The making and breaking power of leadership has never been disputable. It is believed to be the single most important factor by which organizations used to exploit opportunities and survive hardships. Despite the fact that all functional areas are not immune to the consequences of good and bad leadership, marketing is uniquely sensitive. Unarguably, all leadership styles are not expected to equally impact marketing performance. A leader of character who inspires followers, helps employees to use their potentials, allows employees to make and fix errors, and pave ways for employee advancement is a one typically needed by organizations. This kind of leader is even more critical for those organizations operating in a brutally competitive market; like the brewing one in Ethiopia. This study is designed to investigate the direct and indirect impact of Transformational Leadership on marketing performance. Moreover, the moderating effect of leaders’ experience and the impact of group difference in leaders’ gender, leaders position and brewery sizes are studied. The unit of analysis are managers and decision makers (committee members) from the four sample breweries (St. George Brewery, Meta Abo Brewery, Raya Brewery, and Habesha Brewery). The data are collected from 211 respondents. In the study, in addition to the data cleaning procedures, all the multivariate data analysis assumptions are ensured. A model is developed and tested using a survey methodology. Four properly validated instruments, one selfdesigned (for marketing performance construct) and three adopted (for transformational leadership, organizational learning, and customer orientation constructs) are used. The validation work is ensured through factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are worked out using SPSS 21 and AMOS 21 packages respectively. Data is analysed through the structural equation modelling technique. Results show that, Transformational Leadership style is positively and significantly associated with marketing performance, organizational learning and customer orientation. Moreover, it is found that Transformational Leadership indirectly and positively impacts marketing performance. Nevertheless, the hypothesized moderation effect of experience for the impacts of Transformational Leadership on customer orientation is failed to be significant. The study contributes a lot by narrowing the wide literature gap existed in the topic area in the context of the developing world. Secondary evidences are strongly discussed on the antecedents and outcomes of Transformational Leadership and marketing performance. Thus, it is the researcher’s belief that now because of this study; value is added to the body of knowledge and the study can benefit practitioners and academicians alike. / Business Management / D.B.L.

This study investigates transformational leadership at a higher education institution. The systems paradigm serves as the point of departure, while the construct `leadership', which forms the driving force of change in the organisation, and the concept `transformational leadership', are integrated to yield a mechanism for the optimal positioning of the organisation in the ambit of transformation. The results indicate that the leadership style at the higher institution in question is transformational in nature. From the literature review it became evident that although it is possible for transformational leaders to fail in the transformational strategy, the transformational leader may exhibit the most `ideal' leadership style for the higher education institution engaged in a turnaround strategy. Based on the results of the study, additional proposals are made regarding further study in the area of transformational leadership as well as possible decisions regarding human resource management for the higher education institution in question. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The aim of the current research was to analyse existing trends in school leadership and to explore how transformational leadership could be the root for aligning the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) with school change and transformation. Accordingly, the study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was to identify the type of leadership style currently practised by school leaders (principals). The second phase was to implement transformational leadership in the educational leadership system of the country. In this research project, the researcher used the mixed-method approach. The data collection methods used were a structured questionnaire and unstructured interviews. Data were analysed using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS) and the computer data analysis system for the ATLAS-TI software. The general findings of this study are the following: currently the transactional leadership style is more common among school principals in Ethiopia. Many respondents explained that the focus of their principals was on routine work and much of the training content provided by Region Education Bureau (REB) was not related to the actual problems of schools, which made them reluctant to work towards the development of their school. The other major finding was that school leaders had no motivation to develop and maintain the teachers’ commitment for effective teaching and school reform. Teachers perceived their principals as passive and inactive in their efforts to adjust themselves to reform and transformation in their schools. From the analysis of interview data, it was found that the education plan, the GTP and leadership guidelines were not synchronised; students, teachers, and school leaders were not visionary people who could effectively facilitate the school reform and transformation. The interview results showed that the current school leadership system is not transformational. Respondents confirmed that though in some schools, leaders reflected some characteristics of transformational leadership, in most cases, the prevailing practices in school systems reflected transactional leadership behaviour. Generally, the results of analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data showed that in the Harari region (Ethiopia) currently the most practised leadership style at school level is the transactional leadership one. After intervention, at the school level, the transformational leadership style (TrLS) began to be implemented by principals as opposed to the transactional leadership style. Therefore, adequate training on the model of transformational leadership should be given to school principals and community. In addition, continuous follow-up and updating the awareness of school leaders is essential for effectiveness and quality of the school system. The Ministry of Education (MOE) should incorporate transformational leadership behaviour in the national training programme for leadership in conjunction with the GTP for the incumbent school leaders. / Educational Management and Leadership / Ph. D. (Education Management)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Transformational leadership has been one of the most heavily researched theories of leadership of the past 25 years, largely because this style has been associated with a wide range of positive individual- and organizational-level outcomes. Despite the need for transformational leaders, the antecedents of transformational leadership behavior remain ambiguous. Numerous potential antecedents of transformational leadership have been identified in the past, but this research has focused on popularly addressed or commonly measured variables rather than characteristics with a strong theoretical link to transformational leadership. The current study expands on past research by examining a theoretically driven predictor of transformational leadership behavior. Specifically, the current study will examine whether a leader’s implicit person theory (IPT) will be a predictor of leadership behaviors. This theory was chosen as a potential antecedent because it centers on the concept of malleability or change, and as such shares a strong intuitive connection with transformational leadership (which itself places a heavy emphasis on change and growth). Results did not support our hypotheses, however, as regression analysis revealed that IPT failed to account for significant variation in leadership behavior after accounting for some of the most commonly examined predictors in the literature, (the Big Five personality traits). Limitations of the current study and opportunities for future research are discussed.

Syfte: Komplexa, offentliga organisationer genomgår ständigt organisationsförändring och det enda som är bestående är just förändring. Vi har valt att studera hur ledare hanterar medarbetare som inte tycker om att, eller vill, förändras då det är en vanlig situation enligt våra egna erfarenheter. Studien har genomförts för att utveckla forskningen inom området för hur ledare kan hantera sina medarbetares förändringsmotstånd inför en organisationsförändring. Syftet är att skapa förståelse för hur ett individanpassat stöd kan hjälpa ledaren att reducera medarbetarens kognitiva, känslomässiga samt medvetna förändringsmotstånd inför en organisationsförändring. Metod: Vi har använt en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in data. Den empiriska informationen analyserades därefter genom tematiska nätverk och presenterades som ett gemensamt empiriskt och analytiskt kapitel. Resultat & slutsats: De resultat vi funnit tyder starkt på att individanpassat stöd från ledarens sida har en inverkan på medarbetares förändringsmotstånd samt att de allra flesta medarbetarna har någon form av motstånd. Vidare fann vi inga belägg för att individanpassat stöd endast tillhör det transformella ledarskapet, utan vi påstår att detta stöd finns inom flera ledarskapsstilar. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi anser att vår studie bör göras om i samma kontext, men med fler respondenter, för att på så sätt se om samma resultat framkommer samt att ha möjlighet att öka tillförlitligheten av våra resultat. Uppsatsens bidrag: Vårt teoretiska bidrag består av en djupare förståelse i hur ledare använder sig av individanpassat stöd samt hur det påverkar medarbetare med förändringsmotstånd. Vårt praktiska bidrag ger våra respondenter och andra chefer inom Gävle Kommun en tankeställare i hur förändring bör hanteras samt råd som kan användas vid framtida organisationsförändringar. / Aim: Complex, public sectors go through constant organizational change and nothing endures but change. We have chosen to investigate how leaders deal with followers’ who do not like or want to change though this is common according to our own experiences. The study has been completed to contribute to science within the subject of how leaders reduce their followers’ resistance to change in the initial stage of an organizational change. The aim is to create an understanding in how an individualized support can help the leader to reduce followers’ cognitive, emotional and intentional RTC in the initial stage of an organizational change. Method: We have used a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews to gather our data. The empirical information was analyzed through theme networks and was presented as an empirical and analyzing chapter all together. Result & Conclusions: The results we found do confirm the most of our research questions including that individualized support used by the leader does have an effect on followers’ resistance to change as well as that most employees have some kind of resistance to change. Although we did not find any proof of individualized support only being a part of the transformational leadership. Instead, we think that this kind of support will be found in several leadership styles. Suggestions for future research: We believe that our study shall be done all over again within the same context but with more respondents and in that way see if there result will be the same. This would according to us also increase the reliability. Contribution of the thesis: Our theoretical contribution includes a deeper understanding of how leaders use individualized support together with the effect on employees with RTC. Our hands-on contribution gives our interviewees and other leaders within the public sector an eye-opener of how change should be handled in future coming organizational change.

