The goal of this project was to develop a wind generator that utilizes the collective oscillating motion of multiple piezoelectric devices. These devices would be an alternative to rotating turbine designs for low power generation, for use in applications such as remote power generation. A series of inexpensive devices were developed that harvested energy from vortex shedding, both as independent and cooperative devices. The behavior of single devices was studied, but more interestingly, the way that multiple devices arranged together can increase power output was studied. It was shown that individual devices could harvest more energy if they were placed as specific positions relative to the vortices shed by devices upstream. Through investigating the behavior of these devices, fundamental principles of the phenomenon of vortex induced vibrations were explored. Methods were developed to measure the amplitude and frequency of these vibrations in a wind tunnel, through high speed video and correlations that were found between oscillation and power output from the piezoelectric transducers. Similarly, vortex induced vibrations were explored in an approximation of a two dimensional system in a flowing soap film.

The objective of our research is to develop system architectures and CMOS circuits that interface with high-Q silicon microgyroscopes to implement navigation-grade angular rate sensors. The MEMS sensor used in this work is an in-plane bulk-micromachined mode-matched tuning fork gyroscope (M² – TFG ), fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate. The use of CMOS transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) as front-ends in high-Q MEMS resonant sensors is explored. A T-network TIA is proposed as the front-end for resonant capacitive detection. The T-TIA provides on-chip transimpedance gains of 25MΩ, has a measured capacitive resolution of 0.02aF /√Hz at 15kHz, a dynamic range of 104dB in a bandwidth of 10Hz and consumes 400μW of power. A second contribution is the development of an automated scheme to adaptively bias the mechanical structure, such that the sensor is operated in the mode-matched condition. Mode-matching leverages the inherently high quality factors of the microgyroscope, resulting in significant improvement in the Brownian noise floor, electronic noise, sensitivity and bias drift of the microsensor. We developed a novel architecture that utilizes the often ignored residual quadrature error in a gyroscope to achieve and maintain perfect mode-matching (i.e.0Hz split between the drive and sense mode frequencies), as well as electronically control the sensor bandwidth. A CMOS implementation is developed that allows mode-matching of the drive and sense frequencies of a gyroscope at a fraction of the time taken by current state of-the-art techniques. Further, this mode-matching technique allows for maintaining a controlled separation between the drive and sense resonant frequencies, providing a means of increasing sensor bandwidth and dynamic range. The mode-matching CMOS IC, implemented in a 0.5μm 2P3M process, and control algorithm have been interfaced with a 60μm thick M2−TFG to implement an angular rate sensor with bias drift as low as 0.1°/hr ℃ the lowest recorded to date for a silicon MEMS gyro.

This thesis describes procedures and theory for a family of one-sided ultrasonic methods for determining third order elastic constants (TOEC) using sets of angle-beam wedges mounted on one side of a specimen. The methods are based on the well-known acoustoelastic effect, which is the change of wave speed with applied loads and is a consequence of the mechanical nonlinearity of a material. Increases in material nonlinearity have been correlated to the progression of damage, indicating that tracking changes in TOECs may provide a practical means of monitoring damage accumulation at the microstructural level prior to formation of macroscopic defects. Ultrasonic methods are one of the only ways to measure TOECs, and most prior techniques have utilized wave propagation paths parallel and perpendicular to the loading directions. A few additional ultrasonic techniques reported in the literature have employed oblique paths but with immersion coupling. These reported techniques are generally unsuitable for field implementation. The one-sided contact approach described here is applicable for in situ measurements of TOECs and thus lays the foundation for tracking of TOECs with damage. Theory is reviewed and further developed for calculating predicted velocity changes, and thus time shifts, as a function of uniaxial tensile loading for longitudinal, shear vertical, and shear horizontal waves in the context of angle-beam transducers mounted on the surface of the specimen. A comparison is made to published results where possible. The inverse problem of determining the three TOECs of an isotropic material from three measurements employing three different angle beam configurations is comprehensively analyzed. Four configurations providing well-posed solutions are identified and examined. A detailed sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the best mounting configuration, wave mode combinations, refracted angles and geometry requirements for recovering the three TOECs. Two transducer mounting configurations are considered: (1) attached (glued-on) transducers potentially suitable for in situ monitoring, and (2) floating (oil-coupled) transducers potentially suitable for single measurements. Limited experimental results are presented for the attached case using two longitudinal measurements and one shear vertical measurement. The floating case experiments utilized three of the four well-posed solutions, and measurements were made on several aluminum alloys and low carbon steel. Key experimental issues are identified and discussed for both transducer mounting configurations.

