Baigiamajame magistro darbe suprojektuotos ir pagamintos dviejų rūšių šviesos koncentratorinės sistemos: jungtinė parabolinė ir sistema su Frenelio lęšiu. Atlikta saulės elementų efektyvumo analizė, išnagrinėtos šviesą koncentruojančių sistemų rūšys bei aptarti jų optiniai parametrai. Frenelio lęšis ir koncentratorinių sistemų laikančiosios konstrukcijos pagamintos vakuuminio formavimo būdu, ieškant pigesnės gamybos technologijos. Baigiamajame darbe atlikti optinio pralaidumo ir lūžio rodiklio, matomos šviesos bangų ilgių ruože, tyrimai bei saulės elementų, esančių šviesos koncentratorinėse sistemose,voltamperinių ir voltvatinių charakteristikų tyrimai. Iš tyrimų rezultatų nustatyti šviesos koncentravimo laipsniai. Darbe diskutuojama apie pigių optinių sistemų galimus pritaikymus ir jų tobulinimo būdus. Išnagrinėjus teorinę ir praktinę dalis, pateiktos išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, saulės elementų efektyvumo ribos, saulės šviesos koncentratoriai ir jų panaudojimas fotoelektrinėse sistemose, eksperimentinių tyrimų metodika, prototipų gamyba, eksperimentiniai tyrimai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 82 p. teksto be priedų, 95 pav., 13 lent., 22 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Concentrated PV systems (compound parabolic and Fresnel CPV) have been designed and investigated. The efficiency of solar cells and the types of light concentrated systems have been analyzed and their optical parameters have been discussed. Fresnel lens and the CPV system holding structure have been fabricated by means of vacuum forming machine in this way making the technology of production less expensive. Optical transmittance and refractive index of Fresnel lens were measured in the range of visible light wavelengths. Current-voltage and voltage-power characteristics of solar cells built inside the CPV systems were investigated, based on results the degree of light concentration by Fresnel lens and compound parabolic CPV has been determined. Some discussions regarding possible applications of concentrated PV systems containing the Fresnel lens as well as possible ways of CPV design improvements are given in current work. After analysed theoretical and practical parts, conclusions and suggestions are proposed. Thesis structure: introduction, theoretical and experimental parts, results of experiments, conclusions and references. Thesis consist of: 82 p. text without appendixes, 95 pictures, 13 tables, 22 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

The eyes of snakes and most geckos, as well as a number of other disparate squamate taxa, are shielded beneath a layer of transparent integument referred to as the “reptilian spectacle.” Derived from the embryonic fusion of palpebral tissues, the spectacle contains a number of specializations of the skin to benefit vision while still allowing it to function as the primary barrier to the environment. For example, in nearly all species that possess it, it is markedly thinned compared to the surrounding integument and its keratinized scale is optically transparent. While the spectacle may thus seem ideally adapted to vision in allowing the eyes to be always unoccluded, it does have a few drawbacks. One such drawback is its vascularity, the implications of which are still not fully understood, but are explored herein. As no recent synthesis exists of the body of knowledge on reptilian spectacles, the first chapter of this thesis consists of a review of spectacle anatomy, physiology, adaptive significance and evolution to help put into context the following chapters that present original research. The second chapter describes the dynamics of blood flow through the spectacle vasculature of colubrid snakes, demonstrating three main points: (1) that the spectacle vasculature exhibits cycles of regular dilation and constriction, (2) that the visual perception of a threat induces vasoconstriction of its vessels, and (3) that spectacle vessels remain dilated throughout the renewal phase. The implications of these points are discussed. The third chapter describes the spectral transmittance of the shed spectacle scale, the only keratinized structure in the animal kingdom to contribute to the dioptric apparatus of the eye, as well as its thickness. Spectacle scale transmittance and thickness was found to differ dramatically between snakes and geckos and found in snakes to vary between families. The adaptive significance of the observed variation is discussed. The fourth chapter describes biochemical analyses of the shed spectacle scales of snakes and geckos and compares their composition to other scales in the integument. Spectacle scales were found to differ significantly from other scales in their keratin composition, and gecko spectacle scales in particular were found to lack ß keratin, that hard corneous protein thought to be common to all reptile scales. The concluding chapter will discuss where this research has brought the state of our knowledge on the spectacle and offers thoughts on potentially useful avenues for further research.

