Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela necessidade de desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para elaboração de índices de preços para os fretes de cargas agroindustriais no Brasil. O estudo das principais fórmulas utilizadas na elaboração dos índices culminou com a apresentação de um ranking segundo sua superioridade no atendimento às aproximações. Concluiu-se que os índices de Fisher e Walsh são aqueles capazes de atender ao maior número de preceitos lógicos, estatísticos e econômicos. Em seguida surgem os índices geométricos de Vartia, Törnqvist e Theil. Os índices de Laspeyres e Paasche, apesar de apresentarem algumas sérias limitações, acabam sendo amplamente utilizados na prática devido à fácil operacionalização. A pesquisa sobre os índices existentes para o transporte ratifica a idéia de que o Índice de Laspeyres é o mais utilizado. Essa análise ainda mostrou que os índices geralmente são elaborados com rotas bem definidas, para modais e tipo de carga bem definidos. A presente pesquisa apresentou um estudo de caso objetivando avaliar as variações nos procedimentos possíveis para a elaboração dos índices. A utilização de um estudo específico é justificada pela necessidade de se avaliar empiricamente os resultados obtidos a partir de índices distintos. Nesse sentido, foi escolhido o transporte rodoviário da soja a granel no Brasil. Foram realizados quatro tratamentos. Os tratamentos 1 e 4 mostraram-se mais adequados para a obtenção de um índice para o nível geral de frete. O primeiro, entretanto, apresenta baixa capacidade em fornecer informações mais desagregadas (sub-índices), uma vez que apresenta apenas agrupamento por faixas de distância. O quarto tratamento, por utilizar equações do preço em função da distância, deve ser considerado com ressalvas no fornecimento de sub-índices específicos. A principal vantagem que se espera desse tratamento é o conhecimento do nível geral dos preços sem perda de informações. Esse tratamento, sob o ponto de vista das aproximações, parece bastante razoável: atende à maior parte dos testes axiomáticos, está baseado em fundamentos estatísticos sólidos e utiliza uma função econômica que, estimada, fornece uma relação entre preço e quantidade. Os tratamentos 2 e 3, por sua vez, procuraram, por meio da desagregação, dispor de uma maior riqueza de informações, apresentando sub-índices por faixas de distância e regiões de origem e destino. Contudo, essa vantagem implica um esforço significativamente maior no processo de amostragem. A principal conseqüência de se trabalhar com informações incompletas é a ocorrência de sérias distorções (vieses) nos resultados finais.Em termos de informações para ponderação, foram testadas duas possibilidades: uma através da utilização da própria amostra (a distância percorrida), outra com o uso de informações exógenas (no caso, de uma matriz origem-destino que foi construída para esse fim). Recomenda-se a utilização de matrizes origem-destino, baseando-se no argumento de que isso diminuiria a responsabilidade sobre o processo amostral que, além dos preços, deveria também abranger as quantidades movimentadas. A realização da pesquisa permitiu a obtenção da variação acumulada no nível geral de preços para o transporte rodoviário de soja no Brasil no período entre fevereiro de 1998 e março de 2002. De acordo com os resultados dos tratamentos 1 e 4, essa variação teria sido de 76%. / This research was motivated by the necessity of developing a methodology to elaborate price indexes to cargo freights for agroindustrial products in Brazil. The study on the most used mathematical formulas to elaborate indexes resulted in a ranking that considers their superiority in terms of theoretical approximations. It was concluded that Fisher and Walsh indexes are those that attend most of the logical, statistical and economic principles, followed by the geometric indexes, like Vartia, Törnqvist and Theil. Laspeyres and Paasche, in spite of their limitations, are widely used in practice. The research on the existing transportation indexes ratifies the idea that the Laspeyres is the most used. The analysis also showed that these indexes are generally calculated considering well-defined routes to specific transportation modes and cargoes. A case study was selected to evaluate variations on possible procedures to index elaboration. The utilization of a specific study is justified by the need of