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-128). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta uma modelagem da geração de ondas guiadas em estruturas laminadas compósitas através de atuadores piezoelétricos interdigitais.O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma técnica que se baseia na teoria discreta de Reddy e modela os campos de deslocamento e esforços e velocidades generalizadas nas interfaces de uma estrutura laminada. O modelo desenvolvido representa trechos da estrutura em questão através de suas matrizes de impedância, relacionando os esforços e velocidades generalizadas nas interfaces de cada trecho. Após a validação do modelo através da comparação com o método dos elementos finitos, via um pacote comercial, onde foi mostrado que os campos calculados pelos dois métodos obtiveram resultados bastante aproximados nas diferentes faixas de freqüência, foi demonstrada a capacidade do modelo proposto de representar atuadores piezoelétricos interdigitais gerando modos guiados desacoplados em vigas laminadas compósitas. Foram modeladas vigas de alumínio e de ARALL e, após o cálculo das suas curvas de dispersão e dos pontos em que os seis primeiros modos são aproximadamentenão dispersivos, projetaram-se atuadores capazes de gerar de forma desacoplada alguns dos modos guiados nas vigas. A técnica proposta, que pode ser facilmente adaptada pa4ra a simulação da excitação de ondas de Lamb em placas, é capaz de modelar com precisão a rseposta em altas freqüências e pode servir como uma ferramenta valiosa para o desenvolvimento de atuadores interdigitais na monitoração em tempo real da integridade estrutural de compósitos laminados. / [en] The present work is concerned with modeling interdigital piezoeletric actuators for the excitation of guide waves in composite laminated beams. The proposed model is based on Reddys layerwise laminate theory, which relies on piece- wise constant interpolations of the displacement and eletric potential distributions along thethickness of a laminated structure. The laminated beam is also divided in pieces along its span direction, and each piece is represented by an impedance matrix that associates generalized forces with particle velocities on the interfaces of each piece, and also with the applied voltage along the electrodes of the piezoeletric element. Validation of the model was performed with the aid of a commercial Finite Element code. The model was explored to simulate the excitation of uncoupled guided wave modes incomposite laminated beams fabricated from aluminum or ARALL, which is a laminate made ofalternating layers of aluminum and arami-epoxy fiber reinforced composite. From the frequency spectrum of guided waves in the laminated beam, frequencies amd wavelengths at which the first six modes are approximately non-dispersive where determined. With this information, interdigital actuators, capable of generating uncoupled, or weakly coupled, guided modes in the beam were simulated. The proposed model, which is able to accurately reproduce responses in the high frequency/short wavelength range, could be easily adapted to simulate the extation of Lamb waves in laminated plates, and may be a valuable tool in the development of interdigital actuators for health monitoring of laminated composites.

Orientador: Vicente Lopes Junior / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa um método de Monitoramento da Integridade de Estruturas (SHM, do inglês Structural Health Monitoring) usando funções erro calculadas a partir de ondas guiadas que são refletidas nos danos. Este método foi primeiro testado por Gorgin et al em 2014, que apresentou o método aplicado para materiais isotrópicos. A abordagem é testada experimentalmente em materiais anisotrópicos e isotrópicos. O sinal da estrutura intacta, que será referido como baseline e o sinal atual para cada caminho de propagação (entre dois transdutores PZT) são medidos e a energia do sinal de dispersão para cada caminho é calculada em um dado intervalo. Assumindo que existe dano no ponto avaliado, a onda irá refletir neste ponto e se propagar até o sensor. A técnica é baseada no tempo de propagação (time-of-flight) entre o atuador (primeiro transdutor PZT) até o ponto avaliado mais o tempo de propagação do ponto avaliado até o sensor (segundo transdutor PZT, em uma configuração pitch-catch) para cada ponto da estrutura. A velocidade de propagação em materiais anisotrópicos é dependente da direção de propagação. Isto