Die Transvaalse polisie het sy beslag gehad in die polisiestelsel van die Kaapkolonie soos aangepas by die bepaalde, en soms ongelyksoortige, behoeftes van verskillende Voortrekkerpioniersnedersettings. Die stelsel, wat swaar geleun het op instellings wat nie ‘n direkte polisie-assosiasie gehad het nie, het geen noemenswaardige ontwikkeling deurgemaak nie en teen die begin van die sewentigerjare was die Transvaalse polisiediens so stagnant dat dit ‘n opvallende agterstand teenoor al die buurstate geopenbaar het. Eers onder die bewind van president Burgers is die plattelandse diens, wat hoofsaaklik met Bantoes te maak gehad het, tot ‘n mate gemoderniseer. Hierdie proses het veral gewentel om die losmaking daarvan van die militêre waaraan dit voorheen om finansiële en organisatoriese gerief innig versmeld was. Ook Britse tussenregering wat wel weinig nuuts tot die groei van ‘n selfstandige polisieorganisasie kon bydra, het, soos Burgers, nuwe weë van opset en organisasie vir die herstelde Republiek ontsluit. Die eerstes hiervan het egter dwaalweë geblyk te wees. Voortgesette geldnood, maar veral die onheilsame oorheersing van die polisiediens deur Piet Joubert, wat sy oë op die verlede eerder as op die toekoms gerig het en op die artilleriekorps eerder as op ‘n landspolisie, was grotendeels hiervoor verantwoordelik. "Die gevolg was verkeerde beklemtoning van organisasie en aanwending sodat nie slegs die werksaamhede nie maar die hele bestaan van die plattelandse polisieorganisasie in die weegskaal beland het en die polisie verhinder is om die rol waartoe dit in staat was in die bantoe-onluste van die tagtiger- en vroeë negentigerjare in noord-Transvaal te speel. Die enigste konstante faktor in die polisiediens was die rol wat die veldkornette en later die bantoekommissarisse in die kleine gespeel het. Op die dorpe het die gemoedelike ontwikkeling hoofsaaklik gewentel om die vasstelling van beheer wat dikwels meer gebieders as polisie tot gevolg gehad het. In pas met die grondwetlike woelinge van die jare vyftig en sestig, het die vraagstuk ‘n vinnige maar ook verwarrende tydperk deurgemaak totdat die leisels uiteindelik in die hande van die staatsprokureur beland het. Deur sy professionele kennis, wetshandhawingsfunksie en toegang tot die regering het hy gesorg vir ‘n gestadigde maar volgehoue groei en meer doeltreffende aanwending van die dorpspolisiediens. Die vernaamste ontplooiing volg na die ontdekking van goud. In die verband was die ontwikkeling van delwerye in die noorde, ooste en weste voor die op die Witwatersrand ‘n seën in so verre hulle as leerskool gedien het vir die probleme met wetshandhawing onder elemente wat aan die Transvaalse samelewing vreemd en selfs vyandig was. Hoewel die basiese wetgewing en polisieorganisasie in die verband dus reeds bestaan het met die aanvang van die ongeëwenaarde toeloop van Uitlanders na Johannesburg, het ‘n legio van ander probleme spoedig ontstaan en met verloop van tyd vererger. ‘n Belangrike interne probleem, wat soos so vele ander gespruit het uit die onversadigbare vraagstuk na genoegsame getalle polisie, was die sistematisering van administrasie, bevel en beheer. Met organiese probleme van hierdie aard kon die stadige meulens van die wetgewende en uitvoerende gesag nie tred hou nie. Dit was deels omdat die staat nag te onvolwasse was en die probleem te omvattend, maar ook deels omdat die staat nie geneë was om die Johannesburgers se probleme op te los nie en deels omdat die Johannesburgers verkies het om hulle probleme nie deur die republikeinse regering opgelos te kry nie. Hierdeur is aan die Johannesburgse polisiediens ‘n verdere dimensie verleen waardeur dit gevaar geloop het om tot 'n pion in ‘n diplomatieke skaakspel tussen die staatsowerhede en die Uitlanders gereduseer te word. Die houding van die Uitlanders teenoor Boereinstellings in die algemeen