Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-164). Also available on the Internet.

Migrant labourers who cross borders often have to send money back to their various countries of origin. These monetary transfers are known as remittances. To send these funds migrants often opt to rely on informal mechanisms as opposed to the remittance services of formal financial institutions such as banks. Informal remittance mechanisms raise a number of concerns such as those related to consumer protection. In contrast to formal channels informal channels are not based on any legally binding agreements. They are highly based on trust and do not offer any legally binding guarantee that the funds will be delivered or that the remitter will be reimbursed in the event of non-delivery. Aside from consumer protection concerns, informal remittances also raise security related concerns. These channels are not subject to the supervision of any regulatory authority and usually offer a high level of anonymity. They can act as an attractive mechanism for terrorists and criminal organisations to launder and mobilise their illicit funds. Taking into mind the concerns mentioned above, as well as others, it would be preferable for more remittances to be channelled through formal financial mechanisms. In conducting research on remittance transactions financial, as well as other institutions and organisations, have outlined legal and regulatory provisions in sending and recipient countries as being a factor that often hinders migrants from accessing formal financial services. This dissertation examines how the South African legal and regulatory framework affects the formalisation of remittances by migrant labourers, with a focus on the context of low-income migrants. The study identifies the Exchange control, immigration, anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism legislative provisions as being the most significant provisions that affect the formalisation of migrant remittances. So as to make an analysis and gather recommendations were possible, a comparison of the South African legal and regulatory provisions is made to those of Zambia and Zimbabwe. xiii The dissertation comes to the conclusion that South African legal and regulatory provisions hinder the formalisation of migrant remittances to a certain extent. They do so by collectively and individually restricting migrants who do not fulfil legislative requisites from accessing formal remittance channels. It is submitted that such migrants are inclined to rely on informal remittance mechanisms when the need to send money arises. Furthermore, South African law restricts competition within the remittance market by making it difficult for service providers to enter the market. The lack of an adequate competitive level fosters the prevalence of high remittance costs which can pose a significant barrier to low income migrants that wish to channel funds via formal means. Taking into mind the significance of formalising remittances as well as the objectives that the laws that hinder them seek to attain, which are equally significant, it is necessary for the regulatory authorities to investigate ways on how to possibly cater for both. It is submitted that if more remittances were to be channelled through official means the objectives sought to be attained by some of these legislative provisions would be attained more efficiently.

The first part of this thesis is investigating the mandatory expenditures. Mandatory expenditures represent facultative expenditures of the state budget. During ten last years significant increase in mandatory expenditures has been seen not only in absolute numbers but also in relative numbers. The proportion of mandatory expenditures in state budget and GDP has increased. Room for other expenditures is diminishing which is threatening long-term stability of public finance. The Mandatory expenditures have become essential problem of public finance. I pay attention especially to social transfer payments. Next part of this thesis is aimed at social sphere of the public finance reform in which government took up activities last year. First of all the causes of reform are analyzed. Besides mandatory expenditures there is great importance of demographic processes and state deficit too. Thesis describes particular changes in social policy and their impact on state budget.

Migrant labourers who cross borders often have to send money back to their various countries of origin. These monetary transfers are known as remittances. To send these funds migrants often opt to rely on informal mechanisms as opposed to the remittance services of formal financial institutions such as banks. Informal remittance mechanisms raise a number of concerns such as those related to consumer protection. In contrast to formal channels informal channels are not based on any legally binding agreements. They are highly based on trust and do not offer any legally binding guarantee that the funds will be delivered or that the remitter will be reimbursed in the event of non-delivery. Aside from consumer protection concerns, informal remittances also raise security related concerns. These channels are not subject to the supervision of any regulatory authority and usually offer a high level of anonymity. They can act as an attractive mechanism for terrorists and criminal organisations to launder and mobilise their illicit funds. Taking into mind the concerns mentioned above, as well as others, it would be preferable for more remittances to be channeled through formal financial mechanisms. In conducting research on remittance transactions financial, as well as other institutions and organisations, have outlined legal and regulatory provisions in sending and recipient countries as being a factor that often hinders migrants from accessing formal financial services. This dissertation examines how the South African legal and regulatory framework affects the formalisation of remittances by migrant labourers, with a focus on the context of low-income migrants. The study identifies the Exchange control, immigration, anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism legislative provisions as being the most significant provisions that affect the formalisation of migrant remittances. So as to make an analysis and gather recommendations were possible, a comparison of the South African legal and regulatory provisions is made to those of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The dissertation comes to the conclusion that South African legal and regulatory provisions hinder the formalisation of migrant remittances to a certain extent. They do so by collectively and individually restricting migrants who do not fulfill legislative requisites from accessing formal remittance channels. It is submitted that such migrants are inclined to rely on informal remittance mechanisms when the need to send money arises. Furthermore, South African law restricts competition within the remittance market by making it difficult for service providers to enter the market. The lack of an adequate competitive level fosters the prevalence of high remittance costs which can pose a significant barrier to low income migrants that wish to channel funds via formal means. Taking into mind the significance of formalising remittances as well as the objectives that the laws that hinder them seek to attain, which are equally significant, it is necessary for the regulatory authorities to investigate ways on how to possibly cater for both. It is submitted that if more remittances were to be channeled through official means the objectives sought to be attained by some of these legislative provisions would be attained more efficiently.

