Many omics-level studies have been undertaken on Aiptasia, however, our understanding of the genes and processes associated with symbiosis regulation and maintenance is still limited. To gain deeper insights into the molecular processes underlying this association, we investigated this relationship using multipronged approaches combining next generation sequencing with metabolomics and immunohistochemistry. We identified 731 high-confident symbiosis-associated genes using meta-analysis. Coupled with metabolomic profiling, we exposed that symbiont-derived carbon enables host recycling of ammonium into nonessential amino acids, which may serve as a regulatory mechanism to control symbiont growth through a carbon-dependent negative feedback of nitrogen availability to the symbiont. We then characterized two symbiosis-associated ammonium transporters (AMTs). Both of the proteins exhibit gastrodermis-specific localization in symbiotic anemones. Their tissuespecific localization consistent with the higher ammonium assimilation rate in gastrodermis of symbiotic Aiptasia as shown by 15N labeling and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Inspired by the tissue-specific localization of AMTs, we investigated spatial expression of genes in Aiptasia. Our results suggested that symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae is the main driver for transcriptional changes in Aiptasia. We focused on the phagosome-associated genes and identified several key factors involved in phagocytosis and the formation of symbiosome. Our study provided the first insights into the tissue specific complexity of gene expression in Aiptasia. To investigate symbiosis-induced response in symbiont and to find further evidence for the hypotheses generated from our host-focused analyses, we explored the growth and gene expression changes of Symbiodiniaceae in response to the limitations of three essential nutrients: nitrogen, phosphate, and iron, respectively. Comparisons of the expression patterns of in hospite Symbiodiniaceae to these nutrient limiting conditions showed a strong and significant correlation of gene expression profiles to the nitrogen-limited culture condition. This confirmed the nitrogen-limited growing condition of Symbiodiniaceae in hospite, and further supported our hypothesis that the host limits the availability of nitrogen, possibly to regulate symbiont cell density. In summary, we investigated different molecular aspects of symbiosis from both the host’s and symbiont’s perspective. This dissertation provides novel insights into the function of nitrogen, and the potential underlying molecular mechanisms, in the metabolic interactions between Aiptasia and Symbiodiniaceae.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att utforma en distributionscentrals processer för identifiering, sortering och packning av gods, för att möjliggöra en hållbar last mile-distribution med cykel. Varulogistik i städer är en stor utmaning för att främja en hållbar stadsutveckling. Transporter är nödvändiga för att förse verksamheter och invånare med gods. Samtidigt bidrar dessa transporter till negativa miljöpåverkningar, i form av buller och utsläpp. Kommuner har en central roll i att främja en hållbar utveckling på grund av deras planmonopol och möjligheter att reglera trafiken. Ett sätt att minska tyngre trafik i innerstäder är genom införandet av mindre, energieffektiva distributionsfordon för last mile-leveranser av lättare paket. Studien bygger på en mix av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Intervjuer med experter inom området, samt studiebesök hos framgångsrika transportföretag har gett en bred kunskap i området. Tillgång till data inom nuvarande processer har dessutom hjälpt forma de två lösningsförslag som slutligen presenteras i studien. Resultatet av studien framkommer i två lösningsförslag, ett nutidsförslag och ett framtidsförslag. Nutidsförslaget innehåller förändringar i såväl nuvarande processer som införandet av nya. Förslagen som presenteras här är mindre resurskrävande att implementera och ses därför vara möjliga att genomföra i dag. Framtidsförslaget presenterar vidare förbättringar som kan tillämpas inom terminalens processer. Dessa förslag är mer resurskrävande. Trots att studien är utförd efter specifika önskemål från uppdragsgivaren täcker den relevanta områden som är av intresse för alla företag som vill implementera en last mile-lösning med hjälp av cykelfordon.

