En raison de l'expansion des données, les algorithmes de compression sont désormais cruciaux. Nous abordons ici le problème de trouver des algorithmes de compression optimaux par rapport à une source de Markov donnée. A cet effet, nous étendons l'algorithme de Huffman classique. Pour se faire premièrement on applique Huffman localement à chaque état de la source Markovienne, en donnant le résultat de l'efficacité obtenue pour cet algorithme. Mais pour bien approfondir et optimiser quasiment l'efficacité de l'algorithme, on donne un autre algorithme qui est toujours appliqué localement à chaque états de la source Markovienne, mais cette fois ci en codant les facteurs partant de ces états de la source Markovienne de sorte à ce que la probabilité du facteur soit une puissance de 1/2 (sachant que l'algorithme de Huffman est optimal si et seulement si tous les symboles à coder ont une probabilité puissance de 1/2). En perspective de ce chapitre on donne un autre algorithme (restreint à la compression de l'étoile) pour coder une expression à multiplicité, en attendant dans l'avenir à coder une expression complète / Due to the expansion of datas, compression algorithms are now crucial algorithms. We address here the problem of finding an optimal compression algorithm with respect to a given Markovian source. To this purpose, we extend the classical Huffman algorithm. The kernels are popular methods to measure the similarity between words for classication and learning. We generalize the definition of rational kernels in order to apply kernels to the comparison of languages. We study this generalization for factor and subsequence kerneland prove that these kernels are defined for parameters chosen in an appropriate interval. We give different methods to build weighted transducers which compute these kernels