empirically evaluating the results to be obtained through different indexes. In view of that, it was chosen the bulk soybean hauled by road transport in Brazil. Four treatments were conducted. The treatments 1 and 4 seemed to be more suitable to calculate an index for a general price level. The first one, nevertheless, shows low capacity to supply less aggregated information, provided that has only items related to different distances groups. The fourth, which uses equations of price in function of distance, should be carefully considered when referring to sub-indexes transparency. The main advantage of this treatment is the knowledge of general price level without information loss. This treatment, under the theorical approach, looks quite reasonable: it attempts to the majority of axiomatic tests, is based on statistics foundation and uses an economic function that, when estimated, gives the relation between price and quantity. The treatments 2 and 3, in their turn, try to rank more information through disaggregation, showing sub-indexes for distances groups and origin and destination regions. On the other side, this advantage causes the need of significantly more efforts (large number of observations) in sampling process. The outcome of incomplete information is the occurrence of distortion (errors) in final results. Related to the weighting system, two possibilities were tested: using the own sample as the main source (traveled distance), or using exogenous information (in this case, from an origin-destination matrix built for this purpose). It’s recommended the employment of origin-destination matrixes, based on the argument that this would reduce the responsibility over the sampling process that, beyond the prices, should comply the volumes that were transported. As a result, it was obtained that the general price level variation of the soybean transported by road in Brazil, between February 1998 and March 2002, was 76%, considering the treatments 1 and 4.

Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela necessidade de desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para elaboração de índices de preços para os fretes de cargas agroindustriais no Brasil. O estudo das principais fórmulas utilizadas na elaboração dos índices culminou com a apresentação de um ranking segundo sua superioridade no atendimento às aproximações. Concluiu-se que os índices de Fisher e Walsh são aqueles capazes de atender ao maior número de preceitos lógicos, estatísticos e econômicos. Em seguida surgem os índices geométricos de Vartia, Törnqvist e Theil. Os índices de Laspeyres e Paasche, apesar de apresentarem algumas sérias limitações, acabam sendo amplamente utilizados na prática devido à fácil operacionalização. A pesquisa sobre os índices existentes para o transporte ratifica a idéia de que o Índice de Laspeyres é o mais utilizado. Essa análise ainda mostrou que os índices geralmente são elaborados com rotas bem definidas, para modais e tipo de carga bem definidos. A presente pesquisa apresentou um estudo de caso objetivando avaliar as variações nos procedimentos possíveis para a elaboração dos índices. A utilização de um estudo específico é justificada pela necessidade de se avaliar empiricamente os resultados obtidos a partir de índices distintos. Nesse sentido, foi escolhido o transporte rodoviário da soja a granel no Brasil. Foram realizados quatro tratamentos. Os tratamentos 1 e 4 mostraram-se mais adequados para a obtenção de um índice para o nível geral de frete. O primeiro, entretanto, apresenta baixa capacidade em fornecer informações mais desagregadas (sub-índices), uma vez que apresenta apenas agrupamento por faixas de distância. O quarto tratamento, por utilizar equações do preço em função da distância, deve ser considerado com ressalvas no fornecimento de sub-índices específicos. A principal vantagem que se espera desse tratamento é o conhecimento do nível geral dos preços sem perda de informações. Esse tratamento, sob o ponto de vista das aproximações, parece bastante razoável: atende à maior parte dos testes axiomáticos, está baseado em fundamentos estatísticos sólidos e utiliza uma função econômica que, estimada, fornece uma relação entre preço e quantidade. Os tratamentos 2 e 3, por sua vez, procuraram, por meio da desagregação, dispor de uma maior riqueza de informações, apresentando sub-índices por faixas de distância e regiões de origem e destino. Contudo, essa