This thesis is about some issues in system modeling: The first is a parsimonious representation of MISO Hammerstein system, which is by projecting the multivariate linear function into a univariate input function space. This leads to the so-called semiparamtric Hammerstein model, which overcomes the commonly known “Curse of dimensionality” for nonparametric estimation on MISO systems. The second issue discussed in this thesis is orthogonal expansion analysis on a univariate Hammerstein model and hypothesis testing for the structure of the nonlinear subsystem. The generalization of this technique can be used to test the validity for parametric assumptions of the nonlinear function in Hammersteim models. It can also be applied to approximate a general nonlinear function by a certain class of parametric function in the Hammerstein models. These techniques can also be extended to other block-oriented systems, e.g, Wiener systems, with slight modification. The third issue in this thesis is applying machine learning and system modeling techniques to transient stability studies in power engineering. The simultaneous variable section and estimation lead to a substantially reduced complexity and yet possesses a stronger prediction power than techniques known in the power engineering literature so far.

This thesis is about some issues in system modeling: The first is a parsimonious representation of MISO Hammerstein system, which is by projecting the multivariate linear function into a univariate input function space. This leads to the so-called semiparamtric Hammerstein model, which overcomes the commonly known “Curse of dimensionality” for nonparametric estimation on MISO systems. The second issue discussed in this thesis is orthogonal expansion analysis on a univariate Hammerstein model and hypothesis testing for the structure of the nonlinear subsystem. The generalization of this technique can be used to test the validity for parametric assumptions of the nonlinear function in Hammersteim models. It can also be applied to approximate a general nonlinear function by a certain class of parametric function in the Hammerstein models. These techniques can also be extended to other block-oriented systems, e.g, Wiener systems, with slight modification. The third issue in this thesis is applying machine learning and system modeling techniques to transient stability studies in power engineering. The simultaneous variable section and estimation lead to a substantially reduced complexity and yet possesses a stronger prediction power than techniques known in the power engineering literature so far.

ABSTRACT In this thesis, relationship between two most important transient stability indices, critical clearing time and generator rotor angle is examined for one machine-infinite bus system and then extended to the multimachine case and is observed to be linear. By using the linear relationship between critical clearing time and generator rotor angle and utilizing the daily load curve, a new preventive method is proposed. The aim of this method is to make all critical clearing times longer than the relay and circuit breaker combination operation time. In the proposed method, desired critical clearing times are obtained by using on line system data and daily load curves. Then desired values are adjusted by generators output rescheduling and terminals voltage control Visual computer language is used for graphical and numerical solutions. Comprehension of one machine infinite bus system and multimachine system transient stability become easier.

Orientador: Laurence Duarte Colvara / Banca: Dionizio Paschoareli Junior / Banca: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Resumo: Propõe-se neste trabalho o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica para análise do desempenho dinâmico/transitório dos geradores de indução conectados ao sistema de energia elétrica. O método proposto para o estudo da estabilidade das máquinas de indução baseia-se no monitoramento da tensão interna E' durante o período transitório do sistema, a qual pode comprometer a capacidade de transmissão de potência na linha, com consequente colapso da estabilidade da máquina. Deste modo, faz-se a análise do desempenho transitório da máquina pela observação da grandeza em que efetivamente reside a causa da instabilidade. O método desenvolvido foi validado por meio de simulações digitais, em duas configurações do sistema: o primeiro caso, desprezando o suporte de potência reativa, para efeito de análise nos estudos de estabilidade transitória. No segundo, é realizada a compensação dinâmica de potência reativa via SVC (Static Var Compensator). Neste caso, mesmo na presença do compensador variável de reativo, o método da tensão interna revelou-se capaz de avaliar novos limites de estabilidade para o sistema. Considerados os resultados obtidos, observa-se que o método proposto apresenta resultados suficientemente precisos para avaliar o comportamento dos geradores de indução conectados à rede elétrica / Abstract: This dissertation proposes the development of an analytical methodology for analysis of dynamic/transient performance of an induction generator connected to a bulk power system. The proposed method for studying the stability of induction machines is based on monitoring the internal voltage named E' since during the transient system, its magnitude may decrease and so causing degeneration of the transmission system capability, with consequent collapse of machine stability. Thus it is the analysis of transient performance of the machine by observing the variable that is actually the cause of instability. The analytical method was validated by means of digital simulations, in two system configurations: in the first case, no reactive support is considered, and the purpose is to analyse the machine transient stability itself. In the second, a reactive support is provided by means of the dynamic reactive compensation via SVC (Static Var Compensator). In this case, even in the presence of variable reactive compensator, the method of internal voltage proved to be able to properly assess new stability limits. The results so obtained lead to the indication that the proposed method results are accurate enough in order to evaluate the behavior of induction generators, connected to the power grid