This thesis is focused on lower-level territorial self-governing units of the Czech Republic which take over a part of public administration of the state, therefore are entitled to receive transfer payments from government budget to cover part of related expenditures. The aim of this thesis is to assess effectiveness and transparency of the system of financing public administration executed by municipalities. The first chapter defines municipalities within the system of public administration and explains its function. The second chapter focuses more on the system of financing public administration executed by municipalities. Final part of the thesis deals with analysis of transfer payments from government budget provided to cover a part of the expenditures of municipalities on public administration (period 2010 to 2015). This analysis creates a basis for further assessment on the system of financing. The main methods used in this thesis are analysis and explanation.

This master's thesis analyses the problems concerning system of payments especially clearing credit transfers, bank statement of accounts and interconnection with the company’s information system. It proposes suitable ways of optimalization which in the upshot lead to a better exploitation of information technologies and simplification for the human operator.

Šiais laikais daugelis bankinių atsiskaitymų vyksta elektroninėje erdvėje. Operatyvumas bei patogumas per kelis dešimtmečius bankines sistemas integravo į viso pasaulio verslą. Vis populiarėjant e. komercijai elektroninės bankininkystės sistemos integravosi į WEB aplikacijas, kuriomis gali naudotis visi elektroninės erdvės vartotojai. Atsiskaitymai elektroninėje erdvėje sukuria didelę pridėtinę vertę visai ekonomikai tačiau dėl didelio panaudojimo masto išaugo ir opios saugumo grėsmės. Dėl piktavališkų veiksmų el.erdvėje per metus padaroma žala siekia 1 trilijoną dolerių, dėl šių patiriamų didelių nuostolių mažėja investicijos į naujų technologijų diegimą ko pasėkoje dar labiau sumažėja saugos lygis. Bankinių apmokėjimų programinė įranga, kuri apdoroja bankinius atsiskaitymus yra laikoma atskira sistemos dalimi, į kurią ji yra integruota. Ši posistemė lanksčiai ir paprastai integruojasi į bendrą sistemą ir efektyviai atlieka svarbias funkcijas susijusias su apmokėjimų apdorojimu. Bankinių apmokėjimų sistema skirta, operatyviai bei lanksčiai apdoroti mokėjimus bei apie įvykusius apmokėjimus informuoti tiek siuntėją, tiek ir gavėją. / Nowadays, many banking payments takes place in cyberspace. Timeliness and convenience through several decades integrated banking systems in the business world. However e.commerce popularity integrated electronic banking systems into Web applications that are available to all users of electronic space. Payments in cyberspace creates significant added value to the economy as a whole but on a large spread banking systems increase sensitive security threat. The hostile actions in e.space damage per year increase to 1 trillion dollars, for the losses incurred by major reduction in investment in new technologies it resulting in further decrease in the level of safety. All IT professionals can help create a safer online space, because the future of electronic payments become more closely associated with our business and life. The purpose of this work is to analyze banking systems safety and threats. In this work I designed and tested several banking systems and choose the best security solutions, to reduce security threats of electronic payments.

No description available.