Various carbon content hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-Si1&iexcl / xCx:H) and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films have been deposited on various substrates by using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) technique. Transmission spectra of these films have been determined within UV-Visible region and the obtained data were analysed to find related physical constants such as / refractive indices, thicknesses, etc. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry technique has been used to determine transmission &amp / reflection type spectra of these films. Obtained data were analysed to determine bond structures of the films. E&reg / ects of relative concentration of ethylene (C2H4) gas on thin film bond structure and on optical constants have been questioned.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFTJ_TESE.pdf: 4834280 bytes, checksum: 1a618560296186081bd6c34117d226be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Thin commercial aluminum electrolytic and passed through reactions was obtained with anodic alumina membranes nanopores. These materials have applications in areas recognized electronic, biomedical, chemical and biological weapons, especially in obtaining nanostructures using these membranes as a substrate or template for processing nanowires, nanodots and nanofibers for applications noble. Previous studies showed that the membranes that have undergone heat treatment temperature to 1300? C underwent changes in morphology, crystal structure and optical properties. This aim, this thesis, a study of the heat treatment of porous anodic alumina membranes, in order to obtain and to characterize the behavior changes structures during the crystallization process of the membranes, at temperatures ranging between 300 and 1700? C. It was therefore necessary to mount a system formed by a tubular furnace resistive alumina tube and controlled environment, applying flux with special blend of Ag-87% and 13% N2, in which argon had the role of carrying out the oxygen nitrogen system and induce the closing of the pores during the densification of the membrane. The duration of heat treatment ranged from 60 to 15 minutes, at temperatures from 300 to 1700? C respectively. With the heat treatment occurred: a drastic reduction of porosity, grain growth and increased translucency of the membrane. For the characterization of the membranes were analyzed properties: Physical - thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area; morphological - SEM, EDS through compositional and, optical absorbance, and transmittance in the UV-VIS, and FTIR. The results using the SEM showed that crystallization has occurred, densification and significant changes in membrane structure, as well as obtaining microtube, the BET analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area of the membranes has to 44.381 m2.g-1 to less than 1.8 m2.g-1 and in the analysis of transmittance and absorbance was found a value of 16.5% in the range of 800 nm, characteristic of the near infrared and FTIR have confirmed the molecular groups of the material. Thus, one can say that the membranes were mixed characteristics and properties which qualify for use in gas filtration system, as well as applications in the range of optical wavelength of the infra-red, and as a substrate of nanomaterials. This requires the continuation and deepening of additional study / L?minas delgadas de alum?nio comercial passaram por rea??es eletrol?ticas e obtiveram-se membranas de alumina an?dica com nanoporos. Estes materiais t?m reconhecidas aplica??es nas ?reas eletr?nicas, biom?dicas, qu?micas e biol?gicas, principalmente, na obten??o de nanoestruturas utilizando estas membranas como substrato ou molde para processamento de nanofios, nanopontos e nanofibras para aplica??es nobres. Estudos anteriores apontaram que as membranas que passaram por tratamentos t?rmicos at? a temperatura de 1300? C, sofreram altera??es na morfologia, na estrutura cristalina e nas propriedades ?pticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo do tratamento t?rmico de membranas de alumina an?dica porosas, com o intuito de obter e caracterizar as altera??es de comportamento das estruturas, durante o processo de cristaliza??o das membranas, em temperaturas que variaram entre 300 e 1700? C. Assim, foi necess?rio montar um sistema formado por um forno resistivo tubular e tubo de alumina com ambiente controlado, aplicando fluxo com mistura especial de Ar-87% e N2-13%, no qual o arg?nio teve o papel de carrear o oxig?nio para fora do sistema e o nitrog?nio de induzir o fechamento dos poros, durante a densifica??o das membranas. A dura??o dos tratamentos t?rmicos variou de 60 a 15 minutos, para as temperaturas de 300 at? 1700? C respectivamente. Com o tratamento