Vibration monitoring is widely used to determine the condition of various mechanical systems. Traditionally a transducer is attached to the structure under investigation and the vibration signal recorded. This signal is then processed and the required information extracted from the signal. With epicyclic gearboxes this traditional approach is not advisable. This is in part due to the fact that the planet gears rotate internally on a planet carrier. Special techniques are therefore required to extract a viable data signal from the measured vibration signal. These techniques require an additional post-processing step in which a compiled data signal is extracted from the measured data signal. This work investigates the possibility of mounting transducers internally on the rotating planet carrier. Mounting transducers at this location removes the relative motion seen in traditional measurement techniques. An epicyclic gearbox is modified to facilitate the internal mounting of the accelerometers. A number of implementation problems are highlighted and solutions to these problems are discussed. A large portion of the work is dedicated to implementing and qualifying the epicyclic time synchronous averaging technique which is traditionally used to evaluate epicyclic gearboxes. As this technique forms the basis to evaluate the data obtained from internal measurements, it is of fundamental importance that the technique is implemented correctly. It is shown that vibration data can be reliably measured internally, by means of accelerometers mounted on the planet carrier. The internally measured data is compared to data obtained by traditional techniques and shown to be equally adept in detecting deterioration of a planet gear tooth. Simple condition indicators were used to compare the vibration data of the two techniques. It was seen that the data obtained from the internally mounted accelerometers was equally, and in certain cases, slightly more sensitive to planet gear damage. This implies that the technique can be used successfully to evaluate epicyclic gearbox damage. There are a number of practical implementation problems that will limit the use of this technique. As the technology becomes available to transmit measured vibration signals wirelessly, the application of the internal measurement technique will become more viable. A preliminary investigation was also launched into the relationship between a planetary gearbox with a single planet gear and one with multiple planet gears. It is illustrated that vibration data, measured from a gearbox containing a single planet gear, shows an increased sensitivity to planet gear damage. Although a special test rig might be required, the increased sensitivity to damage can provide a method to test planet gears in critical applications such as aircraft gearboxes. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientadores: Sandra Lucia Cruz, João Alexandre Ferreira da Rocha Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T19:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavan_AndreMauricio_M.pdf: 4399374 bytes, checksum: d76e0e55472d41a43569b1e700a1a749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Vasos de pressão são equipamentos muito importantes numa indústria, sendo responsáveis por armazenar gases, líquidos e outros fluidos a altas pressões. Um pequeno vazamento nesses vasos pode ser muito perigoso, gerando poluição, explosão e perda financeira para a indústria. Por isso, é imprescindível uma rápida e eficaz detecção da ocorrência de qualquer vazamento. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e teste de uma técnica de detecção de vazamentos de gás em vasos de pressão, baseada na análise da pressão no interior do vaso e doruído sonoro gerado pelo vazamento. Na montagem experimental utilizou-se um vaso de pressão com capacidade 34,5 litros, operando com ar. A pressão no interior do vaso variou de 1 a 7 kgf/cm2. Vazamentos de diversas magnitudes foram simulados através de um orifício, instalado lateralmente no vaso, cujo diâmetro variou de 0,1 a 4,0 mm. Vazamentos foram detectados quando o vaso de pressão operava em batelada e também quando havia alimentação contínua de ar para o vaso. Para a detecção de vazamentos foi utilizado um microfone e um programa, em linguagem C, que faz a aquisição on-line, através de uma placa ADA, dos sinais provenientes de um transdutor de pressão conectado ao vaso e do microfone instalado no interior do vaso. O circuito elétrico que compatibiliza o sinal proveniente do microfone com aquele compreendido pela placa ADA foi desenvolvido no laboratório e apresenta duas etapas. Na primeira o sinal alternado é amplificado e na segunda o sinal passa por filtros passa banda de 1kHz, 5kHz e 9kHz gerando três sinais contínuos em diferentes faixas de freqüência. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível detectar vazamentos através da detecção e análise dos ruídos sonoros gerados por vazamentos em vasos de pressão, mesmo quando a variação na pressão interna do vaso não é significativa. A resposta em freqüência do sinal do vazamento variou com a magnitude do vazamento e com as diferentes condições de pressão no interior do vaso. O sistema desenvolvido mostrou que pode ser uma ferramenta confiável para a supervisão de vasos de pressão / Abstract: Pressure vessels are very important equipment in the industry, being responsible for storing gases, liquids and other fluids at high pressures. A small leakage on them can be very dangerous, generating pollution, explosion and also financials losses to the industry. For those reasons, it is essential to have a fast and efficient leakage detection system. This work describes a leak detection technique of gas based on the analysis of the pressure in the vessel and the noise generated by the leak. An experimental apparatus was set up using a 34.5 liters pressure vessel, fitted with a system to simulate sudden leakage through small orifices. Compressed air was used in the leakage experiments and the pressure in the vessel varied between 1 and 7 kgf/cm2. Leaks of various magnitudes were simulated through orifices with sizes varying between 0.1 and 4 mm in diameter. Leaks were detected when the vessel operated with a batch of air and also when the vessel was continuously fed with air. The leak detection system used a microphone and a software, written in C language, for data acquisition through an ADA converter of the signals generated by a pressure transducer installed in the vessel and by the microphone which was placed inside the vessel. An electric circuit was developed to process the noise captured by microphone and had two different stages:- on the first, the signal was only amplified and, on the second stage, the signal was filtered through three band pass filters, centered in 1kHz, 5kHz and 9kHz each one, generating three continuous signals in different frequencies. The experimental results show that it is possible to detect leaks based on the detection and analysis of sound noises generated by leak occurrence in pressure vessels even when yht pressure in the vessel does not change significantly. The analysis of the signal amplitude for different frequencies shows that the leakage noise signal changes with the leakage size and pressure in the vessel. The developed system shows to be a very reliable tool for safety supervision of pressure vessels / Mestrado / Sistema de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Alberto Luiz Serpa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:10:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TinocoNavarro_HectorAndres_M.pdf: 12075431 bytes, checksum: cab5c2f419dac7a4f94391f21804ed8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo numérico e experimental com o objetivo de compreender os efeitos da descolagem nos sinais elétricos obtidos por meio de sensores piezelétricos. Na análise numérica, os deslocamentos do sistema acoplado estrutura-adesivosensor foram representados em equações diferenciais para os casos estático e dinâmico. Os sinais elétricos emitidos pelos sensores foram determinados pelos deslocamentos para diferentes parâmetros geométricos da interface adesiva. Os resultados numéricos mostram que as propriedades geométricas da interface adesiva modificam as condições de deformação entre o sensor e a estrutura. Também, foi proposto um sensor com três eletrodos com o qual foram estabelecidas relações de força. As relações de força mostraram que as propriedades do adesivo podem diminuir as forças nos extremos do sensor e assim evitar descolagem. As simulações de descolagem do sensor foram realizadas com o aplicativo computacional COMSOL. As soluções numéricas dinâmicas indicaram que um sensor descolado gera menor potência elétrica que um sensor completamente colado. Isto foi comprovado experimentalmente em três casos e os resultados experimentais concordaram com os resultados teóricos. Este estudo demonstrou que a descolagem parcial não pode ser considerada uma falha de adesão, já que o sensor pode emitir sinais elétricos quando o sensor está descolado. Também foi demonstrado que a descolagem afeta o rendimento elétrico dos sensores / Abstract: In this investigation it was developed a numerical and experimental study with the aim to understand the debonding effects on electrical signatures obtained by means of piezoelectric sensors. In the numerical analysis, the displacements of the coupled system structure-adhesivesensor were represented by differential equations for static and dynamic cases. Electrical signatures emitted by sensors were determined through the displacements for different geometric parameters of the adhesive interface. Numerical results show that geometric properties of the adhesive interface modify the deformation conditions between the sensor and the structure. Also, a sensor was proposed with three electrodes in which were established force relations between each electrode. Force relations shown that the properties of adhesive can diminish the forces in the end of the sensor avoiding debonding. Simulations of debonding of the sensor were carried out with COMSOL software. Dynamic numerical solutions indicate that debonded sensor generates electric power lower than a sensor completely bonded. This was proved experimentaly in three cases and the experimental results presented good agreement. This study demonstrated that the partial debonding cannot be considered as a fail by adhesion, since the sensor can emit electrical signatures when it is partially debonded. Also it was demonstrated that the debonding of the sensor affects electric performance / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Francisco José Arnold, Rangel Arthur / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ximenes_RodrigoLuiz_M.pdf: 1709801 bytes, checksum: 3d8b8086551025bf630aa238baf7d7c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A medição da impedância elétrica em transdutores piezelétricos é um procedimento fundamental para a caracterização desses dispositivos. A larga variação do módulo da impedância elétrica ao longo da frequência representa uma dificuldade para a realização dessas medições. Neste trabalho é apresentado o protótipo de um medidor de impedâncias elétricas de transdutores de ultrassom utilizados em aplicações de potência elevada. O sistema opera baseado na captação dos valores de pico de tensão e corrente sob uma faixa de frequência de utilização dos transdutores. O protótipo é controlado por um microcontrolador que se comunica com um computador no qual um software, desenvolvido em LabView, armazena e mostra resultados numa interface. A validação do medidor de impedâncias foi feita pela comparação de resultados experimentais com os medidos por um analisador de impedâncias comercial. Os resultados mostram que o sistema proposto pode medir impedâncias entre 100 W e 10 kW, aproximadamente, numa faixa de frequências de até 43 kHz / Abstract: The measurement of electrical impedance of piezoelectric transducers is a fundamental procedure for the characterization of these devices. The large variation in the electrical impedance module over frequency is a difficulty to carry out these measurements. This dissertation presents the prototype of a meter electrical impedance of ultrasound transducers used in high power applications. The system operates based on the capture of peak voltage and current values of the transducers in a usage frequency band. The prototype is controlled by a microcontroller that communicates with a computer on which a software, developed in LabView, stores and displays the results in an user interface. The validation of the impedance meter was made by comparison with the experimental results measured by a commercial impedance analyzer. The results show that the proposed system can measure impedances between 10 W and 10 kW at frequencies up to 43 kHz / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1976 / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