Hållbar utveckling är ett begrepp som genom Brundtlandkommissionens rapport “Vår gemensamma framtid” och EU Kommissionens definition av Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) har fått en större påverkan på näringslivet. Denna studie hade som syfte att undersöka hur ledare på företag som enligt svenska konsumenter anses vara “hållbara” driver sitt interna förändringsarbete med hållbar utveckling. Hållbarhetsansvariga från sex företag har deltagit i en kvalitativ intervjustudie med målet att ge mer kunskap om hur samtliga leder förändringsarbetet i sin verksamhet, samt vilken strategi som finns i förändringsledningsarbetet i organisationen. Resultatet anger att styrgrupper, visioner samt kortsiktiga och långsiktiga mål är bra insatser och verktyg i ett framgångsrikt förändringsarbete. Internutbildning och kommunikation är viktigt för att öka kunskap och engagemang hos medarbetare i organisationen. Utmaningar med att driva förändring kan vara att få med sig medarbetare och leverantörer i arbetet. Tidsbrist, bevis på ekonomisk vinst och svårigheter att kvantifiera fördelar med hållbarhetsarbetet är aspekter som kan påverka hur väl förändringsarbetet prioriteras i verksamheten. / Sustainable Development is a concept that has developed and gained interest in business production through the report ”Our common future” written by the Brundtland Commission and the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by the EU Commission. The aim of this study was to investigate how companies who are considered ”sustainable” by consumers are managing there internal changes to participate in the development of a more sustainable society. Leaders from six companies have participated in a qualitative research with the goal to achieve information about how the change is managed in their businesses. The result shows that a steering committee, visions, short- and long term goals are actions stated to be useful to create a successful change management. Internal education and communication is important to improve the knowledge and engage the co-workers in the organisation. Challenges in the change management can be to increase interest for sustainable development among co-workers and suppliers. Short term pressure, difficulties to quantify intangible outcomes of action and evidence for economic benefits are aspects that can affect how well a change management is prioritized in the organisations.

本研究的目的主要在探討（一）國民中學校長轉型領導、交易領導之現況。（二）國民中學兼行政教師職業倦怠之現況。（三）國民中學校長轉型領導、交易領導對兼行政教師職業倦怠是否有影響力。（四）不同背景變項的國中兼行政教師所知覺校長轉型領導、交易領導之差異。（五）不同背景變項的國中兼行政教師職業倦怠之差異。（六）國民中學校長轉型領導、交易領導與兼行政教師背景變項對兼行政教師職業倦怠是否具有預測功能。 研究採用問卷調查法，以桃園縣52所國民中學全體兼行政教師為母群體，選取39校542位兼行政教師為受試者，並以改編之「國民中學校長轉型領導與交易領導問卷」與「國民中學兼行政教師工作感受問卷」施測，計回收有效問卷460份。所得資料以SPSS/PC10.0統計套裝軟體進行統計分析，並透過描述統計、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸等統計方法加以分析與解釋，所獲得主要結論如下： 一、國民中學校長整體轉型領導、交易領導及各分層面（「被動的例外管理」除外）領導行為屬中上程度，且校長轉型領導行為略高於交易領導行為。 二、國民中學兼行政教師因婚姻、職位、學校規模等背景變項之不同在知覺校長轉型領導上有顯著差異；因職位之不同在知覺校長交易領導上有顯著差異。 三、國民中學兼行政教師職業倦怠感屬中下程度，其中在「工作投入」上最高，其次依序為「工作情緒」、「工作價值」、「工作表現」。 四、國民中學兼行政教師因婚姻、行政年資、職位等背景變項不同在職業倦怠上有顯著差異。 五、國民中學校長整體轉型領導、交易領導及各分層面（「被動的例外管理」除外）領導行為，與兼行政教師職業倦怠有負相關存在。 六、在國民中學兼行政教師職業倦怠的預測上，以「建立願景」最具預測力，其次依序為「婚姻」、「被動的例外管理」、「職位」、「魅力影響」。 　　根據研究結果對教育行政機關及校長提出建議如下： 一、教育行政機關應建立健全之校長培訓暨進修制度。 二、教育行政機關應硏擬增加兼行政教師之待遇與福利制度。 三、校長應吸取領導新知、提昇自我專業領導知能。 四、校長應多運用轉型領導、妥慎運用交易領導行為。 五、校長應多鼓勵女性教師及資深教師兼任學校行政職務。 六、校長應鼓勵並協助未婚教師拓展社交層面，尋求社會支持系統，以降低職業倦怠。 七、校長應帶領學校成員建立各項完善之校務制度，並對兼行政教師充分的授權及適時關懷協助，以降低職業倦怠。 關鍵字：轉型領導、交易領導、職業倦怠 / The research on the relation between the leaderships of junior high school principals in transactional leadership and transformational leadership and the burnout of concurrently administrative teachers －a sample study of Taoyuan County Abstract This research mainly focuses on the discussing of (1) the current status of junior high school principals’ leaderships in transaction and transformation; (2) the currentstatus of burnout of junior high school concurrently administrative teachers ; (3) whether it or not the transactional leadership and transformational leadership of the principals have the influence on the burnout of junior high school concurrently administrative teachers; (4) the teachers with different background variables perceive the differences on the principals’ transactional leadership and transformational leadership; (5) the differences on the different background variables to the burnout of junior high school concurrently administrative teachers ; (6) whether it or not there is prediction of the leaderships of principals to the background variables of the concurrently administrative teachers’ burnout. The research conducts the survey study with concurrently administrative teachers from 52 junior high schools in Taoyuan County as the main study group -- randomly selecting 39 schools 542 concurrently administrative teachers to receive the surveys. They were given the revised versions of “the questionnaire of juniorhigh school principals’ transactional leadership and transformational leadership” and“the feedback questionnaire of junior high school concurrently administrativeteachers’ work”. 