Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa Maria Neves Abade.pdf: 744784 bytes, checksum: e107327e59a55bd37a1558ba31f36b93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-08 / The ongoing transformation of humanity in search of better quality of life caused over the years, several scientific studies. The advances of modern science, especially related to the human body were becoming reality, and for this reason, there was growing concern in the band of fundamental rights. The transplantation of organs, is a fruit of the development of modern science, whose task involves a dichotomy between individual and collective interests, requiring therefore the involvement of the state. The moment of death is subject guarded in law, which is controversial and complex and in need of legal determinants. The theme of this study focuses on the understanding of these aspects in the law of organ transplantation. It was analyzed for both the law itself, the basic concept of transplantation and its historical development and legislation. The principle of human dignity, how to format the new concept of citizenship as well as other fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, were also analyzed. Focusing on the issue of consent, the initial choice of the legislature called by the model of consent "assumed", the amendment introduced by MP No 1718/98, later pacified by Law 10211/01, and the legal, requirements for validity of consent, its free and revocability. Finally, the study concludes with a description of the existing articles of Law No. 9. 434/97 and the amendments of the Law 10211/01, emphasizing the criminal aspects, and the legislature's purpose in punishing criminal conduct planned there. It is concluded that this law needs to change, with the exception of open type, suggesting that types are anticipating the outcome of death for fraud, the creation of intermediate types, and application of extrapenais purposes of sentencing / As permanentes transformações da humanidade, em busca de melhor qualidade de vida desencadearam, ao longo dos anos, vários estudos científicos. Os avanços da ciência moderna, mormente vinculadas ao corpo humano, foram se tornando realidade e, por esta razão, houve crescente preocupação no resguardo dos direitos fundamentais. O transplante de órgãos é um dos frutos da evolução da ciência moderna, cuja realização envolve uma dicotomia entre o interesse individual e coletivo, exigindo, assim, a intervenção do Estado. O momento da morte é assunto resguardado nesta lei, sendo este polêmico e complexo, com necessidade de determinantes legais. O tema deste estudo focaliza a compreensão destes aspectos na lei de transplante de órgãos. Analisou-se para tanto, a lei propriamente dita, o básico conceito de transplante e sua evolução histórica e também legislativa. O princípio da dignidade humana, como formador do novo conceito de cidadania, bem como os demais direitos fundamentais, assegurados pela Constituição Federal, foram também analisados. Enfocou-se o aspecto do consentimento, a opção inicial do legislador pelo modelo de consentimento chamado "presumido", a alteração introduzida pela MP nº 1.718/98, posteriormente pacificada pela Lei 10.211/01, bem como a natureza jurídica, os requisitos para a validade do consentimento, sua gratuidade e revogabilidade. Finalmente, culmina o estudo com a descrição dos artigos da Lei vigente nº 9.434/97, bem como as alterações da lei nº 10.211/01, enfatizando os aspectos penais, bem como o objetivo do legislador em punir as condutas criminosas ali previstas. Conclui-se que referida lei necessita de alterações, com a exclusão de tipos abertos, sugerindo tipos que façam a previsão do resultado morte a título de dolo, a criação de tipos intermediários, bem como aplicação de efeitos extrapenais da condenação

The views of medical doctors regarding organ donation and transplantation in the Durban Metropolitan Region were examined in an exploratory and explanatory study, which included a descriptive, convenience sampled study of 43 graduate and postgraduate professionals, practicing in the private and provincial sectors. Characteristics were obtained from a 1 D6-item questionnaire that were later divided into component contributions according to Fazio's attitude to behavior process model (Fazio, 1989; Fazio & RoskosEewoldson, 1994). Variables which were analysed included personal demographics, personal views, knowledge and skills, practice-related issues, attitudes and perceptions as well as future recommendations. Analysis of the information revealed that most medical doctors approved of organ donation practices and viewed transplantation as a significant roleplayer in both the community and medical sectors. However, a knowledge and skills deficit combined with