vorm trouens die vernaamste eksterne faktor wat die polisiediens geslyp het. Beginnende met die Jameson-inval het die polisiediens ‘n spil geword waarom politieke wrywing tussen Pretoria, Johannesburg en Londen gewentel het en die bedrewenheid en integriteit of andersins van die republikeinse geregsdienaar het ‘n belangrike bestanddeel geword van die hekseketel waaruit die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog gevloei het. Aan die ander kant het Johannesburg ‘n vername bydrae gelewer tot die wasdom van die polisiediens. Ten opsigte van aanwending het dit die speurdiens gebaar. Organisatoriese prosesse van rasionalisasie onder die beheer van die kommissaris van polisie en bewegings om aan die diens ‘n professionele gestalte te verleen deur opleiding, verbeterde kommissariaat administrasie en die uitstryking van die vraagstuk van bevel en beheer deur die byvoeging van 'n aparte regskundige element – die administratiewe buro, en die kodifikasie van instruksies, kom pas na die stimulus van die Jameson-inval tot bevrugting. Maar veral het die unieke eise wat Johannesburg gestel het die polisiediens op ‘n peil van doeltreffendheid gedwing waarvoor Uitlander- en ook ander kritici in die spannende dae voor die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog blind was, maar waarop die klein Republiek trots kon wees. Soos die polisiediens op die dorpe het die plattelandse diens ook sy finale beslaggewing aan die inval te danke. Maar die tradisie van gebondenheid aan die krygsdiens en bantoeadministrasie het verhoed dat die diens algehele selfstandigheid verwerf het terwyl slegs in die onlusgeteisterde streke, van die noordelike Transvaal sprake was van afdoende polisiesterkte en dit ‘n skamele twee jaar voor die einde. Ook ten opsigte van die plattelandse polisiediens het Britse belange ‘n botsing met die Republiek gebolwerk om die Bunu-kwessie. Vir die laaste stormagtige ontwikkelingsfase van die polisiediens was nie slegs Jameson en Uitlanderkritiek verantwoordelik nie maar ook die onvermoeide ywer van ‘n aantal, meesal jong, amptenare. Aan die “stompkant” neem persone soos staatsprokureurs Esselen en Smuts ‘n ereplek in terwyl aan die aksiekant in Johannesburg dit Krause, Pietersen, De Beer, Schutte, Van Dam en selfs Trimble en op die platteland eers Dahl en toe Du Toit was. Daarenteen het die polisiekommissarisse ‘n opvallend beperkte bydrae gelewer. Die laaste paar jaar van die Republiek se bestaan het verdere uitbreiding van polisiepligte meegebring wat gewentel het om die staatsveiligheid en die Z.A.R.P's algaande voorberei het vir die militêre rol wat die oorlog vir hulle sou meebring. Die belangrikste hiervan, ewe-eens ‘n nasleep van die kruispaaie wat die Jameson-inval in die polisiewese meegebring het, was die geheime diens waarvan die plek in die Republiek se militêre voorbereidings nog nie ten volle bepaal is nie. Tydens die oorlog self is die gereelde polisie as die Republiek se enigste opgeleide berede infanterie, op ‘n vroeë stadium vir krygsdiens aangewend om op die gevegsfront die stryd teen Imperialisme op ander wyse voort te sit as wat dit reeds vir meer as tien jaar in die strate van Johannesburg gedoen het. Anders as by Dalmanutha waar die Johannesburgse Z.A.R.P.'s met aansienlike roem omhul hul laaste opdrag uitgevoer het, het die raap en skraap amateurpolisie waarmee hulle op die tuisfront vervang moes word, aan ‘n gestadiger en roemloser einde gekom sodat die polisiediens in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in die opsig nie op ‘n hoër noot afgesluit het as waarmee dit begin het nie. Ook het die Republikeinse polisiediens geen nalatenskap gehad nie. Die beswaddering van die diens in Britse kringe het die herlewing daarvan na die Oorlog - volgens tydgenote se latere opmerkings, minstens gedeeltelik ten nadele - verhoed. / Proefskrif--PU vir CHO, 1971