460 valuable questionnaires were received back and detaileddiscussed. The obtained data carries on the statistical analysis by the SPSS/PC10.0 statistics software package, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA analysis of variance , and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression and explains in advanced. The obtained conclusion as follows:The whole leadership with transactional leadership, transformational leadership and to each level of leadership behavior (excluding the passive management by exception) conducting by junior high school principals meets the middle upper level. Also it is to say that the principals with transactional leadership are slightly higher than those with transformational leadership. 1. Because of the background variables in the marriage status, position, and the size of school, junior high school concurrently administrative teachers have different perceptions in the transformational leadership of the principals. Because of the different positions, the teachers have different perceptions in the transactional leadership of the principals. 2. The burnout of the teachers meets the middle lower level. Among all, work investment is the highest and following by work emotion, work value, and work performance. 3. The different background variables in the marriage status, the number of year experience, and the position have obvious differences in the degree of burnout. 4. There is negative correlation between the whole leadership with transactional leadership, transformational leadership and to each level of leadership behavior (excluding the passive management by exception ) and the burnout of concurrently administrative teachers . 5. For predicting the burnout of concurrently administrative teachers, establishing the vision of schools is the most predictable, following by marriage, passive management by exception, position, and charm influence. According to the research result, it suggests to the government institution of education and school principals as follows: 1. The government institution of education should establish a complete system for school principals to train up and take advanced courses. 2. The government institution of education should plan on the policies of compensation and welfare of concurrently administrative teachers. 3. School principals should absorb new knowledge of leadership and promote self-knowledge in professional leadership. 4. School principals should utilize the transformational leadership and properly utilize the transactional leadership. 5. School principals should encourage female and senior teachers to take a part of administration. 6. School principals should encourage and assist unmarried teachers to develop social relations and seek a social support group to reduce the burnout. 7. School principals should lead all school members to establish complete policies, empower concurrently administrative teachers and show care to them to reduce the burnout. Key words：transformational leadership、transactional leadership、burnout

本研究主要是探討國民中學校長轉型領導、交易領導與教師工作投入之間的關係。採問卷調查方式，以台北市、台北縣及桃園縣三縣市之公立國民中學之教師為調查對象，隨機各抽取若干所學校為樣本；再以簡單隨機抽樣的方式每校抽取10位教師，共抽取1070位教師為樣本。本研究問卷回收640份，剔除收回樣本資料填答不全者，合計有效樣本為593份，回收率為59.81﹪，可用率為55.42﹪。 一、 本研究結果有以下之結論： （一）國民中學校長經常交互運用轉型和交易領導行為，且運用轉型領導行為多於交易領導行為。 （二）在不同年齡、男性教師、兼任行政職務的背景變項方面，國民中學教師所知覺校長轉型領導、交易領導行為有顯著差異。 （三）國民中學教師工作投入情況良好。以「工作專注」向度得分最高，「工作準備」向度次之，最後為「工作樂趣」向度。 （四）在不同年齡、已婚國中教師、兼任行政職務教師、學歷、年資等背景變項方面，國民中學教師工作投入有顯著差異。 （五）國民中學校長轉型領導行為級交易領導行為與教師工作投 入均呈現正相關。 （六）在國中教師整體工作投入之預測上，轉型領導之「啟發智 能」及個人背景變項之「年齡」、「性別」、「專任教師職務」等四個變項達到顯著水準。其聯合預測力或解釋國中教師整體工作投入的總變異量為24.0﹪，其中以「啟發智能」之預測力最佳。 二、 本研究建議如下： （一）對教育行政機關的建議： 1.定期舉辦校長領導專業知能研習課程，增進國民中學校長對領導理論的瞭解及領導技巧的運用。 2.建立健全之國民中小學校長培訓制度，以培植優秀領導人才 3.制定完善的國民中學行政人員任用制度，以激勵教師工作投入 （二）對國民中學校長的建議 1.國中校長應綜合運用轉型領導與交易領導，以提高教師之工作投入。 2.鼓勵教師擔任行政職務、教學領導者，以促進教師工作參與感。 3.宜協助與關照資淺、年輕及未婚教師，以促進其工作投入 （三）對未來研究的建議 1.在研究對象方面，本研究有關校長轉型領導、交易領導係由教師的觀點來知覺校長領導行為，因此研究對象僅限於教師，未來的研究若能加入校長自評，使兩者可以相互參照驗證，將使研究內容更為豐富。 2.研究變項方面，建議後續研究者，就就工作投入而言，可就工作價值觀、工作意義、工作滿足、組織承諾等方面來探討。進一步求得較完整地全面性的瞭解。 3.研究工具方面，未來研究者可參考國內外量表自行修訂完善之研究工具，可考慮設計開放性題目，以更深入了解研究對象，讓研究結果更有價值。 4.