abstract: An advantage of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) as compared to conventional fixed speed wind turbine generators is higher efficiency. This higher efficiency is achieved due to the ability of the DFIG to operate near its optimal turbine efficiency over a wider range of wind speeds through variable speed operation. This is achieved through the application of a back-to-back converter that tightly controls the rotor current and allows for asynchronous operation. In doing so, however, the power electronic converter effectively decouples the inertia of the turbine from the system. Hence, with the increase in penetration of DFIG based wind farms, the effective inertia of the system will be reduced. With this assertion, the present study is aimed at identifying the systematic approach to pinpoint the impact of increased penetration of DFIGs on a large realistic system. The techniques proposed in this work are tested on a large test system representing the Midwestern portion of the U.S. Interconnection. The electromechanical modes that are both detrimentally and beneficially affected by the change in inertia are identified. The combination of small-signal stability analysis coupled with the large disturbance analysis of exciting the mode identified is found to provide a detailed picture of the impact on the system. The work is extended to develop suitable control strategies to mitigate the impact of significant DFIG penetration on a large power system. Supplementary control is developed for the DFIG power converters such that the effective inertia contributed by these wind generators to the system is increased. Results obtained on the large realistic power system indicate that the frequency nadir following a large power impact is effectively improved with the proposed control strategy. The proposed control is also validated against sudden wind speed changes in the form of wind gusts and wind ramps. The beneficial impact in terms of damping power system oscillations is observed, which is validated by eigenvalue analysis. Another control mechanism is developed aiming at designing the power system stabilizer (PSS) for a DFIG similar to the PSS of synchronous machines. Although both the supplementary control strategies serve the purpose of improving the damping of the mode with detrimental impact, better damping performance is observed when the DFIG is equipped with both the controllers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2010

[pt] O presente trabalho de dissertação de mestrado tem por finalidade contribuir para uma maior dinamização do ensino de engenharia de sistemas de potência através da elaboração de um conjunto de algoritmos interativos para microcomputadores, onde o aluno poderá realizar um processo contínuo de experimentação, questionamento e revisão de conceitos. Para um bom desenvolvimento deste processo de aprendizagem é criado um ambiente amigável onde o usuário tem suas ações amparadas por mensagens explicativas e de monitoração de erros, resultando na redução do tempo gasto em cada seção de estudo e estimulando o mesmo a realizar um número maior de simulações. Foram elaboradas quatro programas de computadores. O primeiro, responsável pela estrutura conversacional e gerenciamento, foi escrito em PASCAL. Os demais foram escritos em FORTRAN77 e se restringem à execução dos cálculos necessários aos estudos de: fluxo de potência, curto-circuito e estabilidade transitória. Estes três últimos programas utilizam técnicas especiais para armazenagem de matrizes esparsas e obtenção do elementos de interesse de suas inversas. Três sistemas de potência foram escolhidos para estar imediatamente disponíveis ao usuário, sendo que um deles é utilizado no texto durante a explanação da estrutura conversacional para os estudos disponíveis. / [en] The present Dissertation aims to provide more dynamism to the teaching and learning process in power system engineering through a set of interactive personal computer algorithms. The student may carry out a continuous process of experimenting, questioning and revision of concepts. In order to better develop the leaining process, a frindly environment is created where the user has his actions supported by explanatory and error monitoring messages. This results in a reduction of the time spent in each study section and, consequently, it estimulates the student to perform a greater number of simulations. Four computer programs have been developed. There is one written in PASCAL language, responsible for the following studies: load flow, slort-circuit and transient stability. These programs use special sparsity techniques and programming. Three power systems have been choosen to be immediately available to the user. One of them is used in the text during the explanation process of the conversational structure of the power system studies.