religious presumptions and general uncertainty regarding issues surrounding the practical, legal and emotional concepts of brain death may be responsible for the relatively low personal dedication and practice participation rate among the sample. Medical doctors from the provincial sector appeared to have considerable concerns which included: time constraints; a perceived lack of support from colleagues, nurses and hospital administrators; a lack of medico-Iegal awareness relating to organ donation and brain death and a scarcity of experience and insight into the transplant process. In order to address the paucity of awareness pertaining to brain death and organ donation activities, the findings indicate that formal and interactive education programs during the undergraduate, postgraduate and medical development phases are required in which issues surrounding death and dying can be explored by a multidisciplinary team. It appears that this team must comprise of doctors, lawyers, religious leaders, psychologists, administrators, nurses, donor families and transplant co-ordinators. This development may serve to emphasize the professional importance of holistic bereavement counseling, improve doctor and patient satisfaction, increase organ donation referrals and transplantation rates as well as diminish medico-Iegal concerns. / Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Acute allograft rejection remains a major problem in solid organ transplantation, because rejection may lead to acute or chronic loss of graft function. The failure of certain anti-rejection prophylactic treatments suggests that several unexpected pathways might be involved in the rejection process.<p>The aim of our experiments was to investigate the effector mechanisms responsible for skin graft rejection in mice. To adress this question, we took advantage of the possibility to restrict the alloimmune response to isolated allogeneic MHC class II molecules or to isolated minor transplantation antigens, combined with the possibility to study separately the response of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in mice deficient for Th1 or Th2 cytokines or cytotoxic molecules. We used the bm12 skin graft combination (C57BL/6 H2Kbm12 grafted on C57BL/6 H2Kb) as a model of single MHC class II disparity and the b2microglobulin skin graft model (C57BL/6 b2m+/+ grafted on C57BL/6 b2m-/-) as a model of minor transplantation antigen disparity. Our goal was to engage a limited number of effectors, trying in a second time to block each rejection pathway selectively. <p>We showed that Fas/FasL-mediated CD4+ T cells cytotoxicity, eosinophil recruitment, activation and degranulation induced by Th2 derived cytokines, and CD4-derived IFN-g production are involved in the rejection of grafts bearing either a single MHC class II disparity or b2m-derived minor histocompatibilty antigens. In addition, rejection of MHC class II disparate skin grafts also includes the participation of neutrophils, in particular conditions where the occurrence of the Th2/eosinophil pathway was prevented. <p>Altogether, our data show a multiplicity and a redundancy of the effector pathways participating in allograft rejection. Among the different effectors pathways identified, including effectors from both innate and adaptive immune systems, some act synergistically, whereas others act as alternative pathways, depending of the degree of donor-recipient mismatch. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), resulting from immunological attack on target organs such as gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver and skin from donor allogeneic T cells. The most common treatment for GVHD is immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids, which may result in many side effects including the loss of the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect and increased infection rates. However, GVHD-specific drugs have yet to be implemented. Here we show that by targeting on a novel pathogenic CD4+ T cell subpopulation that our lab previously found in patients with GI GVHD, we can develop new avenues to treat GVHD. This novel population is characterized as CD146+CCR5+ T cells, co-expressing IL-17A and IFN-γ. We found that the inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), which has been reported to be important for human Th17 differentiation in vitro, is critical for the development of this nonconventional T Helper 1 (Th1*)-polarized CD146+CCR5+ conventional T cells (Tconvs) population. Furthermore, we found that ICOS can induce the generation of Th1*-polarized CD146+CCR5+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) population, lowering the frequencies of phenotypic markers of functional Tregs. Our data also showed that inhibiting