增加研究方法，本研究因限於人力、時間的限制，故僅採問卷調查法，僅就數據分析結果，初步證實校長領導和教師工作投入之間相關具預測力，但未包含與人接觸的質化研究方法，建議後續研究者，利用深度訪談、參與觀察、個案研究、行動研究等方式，深入瞭解影響教師工作投入關鍵所在，找出更多、更有利的影響因素。 / This research mainly discusses the relation between the transformational leadership and transactional leadership of junior high school principals and the job involvement of junior high school teachers. Survey study is adapted and randomly selects numbers of samples in a pool of public junior high schools in Taipei city, Taipei county, and Tao Yuan county. Randomly simple selected selection in advance, 10 teachers in each sample school; totally 1070 teachers received questionnaires. 640 survey questionnaires were returned back and to be evaluated – rejecting those incomplete filling up and ending up with 593 valuable ones. Returning ratio was 59.81%; valuable ratio was 55.42%. First, the result of the research comes to the following onclusions: 1.Junior high school principals often mutually utilize transformational and transactional leadership behaviors and utilize transformational leadership more often than transactional leadership. 2.From the background variable aspect, including the disparity in age, male teachers and concurrently taking a part in administration, there is an obvious difference in the perception of the teachers to the transformational and transactional leadership of their principals. 3.The job involvements of junior high school teachers are good. The phase of job dedication values the highest; the phase of job preparation values the next; the phase of job pleasure values the last. 4.From the background variable aspect, including the disparity in age, married teachers, concurrently taking a part in administration, educational background, and the years of teaching service, there is an obvious difference in the job involvement of junior high school teachers. 5.The transformational leadership behaviors of junior high school principals have positive correlation with the job involvement of the teachers and so do the transactional leadership behaviors. 6.In the prediction of the junior high school teachers’ whole job involvement, four variables, which are the inspiring intelligence of transformational leadership and age, sex, and exclusive teachers of personal background variables, reach the certain standard. To synthesize prediction or explain the whole job involvement of junior high school teachers, its total variation is 24.0% and especially, the prediction of inspiring intelligence is the best. Second, this research suggests the followings: (A) The suggestions to the educational governmental institutions: 1. To enhance the understanding of leadership theory and the utilization of leadership skills, the seminars specializing in the knowledge of leaderships to principals are held constantly. 2. To train excellent leaders, it is suggested to establish a complete training system to junior high school principals and elementary school principals. 3. To motivate the job involvement of teachers, it is suggested to set an engaging system for junior high school administrative personnel. (B) The suggestions to junior high school principals: 1. To raise the job involvement of teachers, junior high school principals should mutually utilize transformational leadership and transactional leadership. 2. To press forward the job participation of teachers, the principals should encourage teachers to take a part in administration or to be teaching leaders. 3. Principals can help and look after those teachers who have fewer years in teaching service and are young, unmarried to promote their job involvement. (C) The suggestions to further researches: 1. In the objects of the study, this research is limited to the teachers only. For the further study, it is good if the principals’ self-evaluations are considered to get reference in mutual verification. This will enrich the research content. 2. In the phase of the research variables, it is suggested to the following-up researchers; in speaking to the job involvement, they can take job values, job significance, and job satisfaction into discussions to get more entire, complete understanding. 3. In the phase of the research tool, it can be considered to design opening questions so that deeply understanding to the research objects is revealed which the result of the research more valuable. 4. It is suggested to the following-up researchers to enhance the research methods, such as, depth interview, participation and observation, case study, action study. For which, the pivotal point of effecting teachers’ job involvement can be deeply understood to discover more and advantageous influencing factors.