No description available.

No description available.

Gatsrand (as a series of ridges) is not only a well-known geographical feature in the Western Transvaal, but it also features prominently as a definite area in the settlement history of the whites in the Transvaal. In fact, the first farms in this area were registered simultaneously with farms in the neighbouring Mooi River area. Owing to the inhabitants’ agrarian predisposition up to the early years of the twentieth century, agriculture and stock farming formed the basis of the area’s economic infrastructure. Initially, the Potchefstroom market was the nearest outlet for products. Later on, products were also sold in Johannesburg, as well as at Randfontein and Krugersdorp. In the process of the development of this enterprise, stock diseases, droughts, poverty and wars continually set the inhabitants back. Prior to the establishment of gold mines (since 1937) in the northern areas of Gatsrand, which enhanced economic development, the area’s development was mainly dependent on the subsistence needs of the surrounding towns. In this respect, the building of roads to places like Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Pretoria and Johannesburg was beneficial to the Gatsrand area, since all these routes passed through said area. Administrative duties were initially performed by a field cornet and later by a justice of the peace, who was subordinate to the magistrate of Potchefstroom. In a similar way, educational matters were dealt with by the Potchefstroom School Board. Until 1948, with the exception of Klipdrift School, there were only primary schools on several farms in the area – schools that had from one to four teachers. With outbreaks of illness, even the medical services in Potchefstroom rendered help in the Gatsrand area. Inhabitants had to travel to Potchefstroom, some of them covering great distances, if they were in need of medical care and facilities. Initially, the nearest centre for worship was also Potchefstroom. The first congregation in the Gatsrand area was founded in 1926 at Fochville, with boundaries that included the major part of this area. Since 1937, gold mine development provided definite advances in local development. Up to 1948, six towns had been proclaimed, congregations were established, and houses and roads were built to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. This resulted in the establishment of numerous enterprises. The number of pupils increased and smaller schools had to amalgamate with larger ones. By 1948, it was apparent that the development in the Gatsrand area would be phenomenal due to the rich discoveries of the then established gold mines. / MA (History), PU vir CHO, 1988 / This MA-Dissertation on the history of the Gatsrand up to 1948 originally was written in Afrikaans in 1988. This English translation was decided on to assist researchers, working with regional issues in/on South Africa who's mother tongue is English. The footnotes as well as the source list has not been translated due to the cost in doing so. However, it is trusted that researchers should find their way because more than 50% of the references are in English or could not be titled otherwise as they are archival documents or published literature. Due to new technology, the page numbers of the English version also differ from the original Afrikaans version. The approach to the research must be assessed within the time frame in which it was written and the methodology to regional history utilised, was mainly on that as expressed by VHT Skipp. The author since has extended and refined this model.

Gatsrand (as a series of ridges) is not only a well-known geographical feature in the Western Transvaal, but it also features prominently as a definite area in the settlement history of the whites in the Transvaal. In fact, the first farms in this area were registered simultaneously with farms in the neighbouring Mooi River area. Owing to the inhabitants’ agrarian predisposition up to the early years of the twentieth century, agriculture and stock farming formed the basis of the area’s economic infrastructure. Initially, the Potchefstroom market was the nearest outlet for products. Later on, products were also sold in Johannesburg, as well as at Randfontein and Krugersdorp. In the process of the development of this enterprise, stock diseases, droughts, poverty and wars continually set the inhabitants back. Prior to the establishment of gold mines (since 1937) in the northern areas of Gatsrand, which enhanced economic development, the area’s development was mainly dependent on the subsistence needs of the surrounding towns. In this respect, the building of roads to places like Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Pretoria and Johannesburg was beneficial to the Gatsrand area, since all these routes passed through said area. Administrative duties were initially performed by a field cornet and later by a justice of the peace, who was subordinate to the magistrate of Potchefstroom. In a similar way, educational matters were dealt with by the Potchefstroom School Board. Until 1948, with the exception of Klipdrift School, there were only primary schools on several farms in the area – schools that had from one to four teachers. With outbreaks of illness, even the medical services in Potchefstroom rendered help in the Gatsrand area. Inhabitants had to travel to Potchefstroom, some of them covering great distances, if they were in need of medical care and facilities. Initially, the nearest centre for worship was also Potchefstroom. The first congregation in the Gatsrand area was founded in 1926 at Fochville, with boundaries that included the major part of this area. Since 1937, gold mine development provided definite advances in local development. Up to 1948, six towns had been proclaimed, congregations were established, and houses and roads were built to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. This resulted in the establishment of numerous enterprises. The number of pupils increased and smaller schools had to amalgamate with larger ones. By 1948, it was apparent that the development in the Gatsrand area would be phenomenal due to the rich discoveries of the then established gold mines. / MA (History), PU vir CHO, 1988 / This MA-Dissertation on the history of the Gatsrand up to 1948 originally was written in Afrikaans in 1988. This English translation was decided on to assist researchers, working with regional issues in/on South Africa who's mother tongue is English. The footnotes as well as the source list has not been translated due to the cost in doing so. However, it is trusted that researchers should find their way because more than 50% of the references are in English or could not be titled otherwise as they are archival documents or published literature. Due to new technology, the page numbers of the English version also differ from the original Afrikaans version. The approach to the research must be assessed within the time frame in which it was written and the methodology to regional history utilised, was mainly on that as expressed by VHT Skipp. The author since has extended and refined this model.

