Orientador: Jose Augusto Rosario Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T19:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zampieri_LuizArthur_M.pdf: 1219190 bytes, checksum: 50f1c90b246b806bd16bb30df4ecbbaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se a bioxidação do sesquiterpeno valenceno (C15H24), produzindo o bioflavorizante nootkatona (C15H22O), buscando as condições ótimas para obtenção do máximo rendimento. Esta reação foi realizada utilizando dois sistemas enzimáticos distintos: o sistema lacase/mediador (LMS) de Trametes versicolor com mediador HBT (hidroxibenzotriazol) ou TEMPO (tetrametilpiperidin-N-oxil) e o sistema utilizando o complexo enzimático do citocromo P-450 de Chaetomium globosum. Outros microorganismos testados foram Botrytis cinerea, Mortierella isabellina e Mortierella ramaniana. As diversas variáveis (pH, tempo de reação, concentrações de enzima, mediadores e indutores, condições de aeração, entre outras) envolvidas nas respectivas reações foram estudadas através de planejamento fatorial e modelagem de superfície de resposta. A utilização do sistema LMS de Trametes versicolor mostrou ser uma ferramenta viável para obtenção de nootkatona a partir de valenceno, embora tenhamos obtido rendimento inferior (17%, agitador orbital em pequena escala e 15 % em escala preparativa, sob aeração externa) descrito na literatura (25%, sob aeração, escala preparativa), o que torna nosso procedimento pouco viável para utilização em maior escala, apesar disso, os resultados foram condizentes com os obtidos em reações semelhantes descritos na literatura científica, onde o rendimento de sistemas LMS dificilmente ultrapassa os 15%. O sistema enzimático CYP-450 apresentou rendimento inferior ao sistema lacase/mediador e, este último sistema, HBT mostrou ser um mediador mais eficiente que TEMPO. / Abstract: In this work, we study the sesquiterpene valencene bioxidation (C15H24), which produces the nootkatona biological flavor substance (C15H22O), in an attempt to achieve the best conditions for optimum yield. This reaction was carried out using two different enzymatic systems: the Trametes versicolor laccase-mediator system with HBT mediators (hydroxybenzotriazol), or TEMPO (tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxide), and the system using the Chaetomium globosum cythocrome P-450 enzymatic complex. Other microorganisms were tested, such as Botrytis cinerea, Mortierella isabellina and Mortierella ramaniana. The different variables involved in the respective reactions were studied by means of factorial planning and modeling the response system. The use of the Trametes versicolor LMS system proved to be a viable tool to obtain nootkatone from valencene, although we have obtained an inferior yield (17% with orbital agitator in small scale and 15% in preparatory scale, under external aeration) in comparison with the highest value described in literature (25% under aeration). Thus, our procedure presents little viability for large scale use, although results were in agreement with those obtained in similar reactions described in scientific literature, in which the yield produced by LMS systems rarely exceeds 15%. The CYP-450 enzymatic system presented lower yield in comparison with the laccase-mediator system and in the latter, HBT turned out to be more efficient than TEMPO. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

This study investigated the natural durability of 8 and 60 year old Eucalyptus bosistoana (coast grey box). The sample’s heartwood compounds were extracted with an optimised extraction process and then incorporated into agar. Trametes versicolor (white rot) and Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) fungi were grown upon these agars and their growth rate was used to assess the fungicidal abilities of the extracts. The extraction method of cell wall compounds was optimised. An Accelerated Solvent Extraction system (ASE) was used with the following settings: • 2 cycles per sample • 70°C extraction temperature • 50% rinse • 5 minute static time Ethanol was found to extract the compounds of the highest fungicidal activity. Ethanol was found to extract similar amounts to water (~13% of dry weight for a 60 year old sample), however analysis of both water and ethanol extracts with a FTIR spectrometer, found that they were of different chemical composition. A difference in fungicidal activity of extracts was found between the 8 year old and 60 year old samples. There was a large difference in the percentage of extracts present between the samples as well as the type of compounds present, shown by FTIR.

Under cellulolytic conditions, the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor produces cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), an enzyme with a number of biochemical properties that are potentially relevant to the degradation of lignin and cellulose. To clarify its biochemical properties, CDH was purified from cultures of T. versicolor. Two isoforms of CDH were found: a 97 kDa isoform with both heme and flavin cofactors, and an 81 kDa isoform with a flavin cofactor. Both isoforms of CDH were found to be quite non-specific in their reductive half reactions. The flavin enzyme catalyzed many of the same reactions as the heme/flavin enzyme, but less efficiently. The flavin isoform reduced Fe(III) and Cu(II) only at concentrations well above those found physiologically. Thus the heme/flavin enzyme, but not the flavin enzyme, could be involved in promoting and sustaining the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by Fenton's chemistry. / To characterize further the structural features of CDH, a genomic clone was isolated and sequenced. CDH was found to consist of 748 amino acids, without its predicted 19 amino acid signal peptide. Consistent with the domain structure of other CDHs, T. versicolor CDH appeared to be divided into an amino terminal heme domain and a carboxy terminal flavin domain, connected by a hydroxyamino acid-rich linker. Within the flavin domain, a putative cellulose-binding domain (CBD) was found by alignment to the hypothesized CBD of P. chrysosporium CDH. The CBD of CDH appeared to be structurally unrelated to other CBDs which have been reported. / A cDNA clone encoding T. versicolor CDH was isolated by RT-PCR. Using this clone, three vectors for the heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae of CDH were prepared. These vectors were built by performing in-frame fusions of the cDNA to control sequences from the highly expressed A. oryzae amylase gene. These vectors were transformed into A. oryzae and one strain was isolated which contained the expression construct DNA. / A rapid method for cloning cdh-like genes was developed. Using short stretches of amino acids completely conserved within T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium CDH, PCR primers were designed to amplify a homologous gene from other fungi. The primers were tested using genomic DNA of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. A 1.8-kb fragment of P. cinnabarinus cdh was thereby amplified and cloned, and its sequence was determined. The three CDHs displayed very high homology at the amino acid level. / Finally, to probe the role of CDH in lignocellulose degradation by T. versicolor, a "knockout" vector was constructed consisting of a phleomycin-resistance cassette inserted into the protein coding sequence of cloned T. versicolor cdh. T. versicolor was transformed with the knockout vector and the transformants were analyzed for their CDH-producing phenotype. Three isolates were found that produced no detectable CDH. Biobleaching and delignification by the CDH(-) strains appeared to be unaffected, suggesting that CDH does not play an important role in these processes.

No description available.