<p>The meaning of the word leadership is changing over time, and so is the role of the leader. Organisational labour is today required to be more self-governing as organisational tasks are moving towards a more flexible and independent nature. This requires a leadership able to inspire and motivate independent performance by acting as an inspirational mentor or coach (Bass and Riggio (2005). Those leaders and that style of leadership have many names, but in our research they are titled as Transformational and Charismatic leaders, as well as Super Leaders. Perhaps they are best described by using Vardiman et al (2006:97) own words: <em>“the most effective leaders teach others to be effective leaders of themselves and others."</em></p><p>Identifying, selecting and recruiting the right leader are a competitive advantage and an important success factor (Fernández-Aráoz et al, 2009). The objective of this thesis is therefore to gain knowledge in the manners present when charismatic and inspirational leaders with the ability to lead others to lead themselves are identified, recruited and selected. We judge gaining understanding in how to identify, attract, select, recruit and keep leaders with this special leadership style as a vital knowledge in today’s highly competitive business world.</p><p><p><p>This thesis approaches leader recruitment from both an external and internal perspective by conveying dialogues with recruitment consultants as well as with a HR-manager. The thesis further raises the question whether the inspirational and charismatic leadership style is appropriate in all type of organisations and here focus on organisational culture as a key determinant when recruiting leaders.</p></p></p>

Without change, stagnation is inevitable. Never has this truth been more obvious than during the current epoch of industrial decline in North America. This research provides two economic narratives that exemplify the struggles of industrial communities as they strive to regenerate. The research involves a comparative analysis of the transformation of two steel cities, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Hamilton, Ontario, from 1970 to 2008. For cities in which one major industry has formed the foundation of the local economy, job losses can result in massive dislocation and devastating consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Pittsburgh and Hamilton are among many cities striving to diversify and strengthen their economies as manufacturing diminishes and Western sunset industries rise in the East. Transformation has been much more extensive in Pittsburgh than in many cities because Pittsburgh was so largely dominated by the steel industry and faced a virtual collapse of that industry. Hamilton has also experienced a steep decline in steel and related manufacturing jobs. Based on 55 interviews with city leaders, including a pilot study in Welland, Ontario, this research examines eight critical factors that collectively influence development: transformational leadership, strategic development planning, civic engagement, education and research, labor, capital, infrastructure, and quality of life. The study looks at how city leaders drive these factors in the context of global economic forces to revitalize their communities. Together, these elements combine to create the new economy of cities. To achieve successful transformation, the elements must function as part of an integrated system─a community economic activity system (CEAS). This research is grounded in MacGregor-Burn’s (1978; 2003) transformational leadership theory and positions local leadership as the central driver of economic regeneration. It highlights the importance of enduring social relations among leaders for creating an organized, yet dynamic, base of power that is necessary to mobilize resources and execute development policies to achieve qualitative change. Moreover, it points to the importance of inclusiveness and openness in engaging local citizen groups in order to build trust and confidence that recovery will happen. Pittsburgh and Hamilton offer many examples of successful partnerships that increasingly involve public-private-nonprofit-academic collaboratives.