This thesis presents the design, modeling, and experiment of a novel pressure sensor using a dual-mode AT-cut quartz crystal resonator with beat frequency analysis based temperature compensation technique. The proposed sensor can measure pressure and temperature simultaneously by a single AT-cut quartz resonator. Apart from AT-cut quartz crystal, a newly developed Langasite (LGS) crystal resonator is also considered in the proposed pressure sensor design, since LGS can operate in a higher temperature environment than AT-cut quartz crystal. The pressure sensor is designed using CAD (computer aided design) software and CAE software - COMSOL Multiphysics. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the pressure sensor is performed to analyze the stress- strain of the sensor's mechanical structure. A 3D printing prototype of the sensor is fabricated and the proposed sensing principle is verified using a force-frequency analysis apparatus. Next to the 3D printing model verification, the pressure sensor with stainless steel housing has been fabricated with inbuilt crystal oscillator circuit. The oscillator circuit is used to excite the piezo crystal resonator at its fundamental vibrational mode and give the frequency as an output signal. Based on the FEA and experimental results, it has been concluded that the maximum pressure that the sensor can measure is 45 (psi). The pressure test results performed on the stainless steel product shows a highly linear relationship between the input (pressure) and the output (frequency).

No description available.

v anglickém jazyce The subject of the presented work is (the usage of) electroacoustic transducers in physics teaching. Its first part contains an overview of study materials, physics textbooks and a selection of academic studies dealing with the aforementioned topic. The central part of the thesis consists of three experimental activities in which electroacoustic transducers are employed. These activities may be adopted for home or laboratory work of students or in hobby groups. The first activity aims at exploring the principle of operation of or- dinary headphones. The second activity contains instructions for making a simple phone. The third, most extensive activity, focuses on the measurement of electrical properties of various electroacoustic transducers. The results are further used for a more detailed discussion of their operating principles. In the final part of the thesis, the usage and verification of one of these proposed activities in practice are discussed.

In this thesis we use a new numerical code, based upon a mixed FEM-Runge-Kutta method, for the analysis and the design of plane 2-dimensional smart structures. We applied the developed code to the study of arbitrarily shaped piezo-electromechanical (PEM) plates. This code is based on a weak formulation of their governing equations as found in [18]. The optimal parameters needed to synthesize the appropriate electric networks are computed, and the overall performances of such plates are investigated. In particular, two examples are studied: firstly, a simple case is used to test the main features of the code; secondly, a more complex PEM plate is designed and analyzed by means of the proposed numerical approach. / Master of Science