This study, which, to a large extent, consists of reproductions of photographs taken by myself and drawings made by myself, is the outcome of two months' work among the Kwena tribe of Tamposstad, fifteen miles north-east of Groot Marico in the Transvaal (Map I) and the Kwena of Molepolole in Bechuanaland Protectorate, sixty-five miles by road from the border of the Transvaal at Ramoutsa (Map II). It is a comparative study of the material culture of the scattered offshoots of the one tribe, which, in the remote past, must have lived at one place under the authority of one chief. This type of work is not entirely a new experience to the writer, for he has lived in close proximity to the Kwena of Tamposstad and allied tribes - the Kgatla and Hurutshe - for many years. Moreover he has learnt a great deal of their language through personal contact with these people. Tamposstad is chosen as representing the Transvaal-Kwena because it is a fairly large reserve (25,551 morgen) with about nine thousand people living in the village, and because the little that is left of the indigenous Kwena native arts and crafts of the Transvaal, is mostly preserved among the people of this village. In all the other Kwena-villages in the Transvaal, the traditional arts and crafts have almost altogether disappeared. When reference is made therefore, in this study, to the Transvaal Kwena, it must be understood that the Kwena of Tamposstad are mainly designated, although other villages will also sometimes be mentioned. This is an attempt to preserve in type-script a record of what is still left of the Kwena indigenous material culture, of the material and implements used and of the methods of construction, for erelong, the last survivals of this most interesting culture will be completely obliterated by the overwhelming European influence, a fact which we deeply lament. The visitor to the Native Agricultural Shows cannot help but realise this. At the Native Show which was held ten miles north of Rustenburg on the 10th and 11th of August 1939, it was noted with regret that the arts and crafts section was very poorly represented. The articles exhibited were excellently made, but they were the work of only a few people. The whole exhibition of claypots, for example, was the work of only two women. As regards the historical part of this study, it was rather difficult to obtain trustworthy information, and thusfar, there is almost nothing recorded on the history of this tribe. Dr. I. Schapera, however, is at present busy compiling a work on the history of the Tswana tribes. The history given in this study, of the Bechuanaland Kwena, is an extract from "BaKwena origins" sent to my by Dr. Schapera, to whom, I am deeply indebted for permission to use this material. The history of the Transvaal Kwena, also given in this study, is a result of my own investigations, and is reproduced as it was told to me, for comparative purposes. Of course it cannot be maintained that it is true in every detail. A detailed record of the history of the various Kwena tribes would provide matter for a thesis in itself. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A.

The study focuses on the influence of Christian based education on the building of the Afrikaner nation. The children settling with their parents in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) after the Great Trek all received Christian based education. The unique way in which both the country and the nation developed was the result of Christian based education. It had a direct influence on the development and functioning of the ZAR resulting in the forming of a Christian country with a Christian based constitution and Christian based laws. Christianity and Christian based education also influenced the social lives, culture and worldview of the people living in the ZAR, leaving a permanent mark on the Afrikaner nation. The stern Calvinistic religion, together with the influences of early Pietism and the worldview of the Romanticism as well as the traditional Christian based education brought from the Netherlands, all worked together to mould the Afrikaners into a unique nation. Religion was the one outstanding factor that determined all aspects of the lives of the Afrikaners, from their character and worldview to their way of speech and the standard of education given to the children. The goal of all education was to enable children to study the Bible - the Handbook to Life - and to become members of the Church. Their faith in and commitment to the Lord, was the force that kept the Afrikaners a unique nation with a strong character despite the extreme living conditions and changing circumstances through which they lived in the short years of the existence of the ZAR. The people living in the ZAR were the carriers of the influence of the Christian based education and the stories of their lives bear witness to the impact their education had on the development of the country and the nation. The legacy of Christian based education, as it was used in the ZAR, is still alive in the hearts and minds of Afrikaners today. The focus of the thesis made it necessary to use material from several different academic fields. Aspects of South African Church history, the general and political history of South Africa and the ZAR, the history regarding the development of education, as well as the social and cultural history of the Afrikaner nation were brought together to give a picture of the impact that Christian based education had on the ZAR. The historical-critical method is used, in order to establish what really happened and to show its significance, both in the historical context and in the present situation. The theoretical framework being used is didactical theological. / Chr Spirit, ChurchHist, Miss / DTH (CHURCH HISTORY)