Le microbiote désigne l'ensemble des microorganismes (bactéries, virus, champignons) vivant dans un environnement spécifique, en particulier chez un hôte (humain, animal ou végétal). La relation symbiotique existant entre le microbiote et son hôte a été mise en évidence dans de nombreux contextes. Le rôle protecteur du microbiote a été démontré chez l'homme, dans diverses pathologies, dont des infections bactériennes. Le microbiote colonise l'ensemble des muqueuses, dont l'intestin, où il est le plus abondant. Bien que le rôle du microbiote intestinal ait été beaucoup décrit, l'existence de bactéries commensales dans les poumons a été mise en évidence plus récemment. D'abord sujette à controverse, l'existence d'un microbiote pulmonaire, dont la composition est distincte de celle de l'intestin, et qui peut être altérée en conditions pathologiques, est maintenant bien établie. Il est également établi que le microbiote d'un organe peut agir sur la physiologie d'autres organes ; ainsi on parle par exemple d'un axe " intestin-poumons " pour désigner l'action de composés solubles produits par le microbiote intestinal, ainsi que de cellules immunitaires ou cytokines de l'intestin, véhiculés par le sang ou la lymphe, sur la physiologie du poumon. Les poumons sont une cible majeure pour la colonisation par des pathogènes. La tuberculose (TB), une inflammation chronique pulmonaire causée par la bactérie Mycobacterium tuberculosis, est encore aujourd'hui la pathologie respiratoire due à un agent étiologique unique la plus meurtrière. A ce jour la complexité des mécanismes mis en jeu pour expliquer la différence de susceptibilité à la TB entre les individus n'est pas encore complètement comprise. Il est proposé que la balance entre virulence de la souche de M. tuberculosis, et statut immunitaire de l'hôte pourrait expliquer l'inégalité entre les individus face au développement de la maladie. Ici nous avons émis l'hypothèse que le microbiote de l'hôte serait un facteur influençant l'interaction hôte-pathogène dans la TB via i) la modulation de l'immunité antituberculeuse et/ou ii) la physiologie (métabolisme, virulence) du pathogène. Mon travail de thèse a permis de montrer que l'élimination du microbiote par un traitement antibiotique à large spectre conduit à une colonisation plus importante des poumons par M.[...] / The microbiota refers to all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) living in a specific environment, especially in a host (human, animal or plant). The symbiotic relationship existing between the microbiota and its host has been demonstrated in many contexts. In particular, it is now well-established that the microbiota plays a protective role during different human pathologies, including bacterial infections. The microbiota colonizes all the mucosal membranes of the body; particularly the intestine where it is more abundant. While role of the gut microbiota has already been widely studied, the existence of bacteria in the lungs has been described more recently. Even if at first controversial, the existence of a pulmonary microbiota, whose composition is distinct from that of the intestine, and which can be altered in pathological conditions, is now well established. It is also well-established that the microbiota of an organ can act on the physiology of other organs; for instance, a "gut-lungs" axis is used to designate the action of soluble compounds produced by the intestinal microbiota, as well as immunes cells or cytokines from the gut, carried by the blood or the lymph, on the physiology of the lung. The lungs are one of the major colonization site for different pathogens. Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary inflammation caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is still today the most lethal respiratory disease due to a single etiological agent. To date, the complexity of the mechanisms explaining the difference in susceptibility to TB between individuals has not been fully understood yet. It has been suggested that the balance between virulence of the strain of M. [...]

Proton- and sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs (SLC16A) and SMCTs (SLC5A)) transport monocarboxylates such as ketone bodies, lactate and pyruvate, as well as drugs such as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. CD147 acts as an ancillary protein for MCT1 and MCT4, and is involved in membrane trafficking. Previously, it has been shown that MCT expression changes under different sex hormone conditions in skeletal muscle and Sertoli cells. However, it is unknown if MCTs, SMCTs or CD147 demonstrate sex differences in tissues where they play an important role in drug disposition. Monocarboxylate transporter substrates GHB and valproic acid have demonstrated sex differences in pharmacokinetic profiles. We hypothesize that sex hormones regulate monocarboxylate transporters and CD147 expression in drug disposition tissues, including the liver, intestine and kidney. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate sex and sex hormone dependent regulation of MCT1, MCT4, SMCT1 and CD147 mRNA and protein expression in drug disposition tissues. Liver, kidney and intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were harvested from estrus cycle staged female rats, ovariectomized (OVX) females, males and castrated (CST) male rats. Hormone replacement experiments were performed to investigate testosterone and 17β-estradiol dependent regulation of renal MCTs, SMCT1 and CD147 in OVX females and CST males. mRNA of MCT1, MCT4, SMCT1 and CD147 was evaluated by real time quantitative PCR. Whole cell protein and membrane protein was extracted, target protein expression was evaluated by western blot. We have demonstrated sex and sex hormone dependent regulation of MCT1, MCT4, SMCT1 and CD147 in the liver, intestine regions and kidney occurs in a tissue specific manner. mRNA, protein expression and membrane localization of monocarboxylate transporters and CD147 were regulated differently by sex hormones. Sex differences in MCTs and SMCTs expression are important determinants of drug disposition in the body and sex differences in their regulation may contribute to differences in drug pharmacokinetics.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第17905号 / 農博第2028号 / 新制||農||1018(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4801(農学部図書室) / 30725 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 和光, 教授 加納 健司, 教授 小川 順 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬学) / 甲第18550号 / 薬博第812号 / 新制||薬||238(附属図書館) / 31450 / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医療薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐治 英郎, 教授 橋田 充, 教授 髙倉 喜信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19092号 / エネ博第316号 / 新制||エネ||64(附属図書館) / 32043 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 木下 正弘, 教授 森井 孝, 教授 片平 正人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第20099号 / 生博第359号 / 新制||生||47(附属図書館) / 33215 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 福澤 秀哉, 教授 佐藤 文彦, 教授 河内 孝之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第20569号 / 医科博第79号 / 新制||医科||6(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 齊藤 博英, 教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 高橋 淳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21378号 / 農博第2302号 / 新制||農||1070(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5151(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 橋本 渉, 教授 入江 一浩, 教授 保川 清 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM