Orientador: Lindsay Unno Gimenes / Coorientador: Alexandre Rossetto Garcia / Coorientador: José Ricardo Macedo Pezzopane / Resumo: O uso do sistema silvipastoril tem sido sugerido como uma alternativa para aumentar a produtividade e sustentabilidade da pecuária, além de oferecer maior conforto térmico aos animais criados em áreas de clima tropical. No entanto, existem diversas dúvidas sobre os impactos de sua adoção quanto a aspectos reprodutivos. Nesta tese, avaliou-se o impacto do sistema silvipastoril (SP) comparado ao sistema de pastejo rotacionado intensivo (RI)sobre o conforto térmico (CT) de fêmeas bovinas da raça Canchim, caracterizando o efeito do microclima desses sistemas sobre variáveis fisiológicas (exp. 1 e 2) e sobre o perfil metabólico e a produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE; exp. 2). Em ambos, foi realizada monitoração microclimática e calculados o índice de temperatura de globo úmido (ITGU) e a carga térmica radiante (CTR). Foram também aferidas, as temperaturas: retal (TR), com o uso de termômetro de mercúrio e de superfície corpórea de linha do dorso (TD) por meio de câmera termográfica, além disso, peso vivo (PV;kg), ECC, a estimativa da ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e colheita de sangue para dosagem de cortisol foram realizados. No experimento 1, 32 novilhas com idade de 16,2 ± 0,05 e 249,8 ± 1,75 kg de peso vivo, foram também avaliadas quanto a frequência respiratória (FR; mpm) e frequência cardíaca (FC; bpm). No experimento 2, 18 vacas com média de 26,2 ± 2,2 dias pós-parto, 41,2 ± 0,6 meses de idade e 477,0 ± 12,0 de peso vivo (kg), passaram por avaliação ultrassonográfica, e fo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Silvopastoral systems has been suggested as an alternative to increase productivity and sustainability in livestock production. In addition, can offer thermal comfort to animals managed in tropical climate areas. However, there are several doubts about the impacts on reproductive performance when using these systems. In this thesis, the impact of use of silvopastoral system (SP) in compare to the intensive rotational grazing (IR) system on the thermal comfort (TC) of Canchim cattle, was evaluated, characterizing the effect of the microclimate of these systems on physiological variables (experiment #1 and #2) and on the metabolic profile and the in vitro production of embryos (PIV) (experiment#2). In both, microclimatic monitoring was performed and the black globe humidity index (ITGU) and radiant heat load (CTR) were calculated. Were also monitored rectal temperature (RT), with the use of a mercury thermometer and body surface temperature of back line (BLT) using thermographic camera. Heifers and cows were evaluated monthly to body weight (BW; kg), BCS measurement, dry matter intake (DMI; kg DM/d) and to collect blood samples for cortisol assay. In experiment 1, 32 heifers (16.2 ± 0.05 mo of age; 249.8 ± 1.75 kg of BW) were also evaluated to respiratory rate (RR; mpm) and heart rate (HR; bpm). In experiment 2, 18 cows (26.2 ± 2.2 d postpartum; 41.2 ± 0.6 mo of age; 477.0 ± 12.0 kg of BW) were evaluated by ovarian ultrasonography, and, were submitted to ultrasound-guided folli... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Antoni Dalmau Bueno / Coorientador: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa / Banca: Flávio Dutra de Resende / Banca: Wignez Henrique / Banca: Maria Lucia Pereira Lima / Banca: Adriano Gomes Páscoa / Resumo: No primeiro capítulo da tese é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto, trazendo à tona conceitos importantes sobre estresse e bem-estar animal juntamente com resultados práticos de pesquisas que servem como exemplos dos efeitos do manejo pré-abate de bovinos e do estresse térmico em suínos. O capítulo dois tem como objetivo principal apresentar os fatores de risco associados ao manejo pré-abate de bovinos que estariam relacionados à presença de hematomas e alto pH da carne. As avaliações foram realizadas em dois frigoríficos da região sudeste do Brasil, considerando 15 variáveis medidas durante o manejo pré-abate, utilizando-se 27 661 bovinos. Para transporte, o tipo de veículo, duração da viagem e condições das rodovias foram mensuradas. No desembarque, o tempo de espera para desembarcar os animais, o número de animais que chegaram deitados no caminhão, as batidas lateral e dorsal dos animais contra estruturas do caminhão, a frequência de quedas e o uso de bastão elétrico foram avaliados. Durante o manejo de condução dentro do frigorífico avaliou-se as frequências de quedas dos animais, batidas contra os portões de manejo, uso do bastão elétrico, animais feridos e pisoteados e tamanho do lote conduzido. A frequência e localização dos hematomas nas carcaças e os valores de pH também foram mensurados, juntamente com as categorias animais. Os resultados indicaram alta porcentagem de hematoma nas carcaças (64,14% no frigorífico 1 [F1] e 72,16% no frigorífico 2 [F2]). Também foi encontrada alta porcentagem de pH24 acima de 5,8 (17,67% (F1); 20,30% (F2)). A categoria animal vaca obteve maiores médias de hematomas. Animais transportados por caminhões dois andares, por longas distâncias (mais de 5 horas de viagem) e em condições ruins de estrada obtiveram maiores médias de hematomas também. Durante o desembarque e manejo dos animais dentro... / Abstract: The first chapter presents a literature review, bringing up important concepts about stress and animal welfare using practical results of pre-slaughter handling in cattle and thermal stress management in pigs. Chapter two presents the risk factors associated with transport and pre-slaughter handling in cattle with impact on presence of bruising and high pH meat. The evaluations were performed on two slaughterhouses located in southeastern of Brazil, considering 15 variables measured using 27,661 cattle. For transport, the type of vehicle, journey duration and road condition were assessed. For unloading, the time spent in the queue to unload the animals, number of animals lying in the truck, back and lateral hits at the truck's door, frequency of animals that fell down and were electric prodded were evaluated. During handling procedures the frequencies of animals that fell down, that were hit by the gate, that were electric prodded and the occurrence (yes or no) of injured and trampled animals in the lot, and the number of animals per handling group were measured. Frequency and location of bruises in the carcasses and meat pH were assessed, as well the animal's categories.The results indicated a high percentage of carcass with at least one bruise (64.14% [S1] and 72.16% [S2]) and a high percentage of meat pH greater than 5.8 (17.67% [S1] and 20.30% [S2]). Cows were the category with higher number of bruises. Double decker was the type of vehicle with high risk of bruises. Animals transported for long journeys (up to 5 hours) and in poor road conditions had higher number of bruises too. During unloading and driving procedures, falls had a clear effect in bruises, and electric prod use had an effect in meat pH. Number of animals per handling group also affected meat pH. In chapter three a pig heat stress study was performed during growing and finishing period, evaluating performance, dirt and ... / Doutor

Orientador:Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles / Co-orientador:Max José de Araújo Faria Júnior / Co-orientador:Manoel Garcia Neto / Banca:Leda Gobbo de Freitas Bueno / Banca:Wilson Machado de Souza / Resumo:O calor limita a produção de frangos de corte. Este trabalho avaliou as interações entre termocondicionamento precoce (TCP) e o uso do equilíbrio eletrolítico (EE), sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça das aves. Assim, o balanço eletrolítico (BE = Na + K - Cl), foi ajustado em 350mEq/kg e a relação eletrolítica (K+Cl)/Na em 3:1, pelo programa PPFR. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba/UNESP. Alojaram-se 240 pintos machos de 1 dia de idade, linhagem Cobb-500®, em bateria metálica com 24 divisões e aquecimento elétrico automático. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, totalizando 4 tratamentos com 6 repetições e 10 aves por parcela experimental. O TCP ocorreu no 5º dia de idade, por 24 horas a 36,5°C, em metade do lote. Posteriormente, as aves foram transferidas para um galpão climatizado e alojadas em boxes, da mesma forma que a outra parcela que não passou pelo TCP. Avaliaram-se os efeitos do estresse calórico crônico (6 horas a 32°C) aplicado do 35º ao 39º dia de idade. Foram monitorados a temperatura e umidade do ar, bem como a temperatura de globo negro. Alimentação e água foram fornecidas ad libitum. Calcularam-se os dados de desempenho zootécnico e a taxa de mortalidade das aves. Submeteram-se os resultados à análise de variância e comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey. Não houve interação entre o TCP e o EE sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça das aves. As estratégias, TCP e EE mostraram-se ineficazes a fim de amenizar os efeitos do estresse calórico crônico em frangos de corte / Abstract:The heat limits the production of broilers. This study evaluated the interactions between early thermal conditioning (ETC) and the electrolyte balance (EB) on performance and characteristics of birds' carcass. Thus, the electrolyte balance (BE = Na+ + K+ - Cl- ), was set to 350mEq/kg and electrolyte ratio (K+ + Cl- )/ Na+ in 3:1 by PPFR program. The experiment was carried out at the Animal Science department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba / UNESP. It was used 240 male chicks of 1 day old, Cobb-500®, lodged in metal batteries with 24 divisions and automatic electric heating. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement 2x2, totaling 4 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds per experimental plot. ETC occurred on the 5th day of age for 24 hours at 36.5 °C in half of the batch. Subsequently, these birds were transferred to an environmentally controlled shed and were grown in boxes, in the same way as the other half that not received ETC treatment. The effects of chronic heat stress (6 hours at 32 °C) applied from the 35th through the 39th day of age were evaluated. Temperature and air humidity, as well black-globe temperature were monitored electronically. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The growth performance data and the mortality rate of birds were measured. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means was done by Tukey test. There were no interaction effects between ETC and EB on performance and characteristics of birds' carcass. The strategies ETC and EB proved to be ineffective in order to mitigate the effects of chronic heat stress in broilers / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000863695.pdf: 2962016 bytes, checksum: e7765cdd7792e076f8961457482671f8 (MD5) / In tropical climates, the heat is the major factor limiting the production of broiler chickens, and is responsible for inducing a high mortality, especially in the finishing phase. The electrolyte balance (EB) and early thermal conditioning (ETC) are two techniques to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the possible interactions and the effects of dietary electrolyte balance and application of early thermal conditioning of the feed intake (kg), body weight (kg), feed conversion (kg), mortality (%), energy bio-economic conversion index (Mcal/kg), moisture faeces (%), carcass weight (kg), body cavity fat (g) and breast color (L*a *b*) in cuts of chicken chronic heat stress conditions. Thus, the electrolyte balance (EB = K+Na-Cl) was set to 300 mEq / kg and electrolyte ratio (ER = [(K+Cl)/Na]) 3: 1 by non-linear PPFR program. They were housed 640 male chicks a day old, distributed in a factorial arrangement 2x2 (with and without ETC and with and without EB) in a completely randomizeddesign in 32 boxes (8 replicates per treatment). The thermal conditioning was applied on the fifth day old birds for 24 hours at 36 °C and only half of the batch (320 birds). After this period, all the birds were transferred to boxes (20 birds/box), with the bed waste acerola. Chronic heat stress (6 hours at 32 °C) was applied to all the birds of 35 after 39 days of age, being electronically monitored temperature and humidity of the warehouse, in relation to the microclimate of the area / height of the birds. The results indicated that: a) there was no interaction between the two techniques, EB and ETC; b) diets with EB resulted in more expensive ration besides increasing the moisture of faeces, but there was lower mortality; c) ETC resulted in a pale staining in breast samples. Thus, it can be concluded that both the EB and ETC are not effective for minimizing the negative effects of chronic heat stress in broilers

Orientador:Silvia Helena Venturoli Perri / Co-orientador:Manoel Garcia Neto / Banca:Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz / Banca:Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Resumo:Em países de clima tropical, o calor é um dos principais limitantes à produção de frangos de corte, sendo ainda responsável por induzir uma elevada mortalidade, especialmente na fase de terminação. O equilíbrio eletrolítico (EE) e o condicionamento térmico precoce (CTP) são duas técnicas que visam aliviar os efeitos negativos do estresse pelo calor. Assim, esse estudo teve como propósito avaliar as possíveis interações e os efeitos do equilíbrio eletrolítico na dieta e da aplicação