não acontece em materiais isotrópicos, onde a velocidade de propagação é constante e não é dependente da direção de propagação. No caso de materiais anisotrópicos as velocidades de propagação para diferentes direções foram calculadas experimentalmente e incorporadas ao algoritmo para calcular o time-of-flight corretamente para todos os pontos da estrutura. A energia do sina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work highlights a method for Structural Health Monitoring using error functions computed from guided waves reflected from damage. This method was first tested by Gorgin et al in 2014, who presented the method for isotropic plates. The approach is experimentally tested on anisotropic and isotropic specimens such as composite and aluminum plates, respectively. The baseline and test signals of each sensing path (between two PZT transducers) are measured and the energy of the scatter signal for each path is calculated in a given range. The structure is meshed and the middle point of each component is considered in the calculations. Assuming that there is damage in the evaluated position, the wave will reflect at this point and propagate to the next transducer. The technique is based in the time-of-flight between the actuator (first PZT transducer) and the evaluated point plus the time-of-flight of the evaluated point to the sensor (second PZT transducer, for a pitch-catch configuration) for each mesh component of the structure. The wave speeds in anisotropic specimens are propagation direction dependent. It does not happen in isotropic materials, which have the wave speed constant and non-dependent of the propagation direction. In the case of anisotropic materials, the wave speed for different angles were experimentally computed and incorporated in the algorithm in order to calculate the proper time-of-flight. The energy of the scatter signal is computed in a time range base... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Grâce à son faible coût, sa grande résolution et son absence d’effet ionisant, l’imagerie ultrasonore haute fréquence est devenue une technique usuelle pour les applications médicales telles que l’imagerie de l’œil, de la peau ou du petit animal. Cette méthode repose sur la capacité de matériaux piézoélectriques à créer des ondes acoustiques hautes fréquences dans les tissus à explorer. Les dispositifs qui opèrent ces conversions électromécaniques sont appelés transducteurs ultrasonores et doivent délivrer des fréquences de résonance de plus de 20 MHz, nécessitant l’intégration des films piézoélectriques ayant une épaisseur de quelques dizaines de micromètres. La fabrication de tels matériaux pour les transducteurs mono- et multi-éléments est toujours difficile suivant les procédés choisis. Dans ce manuscrit, le procédé de dépôt par électrophorèse a été étudié. Il permet le dépôt de films épais sur de nombreux substrats de formes complexes en vue de la fabrication de transducteurs hautes fréquences. Dans cette thèse, il est clairement montré que l’électrophorèse est un procédé simple prometteur et performant pour préparer des films épais homogènes sans défaut avec des propriétés fonctionnelles élevées pour la réalisation de transducteurs hautes fréquences (40 MHz). / Thanks to its relatively low cost, high resolution and absence of ionizing radiations, high frequency ultrasonic imaging is becoming a popular technique for medical applications such as eyes, skin or small animal. It relies on the ability of piezoelectric materials to generate high frequency ultrasonic waves in the scanned media. Ultrasonic transducers are used to perform these electromechanical conversions and operated at resonant frequencies over 20 MHz. For this, piezoelectric layers of few tens of micrometers thick are required. Such thicknesses for single element transducers, and even more for multi-element transducers, is difficult to deliver due to limitations of current fabrication process. In the present dissertation we addressed the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique that enables deposition of piezoelectric thick films on various complex-shaped substrates. A procedure to prepare high frequency transducers by EPD was developed. In the dissertation it was demonstrated that EPD is a promising process to prepare homogeneous thick-film structures without significant defects. The procedure allowed obtaining high electromechanical performance transducers using a simple and low cost process.