Orientador: Tirza Aidar, José Marcos Pinto da Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estsadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_JuliaModestoPinheiroDias_M.pdf: 1907963 bytes, checksum: 6c50d734a8787e894f66629b7cd35052 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Diante da crescente importância que os programas de transferência de renda vêm apresentando nos últimos anos, cabe perguntar. Será que eles têm gerado influência em áreas que não eram pretendidas? Pensando que os fluxos migratórios diferenciam-se conforme a realidade sócio-econômica e que devido às desigualdades regionais as pessoas se locomovem em busca de melhores condições de vida, faz sentido pensar que os programas que visam melhorar a condição de vida da população e por conseqüência amenizar tais desigualdades, podem acabar por influenciar a migração? Esta dissertação pretende buscar indícios de que programas de transferência de renda como a Aposentadoria Rural, o Benefício de Prestação Continuada e, principalmente, o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), tem influenciado na dinâmica migratória no estado da Bahia. Visando o alcance desse objetivo foram analisadas informações dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000, que cobrem o início e consolidação dos dois primeiros programas, e das PNAD's 2004 e 2009, período de implementação e crescimento da cobertura do PBF. Por intermédio de análises descritivas, contando também com registros de origem administrativa, avaliou-se a importância dos programas para a economia dos municípios baianos e o crescimento populacional vis a vis os Índices de Eficácia Migratória, segundo porte municipal e estrato de renda domiciliar per capita. Por último, analisou-se também o peso das transferências na composição da renda domiciliar, conforme o status migratório dos chefes de domicílio. Os resultados mostram indícios de maior retenção migratória, bem como um crescimento populacional diferenciado entre a população de baixa renda, principalmente nas cidades pequenas e médias e nas áreas rurais, onde se observa também maior importância do Programa Bolsa Família, que cresce na composição da renda entre os imigrantes de retorno / Abstract: In face of the growing importance that income transfer programs have been showing in the last years, it's suitable to ask: Have them shown importance in areas for which they were not intended? Thinking that migratory fluxes distinguish from one another accordingly to the economic and social reality of each one and that as a consequence of social inequality people move in the search for social mobility, it makes sense to think that the programs which intend to improve population life condition and as consequence eases such inequalities, may influence in migration? This dissertation intends to seek some sign that income transfer programs such as Rural Retirement, the Continued Provision Benefit and above all the Bolsa Família Program, have been influencing in the migratory dynamics of the state of Bahia. In the search for such an objective it will be utilized the Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000, which covers the beginning of the consolidation of the first two programs, and the PNAD's of 2004 and 2009, the period of implementation and growth of BFP. By means of descriptive analysis, relying also on the records of administrative origin, it was evaluated the importance of such programs to the economy of Bahia municipalities and the population growth in face to the Index of Migratory Efficiency, according to the municipality size and per capita house income cut. Finally, it was analyzed also the importance of the transferences in the composition of house income, according to the migratory status of the house head. The results show the bigger migratory retention, as well as a differentiated population growth between the low income population, mainly in small and average cities in rural areas, where it can be observed the greater importance of Bolsa Família Program, which grows in the income composition of return immigrants / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia

The public sector is the biggest consumer of construction works in South Africa. Public sector is known for late payments to its service providers. This led to the study’s problem statement that stipulates that, the construction industry; particularly emerging contractors generally experience late payments from clients and employers. This is due to the fact that emerging contractors are vulnerable to failing as these contractors have limited financial resources and experience. The primary objective of the study was to develop a better understanding of the implications of late payments by the government on emerging construction contractors. The study therefore investigated the experiences of emerging construction contractors in the Eastern Cape. The secondary objectives of the study were: to identify the reasons for late payments by the public sector; determine the payment norms applicable to, and expectations of emerging construction contractors; establish construction contractors’ experiences with government payment methods; and to examine the implications of late payment on emerging contractors and their businesses. The study was conducted within a qualitative research paradigm. The participants were identified through non-probability snowball sampling. The sample consisted of five emerging construction contractors mainly from the Civil Engineering and General Building sectors in the Eastern Cape. The data was collected using semi-structured interviewing and was analysed using Tesch’s qualitative analysis explained by Hesse-Biber & Leavy (2011:201). The key results of the empirical study show that late payments have incapacitating effects on the development of emerging contractors. The conclusion reached from the empirical study includes recommendation that construction industry stakeholders form payment legislation aimed at curbing the delay of payments.