[pt] Este trabalho analisa o fenômeno da estabilidade de tensão no domínio do tempo incluindo fenômenos rápidos (transitórios) e lentos (longo-termo). As diferentes formas de estabilidade existentes nos sistemas elétricos de potência são definidas e classificadas de acordo com a variável de interesse e com a amplitude do distúrbio. Utilizando-se um simples sistema elétrico de potência, verifica-se através de formulações dinâmicas fatores relevantes ao fenômeno da estabilidade de tensão. Investiga-se a influência de cargas do tipo potência constante e impedância constante sobre a estabilidade de tensão. Compensadores estáticos são incluídos nas análises e verifica-se a existência de regiões de operação onde as ações de controle não apresentam o efeito esperado. Investiga-se através de cenários o efeito adverso de dispositivos de controle com o limitador de sobre- excitação e o transformador de tape variável sobre a estabilidade de tensão. A partir de uma versão do programa de estabilidade transitória TRANSTAB, foram desenvolvidas duas versões do programa computacional VOLTDYN para simular no domínio do tempo o fenômeno da estabilidade de tensão. A primeira versão do programa Utiliza um algoritmo de integração de passo variável usando o método trapezoidal implícito enquanto que a segunda versão utiliza o método de Adams-Bashforth- Moulton. Diversos testes computacionais com as duas versões são realizados comprovando-se a importância desta forma de análise. / [en] This work is concerned with voltage stability analysis in time domain including transient and long-term time frames. Different power system stability forms are defined and classified according to the variable of interest and with the disturbance magnitude. Using a simple power system model, it is shown through dynamics formulations important aspects of the voltage stability phenomenon. Important aspects of load characteristics of constant power type and mixed (constant power/constant impedance) type on voltage stability are investigated. A static compensator model is included in the analysis and it is verified that under specific operation conditions the control actions are not efficient. Scenarios show the adverse effects of long-term control devices such as overexcitation limiters and under load tap changers on voltage stability. One version of the transient stability program TRANSTAB is modified in order to simulate transient and long-term voltage phenomena. The resulting modified computer program is called VOLTDYN. Two versions of the VOLTDYN progran are available. The first version uses a variable step-size algorithm based on the trapezoidal method. The other includes a variable step-size algorithm based on the Adams- Bashforth-Moulton method.

[pt] Tradicionalmente, as avaliações da confiabilidade composta de sistemas de potência têm enfatizado a análise de adequação, avaliando a capacidade dos sistemas de geração e transmissão em suprir todas as cargas considerando apenas os requisitos de desempenho estático. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia, que estende o conceito e as técnicas de avaliação da confiabilidade composta de modo a incluir os aspectos ligados a segurança. Isto exige a caracterização probabilística do desempenho dinâmico dos sistemas em termos da estabilidade transitória, bem como um melhor entendimento dos efeitos cascata decorrentes do desdobramento de uma seqüência de eventos. A metodologia apresentada baseia-se num processo de simulação seqüencial, que permite representar os possíveis desdobramentos de estados instáveis e especialmente os processos não-Markovianos envolvidos, como os processos de restauração. É calculado um conjunto de índices que mede o nível de segurança do sistema, e ainda permite avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas de proteção, esquemas de emergência e processos de restauração. A metodologia é aplicada ao sistema IEEE-MRTS, Permitindo identificar os fatores que mais influenciam a segurança do sistema, e ainda as relações entre os problemas de adequação e segurança. / [en] Traditionally, bulk power reliability evaluations have concentrated on the analysis of system adequacy, the ability of the generating and the transmission systems to supplhy all loadas within performance requirements. This work presents a new methodology that extends the scope of reliability evaluations to include probabilistic assessment of system security, involving considerations of transient stability and the effects of cascading sequences. The methodology is based on a sequential simulation process which is suitable for representing the effects of system disturbances and non-Markovian processes, like the restoration process. The calculated set of reliability indices may be used to measure the security level, and to evaluate the performance of the protection systems, emergency control schemes and restoration processes. The test system IEEE-MRTS is used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, identifying the features that are most influent to system security, and also the relationship between adequacy and security problems.

[pt] A expansão e a interligação de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (SEE) tem enfatizado o uso de equivalentes dinâmicos pelas companhias de serviço de eletricidade, nos estudos de planejamento e operação, para representação das porções do sistema não pertinentes à sua área de atuação. Com a redução das dimensões do modelo do sistema obtém-se um aumento de velocidade dos estudos com minimização dos custos e do esforço computacional. Além desses aspectos o uso de equivalentes contorna o problema de capacidade limitada de memória dos sistemas de computação e se enquadra na atual estrutura física e conceitual dos minicomputadores. Em estudos de estabilidade de SEE, o objetivo básico de equivalentes dinâmicos é o de simular as reações do sistema externo quando ocorrem distúrbios no sistema interno. O grande calor deste tipo de simplificação reside em sua capacidade de reconhecer a tendência dinâmica do sistema. Esta pesquisa apresenta um método para cálculo de equivalentes dinâmicos para estudos de estabilidade transitória baseado na agregação de geradores que oscilam conjuntamente após uma dada perturbação. O modelo reduzido obtido por transformações topológicas, e constituído de parâmetros similares aos habitualmente empregados na modelagem de sistemas de energia elétrica sendo numericamente estável. Ao final, alguns resultados são apresentados no intuito de atestar a validade do método proposto. / [en] The spread and the interconection of Electrical Power Systems have been stressed the employment of dynamic equivalents by Electrical Power Companies for representing system áreas that they are not responsible for at planning and operation studies. Due to system model dimension reduction, studies have become faster with reduced costs and computational task requiriments. Besides, dynamic equivalents overcome computational system limited memory capability problems ant fit easily into the up-to-date phisical and coceptual structure of the minicomputers. As an aid to Electrical Power System Stability studies, the objective of the dynamic equivalents is to simulate external system. The great merit of this lind of overcoming is its ability on revealing the system dynamic trend. This research shows a method of computing dynamic equivalents for transitory stability studies based con the agregation of the generators that oscilate together from an initial perturbation on. The reduced model, got from topological transformations, is built of parameters that are similar to usually employed on Electrical Energy System modeling been numerically stable. At the end, some results are shown as an attempt to test the performance of the method.

abstract: On-line dynamic security assessment (DSA) analysis has been developed and applied in several power dispatching control centers. Existing applications of DSA systems are limited by the assumption of the present system operating conditions and computational speeds. To overcome these obstacles, this research developed a novel two-stage DSA system to provide periodic security prediction in real time. The major contribution of this research is to develop an open source on-line DSA system incorporated with Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data and forecast load. The pre-fault prediction of the system can provide more accurate assessment of the system and minimize the disadvantage of a low computational speed of time domain simulation. This Thesis describes the development of the novel two-stage on-line DSA scheme using phasor measurement and load forecasting data. The computational scheme of the new system determines the steady state stability and identifies endangerments in a small time frame near real time. The new on-line DSA system will periodically examine system status and predict system endangerments in the near future every 30 minutes. System real-time operating conditions will be determined by state estimation using phasor measurement data. The assessment of transient stability is carried out by running the time-domain simulation using a forecast working point as the initial condition. The forecast operating point is calculated by DC optimal power flow based on forecast load. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017