do condicionamento térmico precoce sobre o consumo de ração (kg), peso vivo (kg), conversão alimentar (kg), mortalidade (%), índice de conversão bioeconômico energética (Mcal/kg), umidade de fezes (%), peso de carcaça (kg), gordura cavitária (g) e coloração de peito (L*a*b*) em frangos de cortes em condições de estresse térmico crônico. Para tanto, o balanço eletrolítico (BE = K+Na-Cl) foi ajustado em 300 mEq/kg e a relação eletrolítica (RE = [(K+Cl)/Na]) em 3:1 pelo programa PPFR não linear. Foram alojados 640 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (com e sem CTP e com e sem o EE), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 32 boxes (8 repetições por tratamento). O condicionamento térmico foi realizado no quinto dia de idade das aves, por 24 horas a 36 °C, e somente na metade do lote (320 aves). Após este período, todas as aves foram transferidas para boxes (20 aves/box), tendo como cama resíduos de acerola. O estresse térmico crônico (6 horas a 32°C) foi aplicado em todas as aves do 35º ao 39º dias de idade, sendo monitorado eletronicamente a temperatura e a umidade do galpão, em relação ao microclima da região/altura das aves. Os resultados indicaram que: a) não houve interação entre as duas técnicas, EE e CTP; b) dietas com EE resultaram no encarecer da ração além de aumentarem a umidade das fezes, porém...(resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:In tropical climates, the heat is the major factor limiting the production of broiler chickens, and is responsible for inducing a high mortality, especially in the finishing phase. The electrolyte balance (EB) and early thermal conditioning (ETC) are two techniques to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the possible interactions and the effects of dietary electrolyte balance and application of early thermal conditioning of the feed intake (kg), body weight (kg), feed conversion (kg), mortality (%), energy bio-economic conversion index (Mcal/kg), moisture faeces (%), carcass weight (kg), body cavity fat (g) and breast color (L*a *b*) in cuts of chicken chronic heat stress conditions. Thus, the electrolyte balance (EB = K+Na-Cl) was set to 300 mEq / kg and electrolyte ratio (ER = [(K+Cl)/Na]) 3: 1 by non-linear PPFR program. They were housed 640 male chicks a day old, distributed in a factorial arrangement 2x2 (with and without ETC and with and without EB) in a completely randomizeddesign in 32 boxes (8 replicates per treatment). The thermal conditioning was applied on the fifth day old birds for 24 hours at 36 °C and only half of the batch (320 birds). After this period, all the birds were transferred to boxes (20 birds/box), with the bed waste acerola. Chronic heat stress (6 hours at 32 °C) was applied to all the birds of 35 after 39 days of age, being electronically monitored temperature and humidity of the warehouse, in relation to the microclimate of the area / height of the birds. The results indicated that: a) there was no interaction between the two techniques, EB and ETC; b) diets with EB resulted in more expensive ration besides increasing the moisture of faeces, but there was lower mortality; c) ETC resulted in a pale staining in breast samples. Thus, it can be concluded that both the EB and ETC are not effective for minimizing the negative effects of chronic heat stress in broilers / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-06. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864744.pdf: 2407312 bytes, checksum: 10fe8efab5b26398740fcfe1df7ac526 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The heat limits the production of broilers. This study evaluated the interactions between early thermal conditioning (ETC) and the electrolyte balance (EB) on performance and characteristics of birds' carcass. Thus, the electrolyte balance (BE = Na+ + K+ - Cl- ), was set to 350mEq/kg and electrolyte ratio (K+ + Cl- )/ Na+ in 3:1 by PPFR program. The experiment was carried out at the Animal Science department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba / UNESP. It was used 240 male chicks of 1 day old, Cobb-500®, lodged in metal batteries with 24 divisions and automatic electric heating. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement 2x2, totaling 4 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds per experimental plot. ETC occurred on the 5th day of age for 24 hours at 36.5 °C in half of the batch. Subsequently, these birds were transferred to an environmentally controlled shed and were grown in boxes, in the same way as the other half that not received ETC treatment. The effects of chronic heat stress (6 hours at 32 °C) applied from the 35th through the 39th day of age were evaluated. Temperature and air humidity, as well black-globe temperature were monitored electronically. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The growth performance data and the mortality rate of birds were measured. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means was done by Tukey test. There were no interaction effects between ETC and EB on performance and characteristics of birds' carcass. The strategies ETC and EB proved to be ineffective in order to mitigate the effects of chronic heat stress in broilers

Orientador: João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira / Coorientador: Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt / Banca: Fabiana Ferreira de Souza / Banca: Gisele Zoccal Mingoti / Banca: Lindsay Unno Gimenes / Banca: Roberto Sartori Filho / Resumo: O estresse térmico reduz a eficiência reprodutiva em vacas leiteiras. O fluido folicular (FF) contém proteínas envolvidas na atividade e diferenciação celular do folículo e maturação oocitária. A caracterização das proteínas do FF pode contribuir para melhor compreensão dos mecanismos fisiológicos envolvidos na foliculogênese e comprometimento da função reprodutiva durante o estresse térmico. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se o perfil proteomico do FF de vacas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento folicular (pré-desvio, desvio, dominância e pré-ovulatório) e foi testada a associação das proteínas com as concentrações intrafoliculares de hormônios esteroides. Foram encontradas 22 proteínas diferentemente expressas (P < 0.05) entre as categorias foliculares, sendo o desvio um momento-chave na determinação da expressão das proteínas. Além disso, três proteínas foram correlacionadas (P < 0.05) com as concentrações intrafoliculares de estradiol, enquanto dezesseis foram correlacionadas (P < 0.05) com as concentrações locais de progesterona. A análise de vias canônicas identificou a ativação/inibição das vias associadas com a resposta de fase aguda, sistema de coagulação, sistema complemento, receptor X do fígado e retinóide e produção de óxido nítrico e espécies reativas de oxigênio. No segundo experimento, testou-se o efeito do estresse térmico sobre a expressão das proteínas do FF de vacas. Na validação do modelo experimental, foi observado que a exposição contínua ao estre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Heat stress reduces the reproductive efficiency in dairy cows. Follicular fluid (FF) contains proteins involved in the follicle activity and cell differentiation and oocyte maturation. The characterization of the proteome of FF may contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in folliculogenesis and impairment of reproductive function during heat stress. In the first experiment, the FF proteomic profile of cows at different stages of follicle development (predeviation, deviation, dominance and pre-ovulatory) was evaluated and the association of proteins with intrafollicular concentrations of steroid hormones was tested. Twenty-two differentially expressed proteins (P < 0.05) were found among the follicular categories, with deviation being a critical time-point in the determination of protein expression. In addition, three proteins were correlated (P < 0.05) with the intrafollicular concentrations of estradiol, while sixteen were correlated (P < 0.05) with the local concentrations of progesterone. The canonical pathway analysis identified the activation/inhibition of the pathways associated with acute phase response, coagulation system, complement system, liver X receptor and retinoid, and production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. In the second experiment, the effect of heat stress on the expression of cow FF proteins was tested. In the experimental model validation, we observed that the continuous exposure to heat stress affected thermoregulatory mechanisms, 4 leading to a marked increase in respiratory rate, followed by an increase in rectal temperature. The influence of environmental variables from the previous day on physiological parameters and dry matter intake were more important than the immediate effect and ambient temperature represented the most determinant factor for heat exchange. Although prolonged exposures to heat stress... (Complete abstract electronic access below) / Doutor