the major transcriptional factor of Th17, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt), could prevent the development of CD146+CCR5+ Tconvs in vitro. Our results demonstrate how pathogenic CD146+CCR5+ T cells are induced through ICOS or RORγt, suggesting new targets for GVHD treatment. We anticipate our assay to be a starting point for the development of novel GVHD-specific drugs. For example, the treatments that focus on inhibiting RORγ would have fewer side effects than general immunosuppressive drugs that GVHD patients use today and inhibit GVHD while sparing the GVL effect. Furthermore, we expect the CD146+CCR5+ Tconvs and/or Tregs can be used as GVHD biomarkers. These biomarkers may guide preemptive treatments such as RORγt inhibitor.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Living donors have contributed about 6,000 kidneys per year in the past 10 years, but more than 100,000 individuals are still waiting for a kidney transplant. Living kidney donors undergo a major surgical procedure without direct medical benefit to themselves, but comprehensive follow-up information on living donors’ health is unfortunately limited. Expert recommendations suggest capturing clinical information beyond traditional sources to improve surveillance of co-morbid conditions from living kidney donors. Currently the United Network for Organ Sharing is responsible for collecting and reporting follow-up data for all living donors from U.S. transplant centers. Under policy implemented in February of 2013, transplant centers must submit follow-up date for two years after donation, but current processes often yield to incomplete and untimely reporting. This dissertation uses a statewide Health Information Exchange as a new clinical data source to 1) retrospectively identify a cohort of living kidney donors, 2) understand their follow-up care patterns, and 3) observe selected clinical outcomes including hypertension, diabetes and post-donation renal function.

The use of quality-of-life as an outcome measure provides detailed information about the effectiveness of medical treatments than morbidity or mortality rates alone. The use of quality-of-life data in the clinical setting can inform patients regarding treatment options, treatment benefits and costs. In competing health care markets, outcome measurement is regarded as important as it is concerned with the impact of health care practice and affects health policy decisions. Doessel (1978) conducted the first Australian study on the cost-effectiveness analysis of renal replacement therapies. The study was based on Klarman, Francis & Rosenthal's (1968) the study, where the output was measured in terms of the number of life years gained from kidney transplantation, and a twenty-five percent weight was allocated in an attempt to capture quality-of-life from kidney transplantation. Doessel (1978) used two sources of data: Australian data (Disney 1974) and European data (Gurland et al. 1973; Shiel et al. 1974). The study measured life years gained, and agreed with the Klarman et al. (1974) findings that transplantation is the most effective way to increase life expectancy of persons with chronic renal disease (Butler & Doessel 1989). The outputs of the alternative treatments were not reported in monetary terms; the study focused on life years gained as the output measure. Hence the importance of this current study, which includes a cost-effectiveness analysis for cadaver liver, and living kidney transplantation for end-stage liver and kidney disease patients. Calls to respect patient autonomy and to produce patient-centered outcomes have recently brought the patient’s point of view back into the center of clinical medicine (Sullivan 2003). Survival rates indicate one measure of outcome however they do not reflect patients’ perceptions of health benefit or experiences. Noting that patients’ psychosocial effect on functioning is of more concern to them than their physical Thesis Preamble iii ability, that more accurate knowledge of patients’ conditions be measured prior to transplantation (Tarter et al. 1991). Recently researchers advocated investigating transplant patients' states of health to assess the social benefit of these expensive health care services from their perspective (Joralemon & Fujinaga 1997). The current study's mixed method, bridges the gaps in treatment outcome measurements, as the mixed method applied (Creswell 1994; Sim & Sharp 1998) prospectively measured quality-oflife, determined health utility, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The study reported the living donors experience of the donation process, described their needs; expressed using a new psychosocial model supporting future living kidney donor's during the donation process.