Les champignons décomposeurs du bois jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone en participant notamment au recyclage de la matière organique. Outre leur aptitude à minéraliser la biomasse lignocellulosique, ces organismes ont la capacité de dégrader des molécules potentiellement toxiques libérées lors de ce processus. Leur système de détoxication comprend différentes familles multigéniques dont les glutathion transférases. Ces enzymes ubiquitaires, sont regroupées en différentes classes dans le règne fongique, certaines d’entre elles étant étendues chez ces champignons. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette thèse consistait à appréhender les fonctions des glutathion transférases de la classe Omega (GSTOs) étendue chez Trametes versicolor, un champignon de pourriture blanche. Une approche biochimique et structurale a été menée sur neuf protéines produites de façon recombinante. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation enzymatique de ces isoformes a été réalisée à l’aide de substrats synthétiques montrant une similarité des propriétés catalytiques. Puis, à partir d’une banque de molécules pures et de mélanges complexes issus de différentes essences forestières, une méthode de screening à haut débit a permis d’identifier des ligands potentiels de ces enzymes. La résolution de la structure tridimensionnelle de trois isoformes a démontré l’état homodimérique de ces protéines et l’implication de deux sites de fixation dans la reconnaissance de ces ligands : le site H (présent dans chaque monomère) et le site L (à l’interface du dimère). Par exemple, l’isoforme TvGSTO3S est capable de fixer dans son site H plusieurs hydroxybenzophénones, mais également un flavonoïde, la dihydrowogonine. Dans ce dernier cas, cette interaction avec un ligand naturel issu d’extraits de bois de merisier a été démontré par une approche de cristallographie d’affinité. D’autre part, des expériences de co-cristallisation ont permis de détecter deux molécules d’un autre flavonoïde, la naringénine, dans le site L de l’isoforme TvGSTO6S. Enfin, une interaction spécifique impliquant les sites H et L de l’isoforme TvGSTO2S a été démontrée avec l’oxyresvératrol. L’analyse structurale a révélé que les deux configurations du stilbène étaient liées à la protéine : la configuration trans dans le site H et la configuration cis dans le site L. Ainsi, malgré une redondance fonctionnelle partielle, ces recherches ont démontré l’existence d’un spectre d’interactions spécifiques pour chaque isoforme testée. Le caractère étendu de la classe Omega indiquerait que ces enzymes seraient impliquées dans l’adaptation du champignon à son environnement. En effet, les ligands identifiés au cours de ces travaux suggèrent que les propriétés « ligandines » des TvGSTOs joueraient un rôle dans la détoxication des produits issus de dégradation du bois / Wood decaying fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle by participating in the recycling of organic matter. In addition to their ability to mineralize lignocellulosic biomass, these organisms have the ability to degrade potentially toxic molecules released during this process. Their detoxification system involves several multigenic families including glutathione transferases. These ubiquitous enzymes are grouped into several classes in the fungal kingdom, some of them are widespread in these fungi. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to understand the functions of glutathione transferases of the Omega class (GSTOs) extended in Trametes versicolor, a white rot fungus. A biochemical and structural approach was led using nine recombinant proteins. Firstly, enzymatic characterization of these isoforms was performed using synthetic substrates, the obtained results demonstrating a similarity of catalytic properties. Then, using a library of pure molecules and another one of complex mixtures from different forest species, a high throughput screening method was applied to identify potential ligands for these enzymes. The resolution of the three-dimensional structure of three isoforms demonstrated the homodimeric state of these proteins and the involvement of two binding sites in the recognition of these ligands: the H site (present in each monomer) and the L site (at the dimer interface). For example, the isoform TvGSTO3S is able to bind several hydroxybenzophenones in its H site, but also a flavonoid, dihydrowogonin. In this case, this interaction with a natural ligand derived from wild-cherry tree extract was demonstrated by an affinity crystallography approach. On the other hand, co-crystallization experiments detected two molecules of another flavonoid, naringenin, in the L site of the isoform TvGSTO6S. Finally, a specific interaction involving the H and L sites of the isoform TvGSTO2S was demonstrated with oxyresveratrol. Structural analysis revealed that the presence of both configurations of the stilbene in the protein: the trans configuration in the H site and the cis configuration in the L site. Thus, despite partial functional redundancy, this research demonstrated the existence of a specific pattern of interactions for each tested isoform. The expansion of the Omega class could indicate that these enzymes are involved in the adaptation of the fungus in its environment. Indeed, the ligands identified during this work suggest that the "ligandin" properties of TvGSTOs play a role in detoxifying wood degradation products

Le bois représente une des ressources en polymères les plus abondantes de l’écosystème terrestre. Les champignons dégradant la matière lignocellulosique jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone. Ils présentent un fort intérêt au niveau biotechnologique en particulier pour la production d’enzymes. Parmi les champignons saprophytes, ceux de la classe des Agaricomycota sont particulièrement intéressants puisqu’ils possèdent la capacité de dégrader les différents composés du bois : cellulose, hémicelloloses et lignine. De plus, ces champignons ont développé un système de détoxication impliquant des enzymes telles que les glutathion transférases (GST). Celles-ci sont impliquées dans la dégradation de composés potentiellement toxiques générés lors de la dégradation du bois mais également la dégradation de xénobiotiques. L’étude des systèmes extracellulaires et intracellulaires de Trametes versicolor impliqués dans les processus de décomposition du bois, décrite dans ce manuscrit, avait pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs moléculaires impliqués dans l’adaptation des champignons à leur environnement. Les approches pluridiciplinaires mises en œuvre lors de cette thèse ont permis d’identifier une variabilité phénotypique intraspécifique chez une dizaine de souches de T. versicolor, cette variabilité semblant être liée à la nature de l’essence ligneuse d’origine de ces souches. De plus, les travaux réalisés sur les GSTs apparteant aux classes oméga et GHR ont contribué à améliorer nos connaissances sur l’implication de cette famille multigénique dans l’adaptation des champignons xylophages à leur mode de vie / Wood is one of the most abundant polymer resources of the Earth’s ecosystem. Wood decaying fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle. They have a strong interest in biotechnology level in particular for the production of enzymes. Among the saprophytic fungi, those of the class of agaricomycota are particularly studied since they possess the ability to degrade varous compounds from wood : cellulose, hemicelluloses dand lignin. In addition, these fungi have developed a detoxification system involving enzymes such as glutathione transferases (GST). These latter are involved in degradation of wood but also in the degradation of xenobiotics. In this manuscript, the study of extracellular and intracellular system from Trametes versicolor, involved in wood decay process is described, the main goal being to identify the molecular factors involved in adaptation of the to their environment. Multidisciplinary approaches used in this PhD led to identification of an intraspecific phenotypic variability among ten strains of T. versicolor, this variability appearing to be related to the tree species where these strains have been isolated. Moreover, the work done on GSTs belonging to GHR and omega classes have improved our knowledge of the involvement of this gene family in adaptating the wood decayers to thrit lifestyle

La détoxication est un processus biochimique présent chez tous les organismes biologiques et qui leur permet d’assurer leur survie face aux xénobiotiques provenant de leur environnement. Les glutathion transférases (GST) représentent une large famille d’enzymes participant à la phase II de détoxication en conjuguant le glutathion au composé à éliminer. Par ailleurs, certaines GST ont un rôle non catalytique et assurent la séquestration ou le transport de molécules d’un compartiment cellulaire à un autre. Alors que l’activité catalytique des GST est étudiée depuis plusieurs décades, l’identification précise des molécules physiologiques ciblées par les GST reste un défi. Chez les organismes fongiques dégradeurs de bois, certaines classes de GST se sont multipliées au niveau génomique. Cette redondance serait le reflet de la diversité des molécules chimiques libérées lors de la dégradation du bois. Dans cette thèse, des approches biochimiques et structurales ont été employées pour caractériser onze isoformes de GST du basidiomycète Trametes versicolor. De plus, une approche utilisant des librairies de molécules a permis d’identifier une famille de ligands reconnus par ces GST : les polyphénols. Les modes d’interaction de ces ligands ont été décrits précisément à partir de la résolution de nombreuses structures cristallographiques. L’identification d’un flavonoïde à partir d’un extrait de bois de merisier (Prunus avium), arbre sur lequel croît T. versicolor, a été permise par une approche de cristallographie d’affinité. Ces données suggèrent que les GST d’organismes fongiques saprotrophes pourraient prendre en charge les polyphénols libérés lors de la décomposition du bois / The ubiquitous biochemical process that enables each organism to cope with xenobiotics from its environment and thus ensures its survival is called detoxification. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) form a large family of enzymes divided into several classes. These enzymes participate in the detoxification phase II by conjugating the tripeptide glutathione to the molecule to be eliminated. Moreover, some GSTs are involved in non-catalytic processes such as sequestration or transport of molecules from one cellular compartment to another. Studies dedicated to the catalytic activity of GSTs have been ongoing for decades, yet precise identification of molecules targeted by GSTs remains challenging. In wood-decaying organisms, some of the GST classes have expanded with an increase of the number of isoforms encoded at the genomic level. This redundancy would reflect the diversity of the small molecules released upon wood enzymatic degradation. Through this thesis work, biochemical and structural approaches were used in order to characterize eleven GST isoforms from the saprotrophic fungus Trametes versicolor. In addition, the use of libraries of molecules helped in identifying polyphenols as a family of ligands that bind these GSTs. The molecular interaction modes were described precisely based on the resolution of numerous crystal structures. The identification of a flavonoid from an extract of the wild-cherry tree (Prunus avium) on which T. versicolor grows, was enabled by using an affinity crystallography approach. These data suggest that fungal GSTs could interact with plant polyphenols released during wood degradation

No description available.

Ce travail a pour objectif de mettre au point un procédé d’oligomérisation de rutine et d’esculine par la laccase de Trametes versicolor. Un procédé de synthèse en parallèle et d’analyse en ligne par SEC-UV et par MALDI-TOF a été mis au point. L’analyse par MALDI-TOF a révélé la formation d’un simple pontage, allant jusqu’au degré d’oligomérisation 6 pour la rutine et 9 pour l’esculine. Un pontage par liaison éther a été observé par FTIR dans le cas des oligorutines. L’analyse par RMN a démontré la mise en place de liaisons tant C-C que C-O localisées sur la partie phénolique et la partie sucre des monomères. De faibles pH et températures favorisent l’allongement de la chaîne, alors que l’augmentation de la constante diélectrique du solvant ou de la température augmente la production des oligomères de rutine. La limitation de la masse de ces oligomères serait due à une inhibition de l’enzyme, provoquée par les capacités chélatantes des oligomères. Une diminution du pouvoir antioxydant et une augmentation du pouvoir inhibiteur de la xanthine oxydase ont pu être observées lors de l’accroissement de la masse des oligomères de rutine. Ces deux activités sont améliorées lors de l’accroissement de la masse des oligomères d’esculine. Pour ces deux types d’oligomères, la solubilité dans l’eau est fortement accrue. Dans le cas des oligorutines, cette forte augmentation a été corrélée à la mise en place d’un réseau dense de liaisons hydrogène observé par modélisation moléculaire. Globalement, l’approche par modélisation moléculaire dans le vide et dans le solvant a permis de dégager des relations structure-activité, reliant notamment le nombre de liaisons hydrogène à la solubilité / The aim of this work is the elaboration of rutin and esculin oligomerization process by the laccase from Trametes versicolor. A parallel synthesis process and on-line analysis of reaction media by SEC-UV and MALDI-TOF have been elaborated. The MALDI-TOF analysis has revealed the formation of simple bridges between rutin and esculin units, up to degree of oligomerization of 6 and 9 respectively. An ether bond has been observed by FTIR spectrometry for the rutin oligomers. Finally, the NMR analysis has revealed the formation of C-C and C-O bridges both on phenolic and the sugar parts of the flavonoids. At low pH and temperature, the elongation of the chain is favored, whereas increasing the dielectric constant of the solvent or the temperature favors the production of rutin oligomers. The limitation of oligomers mass is explained by the inhibition of the enzyme, probably due to the highest chelation properties of oligomers. In the case of oligorutin, a decrease of antiradical activity and an increase of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity have been observed when the oligomers molecular mass increases. In the case of esculin oligomers, these two activities increase with the increase of the oligomers mass. For these two types of oligomers, the water solubility is considerably increased. For the oligorutins, this augmentation has been correlated to a dense network of H-bonds, which has been demonstrated by molecular modeling. Globally, the molecular modeling approach in vacuum and in solvent has allowed to establish structure-activity relationship

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Current water treatment technologies do not remove many endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) such as 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in its entirety, and the amount of these pollutants that continues to enter the aquatic environment through wastewater effluents is still capable of causing harmful health effects. Therefore the development of simpler and more sensitive biosensor system for detection of EE2 must be developed which have high responsiveness, low cost and easy handling. Therefore the aim of this study was to work towards the development of rapid test system of polyaniline-laccase on gold enzyme nanobiosensor (PANI-PSSA/Lac/Glu) for water estrogens. Preliminary studies were first done on the materials used in this study: estrogens, laccase, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and electropolymerized PANI-PSSA. Laccase was shown to be active towards EE2 and the enzyme could be stored for over three months. EE2 solution also could be used for over three months. Buffer used in this study was found to be suitable. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was a suitable electrolyte than hydrochloric acid (HCl) to be used for the electropolymerization of aniline and was used because it has same ions as the McIlvaine buffer (McIlB) which the post-deposition CVs indicated the formation of electrochemically very stable film. AuNPs were successfully synthesized and its size was identified to be less than 22 nm. McIlB used for testing electrochemical properties of AuNP. CVs of GC/PANI-PSSA and GC/PANIPSSA/ Au showed no difference before and after exposure to aq. EE2 solution, an indication of being re-usable and could also serve as stable immobilising platform in laccase biosensor. When interrogating with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of both GC/PANI-PSSA and GC/PANI-PSSA/Lac/Glu showed an average increase by about 2.4% and 21% before and after exposure of EE2, respectively. This shows that the GC/PANI-PSSA/Lac/Glu was a functional EE2 biosensor and showing a positive step towards achieving a re-usable biosensor for EE2 as a model water estrogen. Future work Page | vi will focus on exploring different ways of improving the biosensor’s surface regeneration and its sensitivity to EE2.