t?rmico ocorreu redu??o dr?stica da porosidade, crescimento do gr?o e aumento da translucidez da membrana. Para a caracteriza??o das membranas, foram feitas an?lises das propriedades: f?sica - termogravim?trica; difra??o de raios-X, ?rea superficial BET; morfol?gica - MEV, composicional atrav?s do EDS; e, ?ptica - transmit?ncia e absorb?ncia no UV-VIS e FTIR. Os resultados por meio do MEV mostraram que ocorreu cristaliza??o, densifica??o e mudan?as significativas na estrutura das membranas, bem como, a obten??o de microtubo; a an?lise de BET constatou uma diminui??o na ?rea superficial espec?fica das membranas que passou de 44,381m2.g-1, para menos de 1,8m2.g-1; na an?lise de transmit?ncia e absorb?ncia foi encontrado um valor de 16,5 % na faixa de 800nm, caracter?stico do infravermelho pr?ximo e no FTIR foram confirmadas os grupos moleculares do material. Assim, pode-se afirmar que as membranas apresentaram caracter?sticas mistas e propriedades que as qualificam para o uso em sistema de filtra??o de gases, bem como, de aplica??es ?ticas na faixa do comprimento de onda do Infravermelho, e como substrato de nanomateriais. Isto requer a continuidade e aprofundamento em estudos complementares

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do preparo e caracterização de dispositivos eletrocrômicos (ECD - electrochromic devices) contendo filmes finos de azul da Prússia (PB) como camada eletrocrômica, CeO2-TiO2 como contra-eletrodo e eletrólitos à base de polímeros contendo glicerol, formaldeído e γ-butirolactona. Os filmes finos de azul da Prússia foram preparados pelo método de eletrodeposição galvanostática e usados para montagem de dispositivos eletrocrômicos com eletrólitos de composição polimérica variada. Os filmes finos foram caracterizados através de medidas de densidade de carga, voltametria cíclica e transmitância no UV-Vis, além de análises morfológicas por microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e microscopia de varredura eletrônica (MEV), elipsometria, medidas de espessura, ângulo de contato e eficiência de coloração. O filme eletrodepositado por 300 s apresentou densidade de carga de 1,62 mC.cm-2 e 0,98 de reversibilidade com rugosidade de 17,7 nm, espessura de 315 nm via elipsometria e 216 nm via perfilometria. A eficiência de coloração calculada foi de 131,4 cm2.C-1 e os valores de ângulo de contato e energia livre de superfície também foram calculadas. As análises voltamétricas dos filmes finos revelaram picos característicos dos processos de oxidação e redução e as análises espectroscópicas apresentaram variação de transmitância de 71,6 % em 686 nm em solução eletrolítica de KCL 1 mol.L-1. Foram preparados e caracterizados dispositivos com eletrólitos a base de gelatina comercial com sal LiClO4; poli(vinil butirato) (PVB) com par iônico LiI/I2; PVB com LiClO4; PVB com par iônico LiI/I2+disperse red; ágar com LiClO4; ágar com sal Eu(CF3SO3)3; DNA com LiClO4; DNA com sal Er(CF3SO3)3; pectina com LiClO4; HPC com ácido acético; HPC com LiClO4 e PVDF com LiClO4. Dentre os resultados obtidos, os melhores resultados de densidade de carga de 10,1 e 8,5 mC.cm-2 foram obtidos para os dispositivos com eletrólitos de HPC e pectina, ambas com sal LiClO4. Voltamogramas cíclicos das amostras estudadas revelaram picos anódicos e catódicos referentes à extração e inserção de íons de lítio e/ou prótons, e elétrons no filme de PB. As análises de transmitância em 686 nm entre o estado colorido e descolorido dos dispositivos mostraram os valores de 40,2% para a janela contendo eletrólito à base de gelatina com LiClO4 e 35,2 % para a janela com ágar e sal Eu(CF3SO3). Além disso, também foi verificada a estabilidade dos dispositivos revelando a duração entre 400 a 2200 ciclos cronoamperométricos, dependendo do eletrólito usado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os dispositivos estudados neste trabalho são potenciais candidatos para aplicações práticas em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. / This work presents the results of the preparation and characterization of electrochromic devices (ECDs) containing a thin film of Prussian blue (PB) as electrochromic layer, CeO2-TiO2 as a counter electrode and electrolytes based on polymers containing glycerol, formaldehyde, and γ-butyrolactone. Thin films of Prussian blue were prepared by galvanostatic electrodeposition method and used for the assembly of electrochromic devices with varying polymer composition of electrolytes. The thin films were characterized by charge density measurements, cyclic voltammetry, transmittance in the UV-Vis, and morphological analyzes such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, there were subjected to ellipsometry, thickness, contact angle, and coloring efficiency measurements. The electrodeposited film of 300 s had charge density of 1.62 mC.cm-2 and 0.98 of reversibility with roughness of 17.7 nm and thickness of 315 nm via ellipsometry and 216 nm via profilometry. The calculated color efficiency was 131.4 cm2.C-1 and the contact angle values and surface free energy were calculated. The voltammetric analyzes of thin films showed characteristic peaks of oxidation and reduction processes and spectroscopic analysis showed 71.6% transmittance variation at 686 nm in 1 mol.L-1 KCL electrolyte solution. ECD were prepared and characterized, using electrolytes such as commercial gelatin with LiClO4 salt; poly (vinyl butyrate) (PVB) with ion pair LiI/I2; PVB with LiClO4; PVB with ion pair LiI/I2 + disperse red; agar with LiClO4; agar with Eu(CF3SO3)3 salt; DNA with LiClO4; DNA with Er(CF3SO3)3 salt; pectin with LiClO4; HPC with acetic acid; HPC with LiClO4 and PVDF LiClO4. The best results of charge density of 8.5 and 10.1 mC.cm-2 were obtained for devices with HPC electrolytes and pectin, both with LiClO4 salt. Cyclic voltammetry of the studied samples revealed anodic and cathodic peaks relating to the extraction and insertion of lithium ions and/or protons and electrons in the PB film. The transmittance at 686 nm analysis between the colored state and discolored windows showed values of 40.2% for the window containing electrolyte of gelatin with LiClO4 and 35.2% for the window with agar and Eu(CF3SO3) salt. Furthermore, the stability of the devices was also recorded revealing the duration between 400-2200 chronoamperometric cycles, depending on the used electrolyte. The results show that the windows studied in this work are potential candidates for electrochromic devices applications.

The diploma thesis is about the reduction of the energy intensity of the existing residential house Merhautova. The design documentation is focused on the thermal insulation of the living area, the replacement of windows and doors according to the variant of the design, accessible entrance to the house, loggia on the south side of the building and the replacement of the roofing. At the beginning of the diploma thesis the experimental part of the thermography was performed. Images of the existing object by the thermal camera were taken and building survey for the design documentation of the current state of the building was performed. Within the theoretical calculations the energy performance certificate was processed in options of the entering the thermal bridges. The energy performance certificate with thermal bridges calculated according to the details was compared with the energy performance certificate with estimated thermal bridges. A comparison of two options of the replacement of windows and doors was made in realation of the energy intesity of the building. A preliminary budget of these two options was also calculated with regard to the expected simple return on investment due to the heat saving.

In the past few years, studies regarding new bio-based materials have led to an increased attention in the nanoscale product of cellulose, called nanocellulose. This biodegradable and renewable material has interesting physical, optical and thermal properties. The optical properties could be affected by tuning the nanostructure of the material, which makes it interesting for further investigation. The promising properties of nanocellulose can be useful in many different applications. The aim of this work was therefore to study the optical properties of nanocellulose, and to examine if the material is suitable for spectral design of camouflage or in passive cooling applications. The optical properties of a nanocellulose, specifically cellulose nanofiber (CNF), have been studied. Freestanding CNF films and CNF films deposited on glass substrates were made and characterized by spectroscopy, ellipsometry, BRDF measurements, and optical microscopy. The freestanding samples were examined with different CNF concentrations of 0.52% and 1.0%, and different thicknesses. The samples on glass substrates all had a concentration of 1.0% CNF, but with different amount deposited solution which was either drop or spin coated. The freestanding CNF samples show high transmission in the visual region and relatively high emissivity in the atmospheric windows. This implies that it can be used as an effective material for passive radiative cooling. A thicker sample could also be used to increase the emissivity in the atmospheric windows and improve the ability for passive cooling. The low reflectance, and high emissivity in the atmospheric windows can be promising for use in camouflage applications, according to earlier studies. However, the suitable properties are very dependent on the spectral response of the background. Additional measurements need to be performed and more specified scenarios are necessary to draw any further conclusions.

No description available.

La protection des documents fiduciaires et identitaires contre la fraude exige le développement d’outils de contrôle fondés sur des effets visuels sans cesse renouvelés, difficiles à contrefaire (même pour un expert ... de la contrefaçon !). Ce projet de recherche s’inscrit dans cette problématique et vise à apporter des solutions originales via l’impression de supports diffusants d’une part, et le développement de modèles de rendu visuel d’autre part. Les effets visuels recherchés sont des ajustements de couleurs entre les deux faces d’un imprimé lorsque celui-ci est observé par transparence devant une source lumineuse. Pour obtenir facilement des ajustements de couleurs quelles que soient les couleurs visées, il est capital d’avoir un modèle à disposition, permettant de calculer les quantités d’encre à déposer. Un modèle doit être capable de prédire les facteurs spectraux de réflexion et de transmission du support imprimé en décrivant les phénomènes de diffusion optique présents en pratique dans les couches d’encre et le support. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux imprimés translucides contenant des couleurs en demi-ton des deux côtés de la surface avec pour objectif de prédire le rendu visuel pour diverses configurations d’observation. Pour cela, nous proposons une nouvelle approche basée sur l’utilisation de matrices de transfert de flux pour prédire les facteurs spectraux de réflexion et de transmission des imprimés lorsqu’ils sont éclairés simultanément des deux côtés. En représentant le comportement optique des différents composants d’un imprimé par des matrices de transfert, la description des transferts de flux entre ces composantes s’en trouve simplifiée. Ce cadre mathématique mène à la construction de modèles de prédiction de couleurs imprimées en demi-ton sur des supports diffusants. Nous montrons par ailleurs que certains modèles existants, comme le modèle de Kubelka-Munk ou encore le modèle de Clapper-Yule, peuvent également être formulés en termes de matrices de transfert. Les résultats obtenus avec les modèles proposés dans ce travail mettent en évidence des qualités de prédiction équivalentes, voire supérieures, à celles qu’on retrouve dans l’état de l’art, tout en proposant une simplification de la formulation mathématique et de la description physique des échanges de flux. Cette simplification fait de ces modèles des outils de calcul qui s’utilisent très facilement, notamment pour la détermination des quantités d’encre à déposer sur les deux faces de l’imprimé afin d’obtenir des ajustements de couleurs / The protection of banknotes or identity documents against counterfeiting demands the development of control tools based on visual effects that are continuously renewed. These visual effects become thus difficult to counterfeit even by an expert forger ! This research tries to deal with that issue. Its objective is to bring new solutions using on the one side, the printing of diffusing materials, and on the other side the development of visual rendering models that can be observed. The visual effects that are sought-after are the color matching on both sides of a printed document when observed against thelight. To easily obtain a color matching, whatever the colors that are aimed for, it is essential to have a model that helps in calculating the quantity of ink to be left on the document. A model must be used to predict the spectral reflectance and the transmittance factors of the printed document by describing the phenomena of optical diffusion really present in the ink layers and in the document. We shall focus our interest especially on translucent printed documents that have halftone colors on both sides. Our goal here is to predict the visual rendering in different configurations of observation. To that end, we are offering a new approach based on the use of flux transfer matrices to predict the spectral reflectance and transmittance factors of prints when they are simultaneously lit up on both sides. By representing with transfer matrices the optical behavior of the different components present in a printed document, we see that the description of flux transfer between these elements is thus simplified. This mathematical framework leads to the construction of prediction models of halftone printed colors on diffusing materials. We also show that some existing models, such as the Kubelka-Munk or the Clapper-Yule models, can also be formulated in transfer matrices terms. The results that we get with the models used in this work make apparent identical prediction quality and in some cases even better ones to the ones found in the state of the art, while offering a simplification of the mathematical formulation and the physical description of the flux transfer. This simplification thus transforms these models into calculation tools that can easily be used especially for the choice of quantities of ink that must be left on both sides of the document in order to obtain color matching