The study focuses on the influence of Christian based education on the building of the Afrikaner nation. The children settling with their parents in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) after the Great Trek all received Christian based education. The unique way in which both the country and the nation developed was the result of Christian based education. It had a direct influence on the development and functioning of the ZAR resulting in the forming of a Christian country with a Christian based constitution and Christian based laws. Christianity and Christian based education also influenced the social lives, culture and worldview of the people living in the ZAR, leaving a permanent mark on the Afrikaner nation. The stern Calvinistic religion, together with the influences of early Pietism and the worldview of the Romanticism as well as the traditional Christian based education brought from the Netherlands, all worked together to mould the Afrikaners into a unique nation. Religion was the one outstanding factor that determined all aspects of the lives of the Afrikaners, from their character and worldview to their way of speech and the standard of education given to the children. The goal of all education was to enable children to study the Bible - the Handbook to Life - and to become members of the Church. Their faith in and commitment to the Lord, was the force that kept the Afrikaners a unique nation with a strong character despite the extreme living conditions and changing circumstances through which they lived in the short years of the existence of the ZAR. The people living in the ZAR were the carriers of the influence of the Christian based education and the stories of their lives bear witness to the impact their education had on the development of the country and the nation. The legacy of Christian based education, as it was used in the ZAR, is still alive in the hearts and minds of Afrikaners today. The focus of the thesis made it necessary to use material from several different academic fields. Aspects of South African Church history, the general and political history of South Africa and the ZAR, the history regarding the development of education, as well as the social and cultural history of the Afrikaner nation were brought together to give a picture of the impact that Christian based education had on the ZAR. The historical-critical method is used, in order to establish what really happened and to show its significance, both in the historical context and in the present situation. The theoretical framework being used is didactical theological. / Chr Spirit, ChurchHist, Miss / DTH (CHURCH HISTORY)

The rapidity of Johannesburg’s growth after the discovery of payable gold in 1886 created a provisioning challenge. Lacking water transport it was dependent on animal-drawn transport until the railways arrived from coastal ports. The local near-subsistence agricultural economy was supplemented by imported foodstuffs, readily available following the industrialisation of food production, processing and distribution in the Atlantic world and the transformation of transport and communication systems by steam, steel and electricity. Improvements in food preservation techniques: canning, refrigeration and freezing also contributed. From 1895 natural disasters ˗ droughts, locust attacks, rinderpest, East Coast fever ˗ and the man-made disaster of the South African War, reduced local supplies and by the time the ZAR became a British colony in 1902 almost all food had to be imported. By 1906, though still an import economy, meat and grain supplies had recovered, and commercial agriculture was responding to the market. / History / M.A (History)

The rapidity of Johannesburg’s growth after the discovery of payable gold in 1886 created a provisioning challenge. Lacking water transport it was dependent on animal-drawn transport until the railways arrived from coastal ports. The local near-subsistence agricultural economy was supplemented by imported foodstuffs, readily available following the industrialisation of food production, processing and distribution in the Atlantic world and the transformation of transport and communication systems by steam, steel and electricity. Improvements in food preservation techniques: canning, refrigeration and freezing also contributed. From 1895 natural disasters ˗ droughts, locust attacks, rinderpest, East Coast fever ˗ and the man-made disaster of the South African War, reduced local supplies and by the time the ZAR became a British colony in 1902 almost all food had to be imported. By 1906, though still an import economy, meat and grain supplies had recovered, and commercial agriculture was responding to the market. / History / M.A (History)