Le rejet d’allogreffe dépend de la reconnaissance d’antigènes d’histocompatibilité étrangers par le système immunitaire du receveur. En l'absence de thérapies immunosuppressives, la réaction inflammatoire éventuelle conduit à la destruction rapide du tissu transplanté. Le rôle critique joué par les lymphocytes T CD4+ dans le rejet aigu d'allogreffe est bien établi. Cependant, les contributions respectives des lymphocytes CD4+ Th1 et Th2 dans la réaction de rejet sont controversées. Alors que le rôle des cellules Th1 dans la pathogénèse du rejet est bien établi, l'hypothèse que les cellules Th2 favorisent l'acceptation de la greffe est invalide puisque ces cellules sont capables de déclencher des voies alternatives de rejet. En effet, la fonction effectrice des lymphocytes Th2 a été démontrée dans beaucoup de modèles de rejet de greffe ou de tumeur, et dans la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte. Les caractéristiques principales du rejet de type Th2 sont sa dépendance envers la production d'IL-4 et d'IL-5, le recrutement d'éosinophiles au site du rejet, et son inhibition par les lymphocytes T CD8+ alloréactifs. Les éosinophiles activés exercent leur activité cytotoxique par la libération de plusieurs molécules cytotoxiques comme l’EDN, l’ECP, la MBP et l’EPO. Ces molécules sont probablement responsables de la capacité des éosinophies à affecter la perméabilité vasculaire et à induire des dégâts tissulaires dans les organes rejetés.<p><p>L'interleukine 9 (IL-9) est une cytokine produite par les lymphocytes T qui joue un rôle important dans les voies effectrices Th2. Dans la littérature, l’IL-9 est fortement associée au développement de l’éosinophilie tissulaire. Dans notre première étude, nous avons analysé le rôle joué par l'IL-9 dans le rejet d'allogreffe bm12 par des souris B6 (pour C57BL/6), un modèle dans le lequel une simple disparité au niveau de la molécule du CMH de classe II favorise une réaction inflammatoire de type Th2. Dans ce modèle, de faible alloantigénicité, les greffes cardiaques bm12 survivent presque indéfiniment dans les receveurs B6 (>60 jours). Nos expériences ont été conçues afin de savoir si l’expression de l’IL-9 au niveau de la greffe pouvait modifier la survie de greffes cardiaques exprimant les alloantigènes bm12. Nous avons ainsi montré que la production locale d’IL-9 induit le rejet des allogreffes cardiaques exprimant l’alloantigène I-Abm12 (survie <30jours). Aucun des organes transgéniques pour l’IL-9 n’a survécu plus de 30 jours alors que des greffes non transgéniques ne furent pas rejetées (>50 jours). L’analyse histologique des allogreffes cardiaques transgéniques pour l’IL-9 montre une infiltration cellulaire dense du myocarde. La composante principale de cet infiltrat est la présence de nombreux éosinophiles. <p><p>Pour étudier la contribution des cytokines de type Th2, comme l’IL-4 et l’IL-5, dans le rejet des cœurs transgéniques pour l’IL-9, nous avons sélectivement bloqué ces cytokines lors du processus de rejet. Le traitement avec des anticorps neutralisant l’IL-4 bloque complètement le rejet induit par l’IL-9 et permet la survie à long terme des allogreffes cardiaques. Au point de vue de l’histologie ces greffes ne montrent ni infiltration leucocytaire ni artériopathie. Afin de déterminer si l’infiltration éosinophilique induite par l’IL-9 provient de l’activité directe de l’IL-9 ou est le résultat de la sécrétion d’IL-5, un traitement avec un anticorps anti-IL-5 a été appliqué aux receveurs d'allogreffe cardiaque. Ce traitement augmente la survie de la majorité des allogreffes et modifie de manière marquée la composition de l’infiltrat cellulaire en prévenant le recrutement des éosinophiles. De manière intéressante, les cœurs transgéniques pour l’IL-9 qui survivent indéfiniment après le traitement anti-IL-5 arborent une importante fibrose. <p><p>A la différence du cœur bm12, la peau bm12 greffée sur un receveur B6 