Submitted by Vinicius Augusto Matheus Rosa null (vinicius91027@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-09-25T14:21:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Rosa-PDF_FINAL.pdf: 3807538 bytes, checksum: d62638a8fa9c1ae27ad1e162a2d1d068 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-27T14:30:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_vam_me_ilha.pdf: 3807538 bytes, checksum: d62638a8fa9c1ae27ad1e162a2d1d068 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T14:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_vam_me_ilha.pdf: 3807538 bytes, checksum: d62638a8fa9c1ae27ad1e162a2d1d068 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho analisa um método de Monitoramento da Integridade de Estruturas (SHM, do inglês Structural Health Monitoring) usando funções erro calculadas a partir de ondas guiadas que são refletidas nos danos. Este método foi primeiro testado por Gorgin et al em 2014, que apresentou o método aplicado para materiais isotrópicos. A abordagem é testada experimentalmente em materiais anisotrópicos e isotrópicos. O sinal da estrutura intacta, que será referido como baseline e o sinal atual para cada caminho de propagação (entre dois transdutores PZT) são medidos e a energia do sinal de dispersão para cada caminho é calculada em um dado intervalo. Assumindo que existe dano no ponto avaliado, a onda irá refletir neste ponto e se propagar até o sensor. A técnica é baseada no tempo de propagação (time-of-flight) entre o atuador (primeiro transdutor PZT) até o ponto avaliado mais o tempo de propagação do ponto avaliado até o sensor (segundo transdutor PZT, em uma configuração pitch-catch) para cada ponto da estrutura. A velocidade de propagação em materiais anisotrópicos é dependente da direção de propagação. Isto não acontece em materiais isotrópicos, onde a velocidade de propagação é constante e não é dependente da direção de propagação. No caso de materiais anisotrópicos as velocidades de propagação para diferentes direções foram calculadas experimentalmente e incorporadas ao algoritmo para calcular o time-of-flight corretamente para todos os pontos da estrutura. A energia do sinal de dispersão é calculada em um intervalo baseado no time-of-flight de cada posição analisada. A estimativa da localização do dano é definida através de uma função erro resultante para cada ponto da área monitorada. Como a função erro é baseada na interferência do dano na propagação de ondas guiadas, o maior valor da função erro mostra uma menor probabilidade de dano naquela posição. Uma imagem é gerada com um valor da função erro para cada ponto avaliado da estrutura. A função erro compara valores de energia nos devidos intervalos para cada par de transdutores PZT. O método foi aplicado para várias frequências de excitação, afim de obter-se um resultado melhor. / This work highlights a method for Structural Health Monitoring using error functions computed from guided waves reflected from damage. This method was first tested by Gorgin et al in 2014, who presented the method for isotropic plates. The approach is experimentally tested on anisotropic and isotropic specimens such as composite and aluminum plates, respectively. The baseline and test signals of each sensing path (between two PZT transducers) are measured and the energy of the scatter signal for each path is calculated in a given range. The structure is meshed and the middle point of each component is considered in the calculations. Assuming that there is damage in the evaluated position, the wave will reflect at this point and propagate to the next transducer. The technique is based in the time-of-flight between the actuator (first PZT transducer) and the evaluated point plus the time-of-flight of the evaluated point to the sensor (second PZT transducer, for a pitch-catch configuration) for each mesh component of the structure. The wave speeds in anisotropic specimens are propagation direction dependent. It does not happen in isotropic materials, which have the wave speed constant and non-dependent of the propagation direction. In the case of anisotropic materials, the wave speed for different angles were experimentally computed and incorporated in the algorithm in order to calculate the proper time-of-flight. The energy of the scatter signal is computed in a time range based on the time of flight of each analyzed position. The estimated damage location is defined through a resultant error function for each evaluated point in the monitored area. As the error function is based on the interference of the damage in the propagation of guided waves, the higher value of the error implies the less likelihood of damage in that position. An image is generated with an error value for each mesh position in the plate. This error function compares the energy in the given ranges for each pair of transducers. In addition, several frequencies were tested and the results for each one were combined in order to get a better result. / CNPq: 160328/2014-4

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-26T13:55:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALAN GONÇALVES PAULO E SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 4036442 bytes, checksum: 66c4a790f1155d8ce09ccc484d739542 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T13:55:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALAN GONÇALVES PAULO E SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2016.pdf: 4036442 bytes, checksum: 66c4a790f1155d8ce09ccc484d739542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Capes / A necessidade de controle ou supressão das vibrações surgiu devido aos seus efeitos danosos causados as pessoas, estruturas e elementos de máquinas. Com o passar dos anos, várias técnicas de controle foram criadas e se desenvolvem à medida que a tecnologia avança. Hoje, a utilização de materiais funcionais ou inteligentes, já é utilizada em larga escala em aplicações práticas e nas pesquisas acadêmicas dos maiores centros de tecnologia do mundo. Neste trabalho, temos como objetivo, realizar o controle de vibrações de uma estrutura com dois graus de liberdade do tipo pórtico, utilizando transdutores piezoelétricos associados a circuitos do tipo shunt de