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a influência da transmitância térmica da envolvente opaca (paredes e coberturas) e de outros parâmetros (cor das superfícies exteriores, ventilação natural e inércia térmica) que interferem no desempenho térmico de edifícios habitacionais de interesse social no clima da cidade de São Carlos, SP. Após levantamento de dados em construtoras e em órgãos públicos e privados ligados à habitações, foi selecionado um modelo unifamiliar térreo representativo desta tipologia para a análise. Como a pesquisa baseia-se em simulações paramétricas de desempenho térmico, inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre padrões de modelagem de habitações, identificando quais elementos são mais relevantes. Definidos os parâmetros da modelagem, procede-se à verificação dos valores máximos de propriedades da envoltória prescritos na norma NBR 15575 - Edificações habitacionais - Desempenho, e no regulamento RTQ-R: Regulamento técnico da qualidade para o nível de eficiência energética em edificações residenciais. Esta análise fornece indícios sobre a dificuldade em fixar valores desta propriedade para o fechamento opaco, uma vez que seu desempenho é definido pelas características da envoltória como um todo. Por fim, são realizadas três séries de simulações paramétricas, variando-se a transmitância térmica de paredes e coberturas, a inércia das paredes externas, as cores das superfícies expostas à radiação solar, o aproveitamento de ventilação natural e o uso de cargas internas (ocupação, iluminação e equipamentos). De acordo com os resultados, verifica-se que os melhores desempenhos térmicos estão associados a baixos valores de transmitância da envoltória opaca das habitações. Contudo, percebe-se que as faixas de valores tornam-se muito tênues quando analisa-se o desempenho conjunto dos parâmetros da envoltória. Conclui-se que há uma dificuldade no estabelecimento dos limites de transmitância sem considerar a totalidade de fatores que influem no comportamento térmico da habitação. Isso implica em uma análise conjunta dos materiais de paredes e coberturas e das cores das superfícies exteriores (transmitância, capacidade térmica e absortância). Além disso, critérios que considerem períodos de verão e inverno de acordo com predominância no clima da cidade e ainda outras características, como porcentagem de área envidraçada por orientação de fachada, devem ser considerados nas análises. / The main objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the thermal transmittance of the opaque envelope (walls and roof) and other parameters (color of the exterior surfaces, natural ventilation and thermal mass) that affect the thermal performance of social housing in the city of São Carlos, SP. After a research in public and private agencies related to housing construction, a single-family model was selected for the studies. First, it was carried out a study on parameters of the simulation models, identifying which elements are most relevant for the software. Defined the parameters of the models, it was made a verification of maximum values of properties of the envelope prescribed in the standard NBR 15575 - Residential Buildings - Performance and in the regulation RTQ -R: Technical Regulation for the quality level of energy efficiency in residential buildings. This analysis provides evidence of the difficulty of setting values of this property (U-value) for the opaque envelope, since its performance is defined by the thermal characteristics of the envelope as a whole. Finally, it was made three series of parametric simulations varying the thermal transmittance of walls and roofs, the thermal inertia of the external walls, the colors of the surfaces exposed to solar radiation, the use of natural ventilation and the use of internal loads (occupancy, lighting and equipment). The results indicate that the best performances are associated with low thermal transmittance of the opaque envelope of housing. However, it is clear that the ranges of transmittance values become very tenuous when we analyze the performance of all parameters of the envelope. We conclude that to establish limits of transmittance values results is an incomplete analysis of the thermal performance of the building. It is necessary to consider all factors that influence the thermal behavior of housing, which involves the analysis of the materials of walls and roofs and the colors of exterior surfaces. It is also important to adopt different criteria to consider summer and winter according to predominance in the climate of the city, and to consider in the analysis the percentage of glass area of the exterior envelope.