vantagem implica um esforço significativamente maior no processo de amostragem. A principal conseqüência de se trabalhar com informações incompletas é a ocorrência de sérias distorções (vieses) nos resultados finais.Em termos de informações para ponderação, foram testadas duas possibilidades: uma através da utilização da própria amostra (a distância percorrida), outra com o uso de informações exógenas (no caso, de uma matriz origem-destino que foi construída para esse fim). Recomenda-se a utilização de matrizes origem-destino, baseando-se no argumento de que isso diminuiria a responsabilidade sobre o processo amostral que, além dos preços, deveria também abranger as quantidades movimentadas. A realização da pesquisa permitiu a obtenção da variação acumulada no nível geral de preços para o transporte rodoviário de soja no Brasil no período entre fevereiro de 1998 e março de 2002. De acordo com os resultados dos tratamentos 1 e 4, essa variação teria sido de 76%. / This research was motivated by the necessity of developing a methodology to elaborate price indexes to cargo freights for agroindustrial products in Brazil. The study on the most used mathematical formulas to elaborate indexes resulted in a ranking that considers their superiority in terms of theoretical approximations. It was concluded that Fisher and Walsh indexes are those that attend most of the logical, statistical and economic principles, followed by the geometric indexes, like Vartia, Törnqvist and Theil. Laspeyres and Paasche, in spite of their limitations, are widely used in practice. The research on the existing transportation indexes ratifies the idea that the Laspeyres is the most used. The analysis also showed that these indexes are generally calculated considering well-defined routes to specific transportation modes and cargoes. A case study was selected to evaluate variations on possible procedures to index elaboration. The utilization of a specific study is justified by the need of empirically evaluating the results to be obtained through different indexes. In view of that, it was chosen the bulk soybean hauled by road transport in Brazil. Four treatments were conducted. The treatments 1 and 4 seemed to be more suitable to calculate an index for a general price level. The first one, nevertheless, shows low capacity to supply less aggregated information, provided that has only items related to different distances groups. The fourth, which uses equations of price in function of distance, should be carefully considered when referring to sub-indexes transparency. The main advantage of this treatment is the knowledge of general price level without information loss. This treatment, under the theorical approach, looks quite reasonable: it attempts to the majority of axiomatic tests, is based on statistics foundation and uses an economic function that, when estimated, gives the relation between price and quantity. The treatments 2 and 3, in their turn, try to rank more information through disaggregation, showing sub-indexes for distances groups and origin and destination regions. On the other side, this advantage causes the need of significantly more efforts (large number of observations) in sampling process. The outcome of incomplete information is the occurrence of distortion (errors) in final results. Related to the weighting system, two possibilities were tested: using the own sample as the main source (traveled distance), or using exogenous information (in this case, from an origin-destination matrix built for this purpose). It’s recommended the employment of origin-destination matrixes, based on the argument that this would reduce the responsibility over the sampling process that, beyond the prices, should comply the volumes that were transported. As a result, it was obtained that the general price level variation of the soybean transported by road in Brazil, between February 1998 and March 2002, was 76%, considering the treatments 1 and 4.

The aim of this thesis is to assess modes of transport and to choose the correct one with the possibility of compressing waste. Depending on key parameters which influence the final price, the most economical option is chosen. These variants are prepared for the following application in the software Neruda. It is necessary to evaluate the system of collection as a whole and to choose realistic and economical transport distances with transfer stations available.

This paper on the environmental impacts of transport purchasing in road freight is to highlight how the adaptive capability of transport chains are affected through collaboration and the aim for sustainability through political regulations and societal demands.This paper is divided into a theoretical framework and an empirical study, followed by the analysis, conclusions and discussions based on the framework and empirical study.The theoretical framework will discuss the different aspects of road freight transport which impact the environment and show the interdependencies of each aspect.The analysis will highlight the empirical chapter with a comparison of the theoretical framework in order to make substantial conclusions.Conclusions among others are that standardization is needed although flexibility and agility is also needed. By standardizing processes, routine measures can be implemented and it creates a sense of certainty within the company. Agility and flexibility can be achieved by adding modular processes which can be implemented if the need for customization arises.Governmental involvement is necessary for the development of infrastructure to minimize traffic congestion and improve the infrastructure for increased reliability, accessibility, and flexibility. By developing the rail infrastructure, a larger share of goods can be transferred via railway and thus reduce the environmental impacts of road freight through intermodal transportation. / Program: Industrial Engineering – Logistics Management

La messagerie est le segment du transport terrestre de marchandises dédié au transport d’envois de détail (colis, sacs, petits lots palettisés) sur des longues distances. Elle s’appuie sur une organisation réticulaire pour traiter conjointement des envois appartenant à différentes chaînes logistiques, afin d’optimiser les capacités de chargement des véhicules. Au cours des vingt dernières années, elle a accompagné le redéploiement des systèmes de production et de distribution dans les territoires, et a intégré les outils de la révolution numérique sur les plans matériel (automatisation) et informationnel (technologies de l’information et de la communication). Dans leurs dimensions techniques et organisationnelles, les réseaux de messagerie n’ont plus grand-chose à voir avec ce qu’ils étaient à la fin du siècle dernier. Pourtant, aucun travail de recherche ne s’est penché sur cette question. Cette thèse propose de caractériser les modalités d’adaptation technique et organisationnelle des réseaux de messagerie aux mutations des systèmes de production et de distribution dans les territoires depuis la fin du XXe siècle. Elle s’appuie sur des informations recueillies auprès de professionnels de la messagerie et des données ouvertes. Elle révèle une multiplication du champ des possibles des envois de messagerie en termes de délais et de couverture géographique, et une segmentation des réseaux de messagerie selon le seul critère de conditionnement des marchandises, déterminant le potentiel d’automatisation de leur traitement dans les réseaux. A l’heure de l’intégration européenne et de la globalisation des chaînes logistiques, cette thèse propose de nouveaux outils pour comprendre le déploiement des réseaux de messagerie dans les territoires / The French concept of “Messagerie” describes both less-than-truckload (LTL) and parcel delivery operations based on network organizations. These transport operations rely on the consolidation and groupage of shipments belonging to different kind of supply chains. In the last two decades, this activity adapted to the evolution of production and distribution systems and has integrated the digital revolution tools in its internal organization. The French LTL and parcels networks have little in common with what they were in the ‘90s. Yet, their transformations are largely ignored in the scientific literature. This thesis proposes an analysis of the organizational and technical adaptation of French LTL and parcels networks to the evolution of the production and distribution systems in the last two decades. It is based on information gathered from professionals and open data. It reveals an extend of the range of possibilities offered by the transport networks in terms of delays and geographic coverage, and a technical specialization of these networks according to the size, weight and packaging of the goods transported, which determine their potential for automation. At a time of globalization, this thesis offers new tools to understand the deployment of transport networks in the territories

The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a certain overview of tourism services provided currently for free. The theoretical part enlightens the theory of price, its marketing mix functions, price tactics, strategies and its impact on a company image. Furthermore, the benefits of tourism are described as well as the satellite travel account and the unofficial account of WTTC. In connection with this the multiplying effect, grey and shared economy are introduced. In the practical part an overview of services provided for free is created and the implications are also stated. Those were found out via academic studies, interviews and e-mail communication with respondents. The result of this thesis is a summary of implications connected with each type of free tourism services.

The thesis deals with Hong Kong in terms of logistics, economy and foreign trade. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the current status of Hong Kong in international trade and transport. Partial objectives of the thesis include answering the question of logistics and infrastructure facilities sufficiency and analysing Hong Kong's status within the principle One Country, Two Systems. In terms of methodology, the thesis works with time comparison, relation analysis, root cause analysis and deduction. The paper is divided into four parts. The first one deals with logistics from the general and theoretical point of view. The second part focuses on Hong Kong economy development after 1997. In the third part, Hong Kong foreign trade development from 1980s until now is analysed and the last part deals with transport and logistics in Hong Kong.