sampling frequencies of up to 50 MHz. The target detection and the velocity estimation algorithms were executed on a Samsung Series 7 Chronos laptop. Preliminary experiments enabled the approximation of the noise intensity of the scene in which the radar would be placed. These noise intensity values enabled the relationship between the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and the velocity error to be modelled at specific ranges from the radar, which led to a series of experiments that verified the prototypes' ability to accurately detect and estimate the vehicle speed at distances of up to 40 meters from the radar. The cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) detector was chosen as an optimum detector for this application, and parameters that produced the best results were found to be 50 reference cells and 12 guard cells. The detection rate was found to be 100% for all coherent processing intervals (CPIs) tested. The prototype was able to detect vehicle speeds that ranged from 2 km/h up to 60 km/h with an uncertainty of ±0.415 km/h, ±0.276 km/h, and ±0.156 km/h using a CPI of 0.0128 s, 0.256 s, and 0.0512 s respectively. The optimal CPI was found to be 0.0512 s, as it had the lowest mean velocity uncertainty, and it produced the largest first detection SNR of the CPIs tested. These findings were crucial for the feasibility of manufacturing a low-cost traffic calming solution for the South African market.

För att öka bland annat trivsel och säkerhet inom ett bostadsområde är det av av stor fördel att anlägga bostadsparkering i utkanten och på sätt minska trafikflödet inom området. En sådan parkeringslösning förutsätter dock att viss markyta inom området avsätts för att kunna ställa upp sin bil under en kortare period för att hämta eller lämna passagerare samt lasta i eller ur gods. Detta kallas för att korttidsangöra. Examensarbetet har kartlagt hur korttidsangöring används samt undersökt om behovet att angöra påverkas av avstånd till parkering och socioekonomiska faktorer inom ett område.

This thesis presents a collection of network optimization strategies aimed at aiding the local practitioner in selecting, implementing, and evaluating appropriate strategies to achieve community goals and objectives in the urban environment. The urban environment is often challenging due to the plethora of activity and variety in mode choice. Growing interest in sustainable transportation practices along with encouragement at the Federal, State, and Local levels to is leading to the growing use of non-motorized modes of transportation such as walking and bicycling. The combination of high population density and mixed land use in the urban environment creates unique safety and operational challenges. This research presents a synthesis of strategies designed to improve local transportation safety and efficiency by targeting speeding and cut-through volumes as improving pedestrian and bicycle facilities in urban areas such as those found in Western Massachusetts. Additionally, this research evaluates two local network optimization strategies; speed cushions and reverse angle parking. The effectiveness of the speed cushions in achieving the community’s goal of reducing speeds was evaluated and determined to be a recommended strategy for future implementation, especially when couple with enforcement. Reverse angle parking, however, was not determined to be an effective strategy due to the high occurrence of events as well as lower parking volume exhibited during implementation.

Genom projektet Malmöexpressen vill Malmö Stad uppnå en förbättring av kollektivtrafiken och öka tillgängligheten i centrum och utkanterna av staden samt regionen i sig. Det handlar också om att minska bilismen och säkra miljön för gång- och cykeltrafik. Denna magisteruppsats är förankrad i litteratur och tidigare forskning om Traffic Calming som koncept. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utvärdera och undersöka effekterna av ombyggnationen av Nobeltorget, Malmö med teorikonceptet Traffic Calming som utgångspunkt. I denna studie görs det en kvalitativ undersökning med fokus på främst interjuver med trafikplanerare från Gatukontoret i Malmö Stad. Vidare görs observationer för att stärka och underlätta framtagandet av en Space syntax- analys och en SWOT- analys. Till teorin, har det valts viktiga forskare vars verk anses vara relevanta och lämpliga för denna studie. Studien innefattar en projektplan och syftet med denna är att ta fram ett underlag för hur Traffic Calming kan utvärderas vid Nobeltorget i Malmö Stad. Uppsatsen avslutas med diskussion, slutsatser och förslag till fortsatt studie. / The project Malmöexpressen is brought by City of Malmö which purpose is to achieve an improvement of public transport, and increasing accessibility in the centre of the town and the outskirts but also the region itself. It is also about reducing car dominance and among other things, a safer environment for pedestrians and cyclists.This master’s essay is anchored in literature and previous research of Traffic Calming as a concept. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and investigate the effects of the redevelopment of Nobeltorget at Malmö City, regarding Traffic Calming as a theoretical concept. In this study, a qualitative study focusing primarily on interviews with traffic planners from the Traffic Department of the City of Malmö, furthermore, observations take place to strengthen and facilitate the concept of a Space syntax analysis, and a SWOT analysis. As for the theory, important writers whose works are considered to be relevant and appropriate for this study have been chosen. The study includes a Project Plan and the purpose of this is to develop a basis for how the Traffic Calming can be evaluated at Nobeltorget in the City of Malmö. The paper concludes with a discussion, conclusions and suggestions for further study.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 13263427 bytes, checksum: 8d1a71bee5362f8ba47e4224e0c88b60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Esta dissertação analisa a possibilidade de aplicação da técnica Traffic Calming nos dias atuais no bairro de Manaíra, na cidade de João Pessoa, com a intenção de mitigar as transformações ocorridas no mesmo, ocasionadas pelos impactos gerados pela circulação de veículos. O trabalho se desenvolveu a partir da pesquisa de campo que foi dividida em duas etapas, a primeira teve o intuito de obter a opinião da população do bairro sobre os problemas relacionados à circulação dos veículos e a segunda de investigar a receptividade da técnica Traffic Calming. Após a caracterização do bairro, a pesquisa baseou-se principalmente na opinião dos moradores através das entrevistas sobre a escolha dos modelos propostos de estudo de caso. Como resultado esta dissertação propõe-se a dar uma contribuição para uma futura aplicação da técnica de Traffic Calming em áreas residências na cidade, a partir da receptividade da população sobre as propostas apresentadas.

A major traffic-related problem faced by residents is speeding, which not only causes safety concerns, but also noise issues. Traffic calming is a much favoured traffic management tool employed by road controlling authorities to primarily reduce vehicle speed, hence improve community liveability. This research aimed to investigate the impacts of traffic calming on speed, safety and traffic noise. The objectives included developing models for the prediction of speed and noise on traffic-calmed streets, and providing guidance for good design practices. Speeds of individual vehicles as they approached and crossed traffic calming devices were observed in order to identify the behaviour of individual drivers. Results indicated that the speed hump and the raised angled slow point produced the largest speed reductions and least variation in speeds, while mid-block narrowings had no significant speed changes. Inter-device speed was found to be mainly controlled by the separation between devices. 85th percentile speeds at distances from calming devices were 40 – 45 km/h for vertical deflections and 45 – 55 km/h for horizontal deflections. Speeds on approach to speed humps were found to be influenced by the distance available on the approaches, while operating speed at the speed humps were partly influenced by the hump width relative to the road width. There was evidence of safety benefits of traffic calming overall, despite mid-block crashes increasing post-calming. However, there was no association between the traffic calming and the crashes, which appeared to probably be due to other factors, human factors in particular. Noise levels produced by light vehicles across speed humps were in fact lower than on a flat section of road, given their respective mean speeds. At a reference speed of 25 km/h, noise levels produced over the 100 mm hump were 3.6 dBA higher than those produced by the 75 mm hump.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Industrail Ecology and Environment))--Mahidol University, 2006.

This diploma thesis presents various redesign scenarios of the intersection of Ruprechticka, Michelsky vrch and U Pramenu streets located in Liberec, Czech Republic. The work presented in this thesis is as answer to the current intersection arrangement that does not meet the requirements of a safe traffic crossroad due to its broad, unorganized spatial arrangement. Three redesign options are developed and proposed based on performed traffic volume counts, vehicular speed monitoring, and previous history of traffic accidents in this intersection. Implemented traffic calming measures include significant changes to the lane arrangement and width in the intersection. It is proposed that the U Pramenu street is converted to one-way street to further reduce the overall traffic volume travelling through the intersection. Moreover, all redesign scenarios and strategies focus on improving safety and comfort of pedestrians and persons with disabilities. Finally, a multiple-criteria decision analysis is carried out and the most viable redesign option is selected.

Discourse about the real-world effects of automated vehicles has intensified over the last decade, but few observational studies have been made examining their integration in real traffic. This research is based on the dataset prepared by Beauchamp et al. in [1] where video footage from two pilot projects involving automated shuttles in Montreal and Candiac in 2019 was analyzed to compute safety indicators from road user trajectories. The study showed that automated shuttles have safer interactions with other road users compared to human drivers following the same trajectories. Yet, this may not be the only characteristic of automated shuttles. These vehicles are notoriously slow, 10 to 15 km/h slower than human-driven cars in city traffic [1], which on city streets is bound to influence other road users, in particular following cars. lt is therefore hypothesized that automated shuttles may have a traflic calming effect, slowing other motorized vehicles [2]. Slower speed and the predictability of automated shuttles, obeying the rules of the road and yielding more willingly to vulnerable road users (pedestrians and cyclists) may also have an impact on these users' behavior [3]: for example, cyclists may pass the shuttle, pedestrians may cross outside of crosswalks. The present study aims to explore the potential effects of automated shuttles, with their slower spceds and more predictable behavior, on the behavior of other road users. [from Introduction]

I dagens planeringsprocesser inkluderas medborgare huvudsakligen genom samrådsprocessen. Detta innebär två huvudsakliga problem: Det första problemet är att medborgares kunskap inkluderas först efter att problemen för en planeringsprocess är fastställda. Det andra problemet är att det endast är de medborgare som närvarar vid samrådet som möjlighet att representera sin kunskap och sina åsikter. Uppsatsens syftar därför till att undersöka om och eventuellt hur olika kunskapsunderlag påverkar hur problem formuleras i stadsplaneringsprocesser. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka hur inkluderingen av olika former av kunskap kan påverka vilka åtgärder som prioriteras inom stadsplaneringsprocesser.Det huvudsakliga metodvalet har varit en fallstudie av Malmabergsgatan i Västerås. Inom fallstudien har det sedan genomförts intervjuer med medborgare, tjänstepersoner och en fokusgrupp, samt en observationsstudie och en enkätundersökning. De resultat som framkom av vår undersökning visade att problem som formulerades av medborgare har en högre detaljnivå än de problem som tjänstepersonerna formulerade – detta trots att samma grundproblem definierades. Vidare har vi också kunna se att en inkludering av olika former av kunskap, i teorin, bör leda till mer resurseffektiva och acceptabla, från medborgarnas sida, åtgärdsförslag. / In city planning processes today citizens are mainly included through consultation processes. This implies two main problems: The first problem is that citizen’s knowledge only is included in city planning processes when problems already have been formulated. Secondly only citizens who attend the consultation process have the opportunity to represent their knowledge. This thesis objective is therefor to study if and possibly how different sources of knowledge affect how problems are formulated in city planning projects. Furthermore the objective is to study how inclusion of different forms of knowledge may affect which measures are prioritized in city planning processes.Our main method has been a case study of Malmabergsgatan in Västerås, Sweden. Within this case study we have exercised interviews with citizens, communal office workers and a focus group. We have also exercised one observational study and one survey study. Our results showed that problems formulated by citizens contain a higher degree of detail than problems formulated by communal office workers – even though they defined the same basic problem. We have also seen results showing that inclusion of different forms of knowledge, in theory, should lead to measures in city planning processes that are more acceptable, from a citizen’s perspective, and more resource efficient.