subit un rejet rapide et l'histologie des greffes rejetées révèle la présence d'infiltrats denses à éosinophiles. Notre laboratoire a montré que ce processus de rejet est dirigé par les lymphocytes T CD4+ alloréactifs et que les souris B6 déficientes pour l'IL-5 et la voie de cytotoxicité Fas/Fas-L sont incapables de rejeter des peaux bm12. Nos premiers résultats laissaient supposer un rôle pour l'IL-9 dans notre modèle de rejet de greffes en disparité des molécules du CMH de classe II: premièrement, nous avions observé la production d'IL-9 par les lymphocytes T de type Th2 alloréactifs et deuxièmement, l'ARNm d'IL-9 était fortement exprimé au niveau des allogreffes de peaux rejetées. C’est pourquoi, la survie de peaux bm12, déficientes pour la molécule Fas, greffées sur des receveurs B6 déficients pour l'IL-9 (B6.IL-9-/-) a été comparée avec celle de peaux transplantées sur des receveurs B6. Nous avons montré que, comme les souris B6 normales, les animaux B6.IL-9-/- rejettent leur greffe dans les 15 jours. Donc, contrairement à l'IL-5, l'IL-9 n'est pas essentielle pour le rejet de peau dirigé par les cellules T CD4+ de type Th2 dans notre modèle de disparité des molécules du CMH de classe II.<p><p>Néanmoins, les allogreffes de peaux, dans notre modèle de disparité des molécules du CMH de classe II, contiennent moins d’éosinophiles lorsqu’elles sont rejetées par des receveurs déficients pour la synthèse d’IL-9 (IL-9-/-). En plus du modèle bm12, nous avons également observé un rôle de l’IL-9 dans un autre modèle de rejet Th2. Il a été montré par notre laboratoire que le rejet d’allogreffes cardiaques Balb/c complètement incompatibles par des souris receveuses B6.CD8-/- est caractérisé par le recrutement d’éosinophiles dans l’organe rejeté (106). Dans celui-ci, l’ARNm de l’IL-9 est présent pendant le rejet, de même que l’IL-4 et l’IL-5 et les greffes rejetées par des receveurs IL-9-/- contiennent moins d’éosinophiles par rapport à des receveurs contrôles. Les mécanismes par lesquels l’IL-9 induit le recrutement des éosinophiles ne sont pas complètement connus.<p><p>L’IL-5 est considérée comme la cytokine clé pour le développement de l’éosinophilie. De plus, le rejet aigu des cœurs transgéniques pour l’IL-9 est caractérisé par une infiltration massive d'éosinophiles et est inhibé lors de la neutralisation de l'IL-5. Nous avons entrepris la seconde étude pour investiguer le lien fonctionnel entre l’IL-9 et l’IL-5 dans le rejet d’allogreffe, ce qui permettra de mieux comprendre le recrutement des éosinophiles par l’IL-9.<p><p>Bien que le rejet ne soit pas inhibé par le manque d’IL-9, les allogreffes rejetées par les souris déficientes en IL-9 contiennent moins d’éosinophiles par rapport à des souris contrôles et présentent une production plus faible d’IL-5 par les cellules T alloréactives. De manière intéressante, la production optimale d’IL-5 après une stimulation allogénique requiert un récepteur à l’IL-9 (IL-9R) fonctionnel sur les cellules répondeuses. De plus, l’infiltration d’éosinophiles induite par l’IL-9 est absente dans des peaux transplantées sur des receveurs déficients pour le récepteur de l’IL-9. Finalement, la production d’IL-5 par des cellules T CD4+ stimulées par l’anti-CD3 est abolie par la neutralisation de l’IL-9. <p><p>En conclusion, nous pouvons dire que l'IL-9 est capable d'induire un rejet de type Th2, caractérisé par une forte infiltration d’éosinophiles et une dépendance à l'IL-5 et à l'IL-4. Notre étude montre également que l’IL-9 peut agir directement sur les cellules T CD4+ pour induire leur capacité à sécréter de l’IL-5. Cependant, l’IL-9 n’est pas indispensable au processus de rejet Th2 et il est probable que lorsque l’IL-9 est bloquée d'autres cytokines soient capables de compenser son absence. Notre étude permet une meilleure compréhension des voies complexes du recrutement des éosinophiles.<p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished