Ce travail poursuit l’exploration du potentiel thérapeutique de peptides antagonistes des domaines transmembranaires (TM) de récepteurs impliqués dans la croissance tumorale. J’ai montré l’effet anti-angiogénique de MTP-NRP1, un peptide ciblant le récepteur Neuropline-1 et confirmé sa capacité d’inhibition de prolifération, migration et de croissance d’une lignée de glioblastome (GBM) humain. J’ai ensuite démontré que le récepteur Plexine-A1 est corrélé à l’agressivité des gliomes et semble être un marqueur pronostique négatif de la survie des patients atteints de GBM. J’ai démontré le rôle du segment TM de PlexA1 dans ses interactions. Le peptide MTP-PlexA1, inhibe la signalisation et la formation du complexe NRP1-PlexA1, réduit la prolifération et la migration des cellules de GBM, impacte la croissance tumorale in vivo y compris de cellules souches tumorales. J’ai décrit le rôle pro-angiogénique de PlexA1 par des tests d’angiogenèse et de CAM où MTP-PlexA1 bloque cette fonction. / This thesis work continues the exploration of the therapeutic potential using peptides targeting transmembrane (TM) domains of receptors involved in tumor growth. I showed the anti-angiogenic effect of MTP-NRP1, a peptide targeting Neuropilin-1 and confirmed its capability to impact proliferation, migration and in vivo growth of a human glioblastoma (GBM) cell line. Then, I demonstrated that the expression of Plexin-A1 is correlated with glioma aggressiveness and seems to be a bad prognosis marker for GBM patients. We described the importance of PlexA1 TM domain in the control of their interactions. The peptide MTP-PlexA1 inhibits complex formation and signaling of NRP1-PlexA1, impacts tumor growth in vivo and cancer stem cells engrafting and development. I demonstrated the pro-angiogenic role of PlexA1 with in vitro angiogenesis assays and CAM assay in which MTP-PlexA1 is able to block this function.

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Die für die Vermehrung der Paramyxoviren notwendige Freisetzung des Virusgenoms in die Wirtszelle findet nach einer Verschmelzung der Virushülle mit der Zellmembran statt. Die Membranfusion wird durch eine Konformationsänderung des membranständigen Fusionsproteins (F-Protein) der Paramyxoviren vermittelt. Der Auslöser der Strukturumwandlung des F-Proteins ist bislang unbekannt. Man nimmt an, daß eine Wechselwirkung mit dem zweiten membranständigen Protein der Hämagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN-Protein) die Strukturumwandlung des F-Proteins induziert. Das F-Protein kann jedoch auch in Abwesenheit des HN-Proteins eine Membranfusion vermitteln. Für das Verständnis des Mechanismus der F-proteinvermittelten Fusion ist die Kenntnis der dreidimensionalen Struktur des F-Proteins notwendig. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die F-Proteine der Paramyxoviren, Sendaivirus und Simianvirus 5, in fusionskompetenter Form isoliert und in kleine Lipidvesikel rekonstituiert, um deren Struktur mittels Kryoelektronenmikroskopie und Einzelpartikelanalyse aufzuklären. Die 3D-Struktur des Sendaivirus-F-Proteins konnte mit einer Auflösung von 16 Angström aufgeklärt werden. Es ist die erste 3D-Struktur des F-Proteins eines Paramyxovirus in der fusionskompetenten Form. Um geeignete Bedingungen herauszufinden, die das Auslösen der Konformationsänderung der F-Proteine bzw. das "Einfangen" von Strukturintermediaten während der Fusion ermöglichen, wurde das Fusionsverhalten von Sendaivirus und Simianvirus 5 bei unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und pH-Werten sowie in Anwesenheit von Lysolipiden mittels Fluoreszenzdequenchingassays untersucht. Ein signifikanter Anstieg der Fusionsaktivität der untersuchten Viren konnte durch eine Erhöhung der Temperatur erreicht werden. Mittels ESR-Spektroskopie unter Einsatz von spinmarkierten Lysolipiden konnte gezeigt werden, daß Lysolipide die proteinvermittelte Fusion von Hüllviren in einem späten lipidabhängigen Schritt hemmen. Diese Untersuchungen bilden damit eine Grundlage zur Aufklärung der 3D-Struktur des F-Proteins im fusionsaktiven Zustand. Desweiteren wurde die Rolle der transmembranalen und zytoplasmatischen Domäne des F-Proteins bei der Membranfusion und der Wechselwirkung mit dem HN-Protein mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie untersucht. Die Befunde der 3D-Strukturaufklärung und der fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Studien wurden unter anderem in Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Wechselwirkung zwischen den F- und HN-Proteinen für die Fusion diskutiert. / Paramyxoviruses infect their host cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. The membrane fusion is mediated by a confomational change of a viral envelope glycoprotein called the fusion (F) protein. The trigger of the F protein conformational change is still unknown. It is suggested, that an interaction of the F protein with the second envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin-neuraminase (HN) induces its conformational change. However the F protein can mediate membrane fusion in absense of HN. The knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the F protein is reqiured to understand the F mediated membrane fusion. In the present work the fusion competent form of the fusion proteins of the paramyxoviruses Sendai virus and Simian virus 5 were isolated and incorporated each of them into small lipid vesicles. The 3D-structure of the entire ectodomain of the Sendai virus F protein has been determined in fusion potential conformation by cryo electron microscopy of single molecules and 3D-reconstruction at a resolution of 16 Angström. To detect usefull conditions for triggering the conformational change of F, the fusion of Sendai virus and Simian virus 5 have been studied at different temperature and pH, respectively, using a fluorescence dequenching assay. A significant increase of virus fusion activity has been found due to temperature enhancement. Using ESR-spectroscopy and spin-labeled lysolipids it has been shown that lysolipids inhibit the protein mediated fusion of enveloped viruses at a late lipid-dependent intermediate. Thus lysolipids are capable to freeze a conformational intermediate of the F protein during fusion. Furthermore the role of the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domain of the Sendai virus F protein for membrane fusion was investigated using fluorescence microscopy. The results of the fluorescence microscopy study and the detection of the 3D-structure have been discussed in view of the relevance of F-HN-interaction for membrane fusion.

<strong>Background:</strong> Our laboratory identified ELTD1, an orphan GPCR belonging to the adhesion GPCR family (aGPCR), as a novel regulator of angiogenesis and a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target. ELTD1 is normally expressed in both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and expression is significantly increased in the tumour vasculature. The aim of this project was to analyse ELTD1's function in endothelial cells and its role in breast cancer. <strong>Method:</strong> 62 sequenced vertebrate genomes were interrogated for ELTD1 conservation and domain alterations. A phylogenetic timetree was assembled to establish time estimates for ELTD1's evolution. After ELTD1 silencing, mRNA array profiling was performed on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and validated with qPCR and confocal microscopy. ELTD1's signalling was investigated by applying the aGPCR ‘Stinger/tethered-agonist Hypothesis'. For this, truncated forms of ELTD1 and peptides analogous to the proposed tethered agonist region were designed. FRET-based 2^nd messenger (Cisbio IP-1;cAMP) and luciferase-reporter assays (NFAT; NFÎoB; SRE; SRF-RE; CREB) were performed to establish canonical GPCR activation. To further investigate ELTD1's role in endothelial cells, ELTD1 was stably overexpressed in HUVECS. Functional angiogenesis assays and mRNA array profiling were then performed. To investigate ELTD1 in breast cancer, a panel of cell lines representative of all molecular subtypes were screened using qPCR. Furthermore, an exploratory pilot study was performed on matched primary and regional nodal secondary breast cancers (n=43) which were stained for ELTD1 expression. Staining intensity was then scored and compared with relapse free survival and overall survival. <strong>Results:</strong> ELTD1 arose 435 million years ago (mya) in bony fish and is present in all subsequent vertebrates. ELTD1 has 3 evolutionary variants of which 2 are most common: one variant with 3 EGFs and a variant with 2 EGFs. Additionally, ELTD1 may be ancestral to members of aGPCR family 2. HUVEC mRNA expression profiling after ELTD1 silencing showed upregulation of the mitochondrial citrate transporter SLC25A1, and ACLY which converts cytoplasmic citrate to Acetyl CoA, feeding fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and acetylation. A review of lipid droplet (fatty acid and cholesterol) accumulation by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (FACS) revealed no changes with ELTD1 silencing. Silencing was also shown to affect the Notch pathway (downregulating the Notch ligand JAG1 and target gene HES2; upregulating the Notch ligand DLL4) and inducing KIT, a mediator of haematopoietic (HSC) and endothelial stem cell (ESC) maintenance. Signalling experiments revealed that unlike other aGPCRs, ELTD1 does not couple to any canonical GPCR pathways (Gαi, Gαs, Gαq, Gα12/13). ELTD1 overexpression in HUVECS revealed that ELTD1 induces an endothelial tip cell phenotype by promoting sprouting and capillary formation, inhibiting lumen anastomoses in mature vessels and lowering proliferation rate. There was no effect on wound healing or adhesion to angiogenesis associated matrix components. Gene expression changes following ELTD1 overexpression included upregulation of angiogenesis associated ANTRX1 as well as JAG1 and downregulation of migration associated CCL15 as well as KIT and DLL4. In breast cancer, none of the representative breast cancer cell lines screened expressed ELTD1. ELTD1 breast cancer immunohistochemistry revealed higher levels of vascular ELTD1 staining intensity within the tumour stroma contrasted to normal stroma and expression within tumour epithelial cells. Additionally, ELTD1 expression in tumour vessels was differentially expressed between the primary breast cancer microenvironment and that of the matched regional node. Due to the small size of the pilot study population, survival comparisons between the various subgroups did not yield significant results. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> ELTD1 is a novel regulator of endothelial metabolism through its suppression of ACLY and the related citrate transporter SLC25A1. ELTD1 also represses KIT, which is known to mediate haematopoietic and endothelial progenitors stem cell maintenance, a possible mechanism through which endothelial cells maintain terminal endothelial differentiation. ELTD1 does not signal like other adhesion GPCRS with CTF and FL forms of ELTD1 not signalling canonically. Additionally, ELTD1 regulates various functions of endothelial cell behaviour and function, inducing an endothelial tip cell phenotype and is highly evolutionarily conserved. Lastly, ELTD1 is differentially expressed in tumour vessels between primary breast cancer and regional nodal metastases and is also expressed in a small subset of breast cancer cells in vivo despite no cancer cell lines expressing ELTD1. The pilot study investigating ELTD1 in the primary breast cancer and regional involved nodes will be followed up with a larger study including the investigation of ELTD1 in distant metastases.