capacitância negativa com resistência elétrica em série. Para tal, utilizamos um circuito eletroeletrônico com componentes passivos (resistores, capacitores, indutores) associados a transdutores piezoelétricos QP10W, para produzirmos o circuito shunt de capacitância negativa, implementado através de Conversores de Impedância Negativa (NIC), utilizando amplificadores operacionais. As amplitudes de resposta do sistema nos domínios do tempo e frequência foram analisadas em vibração livre e em vibração forçada, utilizando os resistores que obtiveram o melhor desempenho na dissipação de energia da estrutura, que foram os de 100 Ω e de 150 kΩ. Obtivemos uma redução de 9,01 dB para o primeiro pico de frequência e de 6,95 dB para o segundo pico, em vibração livre. Para o caso de vibração forçada, obtivemos uma redução de 1,5 dB para o primeiro pico de frequência e de 2,19 dB para o segundo pico de frequência, cumprindo assim o objetivo do trabalho pretendido. / The need for control or suppression of vibrations arose due to its harmful effects caused at people, structures and machine elements. With the passage of years, various control techniques were created and develop as technology advance. Today, the use of functional or smart materials is already used on a large scale in practical applications and in academic research of the world's largest technology centers. In this work, our goal is to perform vibration control of a structure with two degrees of freedom portico type using piezoelectric transducers associated with the negative capacitance shunt circuits with electric resistance in series. To do this, we use an electroelectronics circuit with passive components (resistors, capacitors, inductors) associated with piezoelectric transducers QP10W, to produce the negative capacitance shunt circuit, implemented through Negative Impedance Converters (NIC) using operational amplifiers. Response amplitudes of the system in the domains of time and frequency were analyzed in free vibration and forced vibration using the resistors that had the best performance in energy dissipation structure, which were the 100 Ω and 150 kΩ. We obtained a reduction of 9.01 dB for the first peak frequency and 6.95 dB for the second peak in vibration free. In the case of forced vibration, we obtained a reduction of 1.5 dB for the first peak frequency and 2.19 dB for the second peak frequency, thus fulfilling the purpose of the intended work.

Submitted by Danilo Ecidir Budoya (dbudoya.eng@gmail.com) on 2018-04-25T21:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Danilo Budoya.pdf: 3474646 bytes, checksum: 301f48ae4a6c065e915f91fe3d764dd8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Minervina Teixeira Lopes null (vina_lopes@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-04-26T12:29:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 budoya_de_me_bauru.pdf: 3415870 bytes, checksum: 35422f7801e20a052d2c9a303aa7e2dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T12:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 budoya_de_me_bauru.pdf: 3415870 bytes, checksum: 35422f7801e20a052d2c9a303aa7e2dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sistemas de monitoramento de integridade estrutural (SHM – Structural Health Monitoring) são científica e economicamente relevantes como métodos de detecção de danos estruturais em diversos tipos de estruturas, aumentando assim a segurança e reduzindo os custos de manutenção. Entre os vários princípios de detecção de danos, o método da impedância eletromecânica (E/M) baseia-se na medição da impedância elétrica do transdutor piezelétrico fixado à estrutura monitorada. Aqui, a exatidão e precisão do sistema de medição são fundamentais para o diagnóstico correto da estrutura. Portanto, essa dissertação apresenta uma análise comparativa de duas técnicas de medição de impedância para detecção de danos que são tipicamente utilizadas em analisadores de impedância comerciais e em outros sistemas de medição alternativos: medições em estado transitório utilizando um sinal de excitação de varredura e medições em estado estacionário utilizando um sinal senoidal puro para cada frequência de excitação. Os testes foram realizados com cargas resistivas e capacitivas de valores nominais 100 Ω e 10 nF, respectivamente, e com um transdutor piezelétrico fixado em uma barra de alumínio que representa uma estrutura monitorada. As duas técnicas foram comparadas com base na exatidão, precisão, sensibilidade à danos e tempo necessário para as medições. Os resultados destacam as características importantes de cada técnica, as quais devem ser consideradas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de SHM baseados na impedância e o diagnóstico correto das estruturas monitoradas. / Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are scientifically and economically relevant as methods of detecting structural damage to various types of structures, thus increasing safety and reducing maintenance costs. Among the various principles of damage detection, the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method is based on the electrical impedance measurement of piezoelectric transducers attached to the monitored structure. Here, the accuracy and precision of the measurement system are fundamental for the correct diagnosis of the structure. Therefore, this dissertation presents a comparative analysis of two impedance measurement techniques for damage detection that are typically used in commercial impedance analyzers and other alternative measurement systems: transient-state measurements using a sweep excitation signal and steady-state measurements using a pure sinusoidal signal for each excitation frequency. Tests were performed with resistive and capacitive loads with nominal values of 100 Ω e 10 nF, respectively, and a piezoelectric transducer fixed to an aluminum bar representing a monitored structure. The two techniques were compared based on the accuracy, precision, sensibility to damage and time required for the measurements. The results highlight the important features of each technique, which should be considered for the development of impedance-based SHM systems and the correct diagnosis of monitored structures. / 2015/23272-1