Ce travail a permis d'acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur la micropollution issue de l'activité domestique. Un état des lieux a été réalisé sur la présence de certains micropolluants dans les eaux usées (dans les phases liquide et solide) de deux zones urbaines, résidentielle et mixte (habitats, hôpital, administrations), et dans deux stations d'épuration (STEP) biologiques. Les micropolluants étudiés ont été choisis selon leurs usages et en fonction de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques afin de mieux appréhender leur répartition entre les phases liquides et solides. Dans un premier temps, les méthodes d'extraction et d'analyse des micropolluants dans les matrices liquides (eau usée et eau traitée) et solides (matières en suspension et boue) ont été développées et validées. Les prélèvements d'eaux usées dans les égouts des deux zones urbaines ont mis en évidence différents usages de certains composés en fonction de la zone urbaine et de la saison (été ou hiver). Les mesures des concentrations en micropolluants en entrée et en sortie de STEP dans les eaux et les boues ont permis d'évaluer leurs rendements d'élimination et ont révélé une différence d'efficacité entre les deux STEP biologiques. Une étude statistique a montré qu'il existe des corrélations entre les concentrations en micropolluants et en macropolluants (DCO, ammonium, et turbidité) en entrée et en sortie de chacune des STEP étudiées. L'effet des micropolluants sur l'activité bactérienne a été examiné en conditions de laboratoire par des tests de toxicité sur Escherichia coli et par des expériences sur la biomasse de STEP en réacteur batch / This work allowed to acquire new knowledge on micropollution issued from household activities. The occurrence of some micropollutants in urban wastewater (liquid and solid phases) of two urban areas, residential and mixed (houses, hospital, administrations), and in two biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was assessed. The studied micropollutants were chosen according to use and as function of their physical and chemical properties in order to consider their partitioning between liquid and solid phases. Firstly, the methods for the extraction and the analysis of micropollutants in liquid and solid matrices (wastewater and treated water, suspended matter and sludge) were developed and validated. Wastewater sampling in the sewers of the two urban catchments showed some differences of the use of certain compounds according to the catchment and to the season (summer or winter). Measurements of micropollutant concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the plants, on water and sludge, allowed to assess their removal yields and revealed a difference of efficiency of the two biological WWTPs. A statistical treatment showed that there are some correlations between concentrations of micro and macropollutants (COD, ammonium and turbidity) at the inlet and at the outlet of each studied WWTPs. The effect of the target micropollutants on bacterial activity was evaluated under laboratory conditions, by toxicity tests on Escherichia coli, and by experiments on biological sludge in batch reactors

Avloppsslam innehåller näringsämnen, som bör återföras till naturen för att skapa ett så kallat näringskretslopp. Genom att optimera hygieniseringen av avloppsslam med effektivare behandlingsmetod kan avloppsslam bli mer lämpligt att avsättas ur ett bättre ekonomiskt- och miljömässigt perspektiv. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka och bedöma om effektiviseringav befintlig slambehandling är möjlig för att uppnå tillräcklig hygienisering. Utifrån den effektiviserade slambehandlingsmetoden utreda möjliga avsättningsalternativ som lämpar sig bäst för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. En litteraturöversikt utfördes för att öka kunskapen och förståelsen av avloppsslam, desshantering och avsättning. Fallstudien är utformad med kvalitativ metod och informationen har inhämtats från vetenskapliga artiklar, myndigheter, rapporter, examensarbeten och personligkontakt som komplement för att erhålla en god förståelse. Uppgradering av mesofil rötning av avloppsslam vid 37 °C till termofil rötning, 55 °C – 65 °C innebär förhöjd temperatur; det kräver mer energi och ökade energikostnader. Komponenter av den mesofila rötningsprocessen kommer att behöva uppgraderas eller bytas ut och därför tillkommer extra kostnader som också behöver ses över. Fördelarna med termofil rötning inkluderar kortvariga uppehållstider, mindre rötkammare och slammet blir tillräckligt hygieniserat. Ett framtidsscenario är framtaget utifrån effektiviserad slambehandling där två avsättningsalternativ är mest lämpliga för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. Gödsel till produktiv mark är ett av de föreslagna alternativ som tillåter fosforn återvinnas och återanvändas. Om inte termofil rötning som effektivisering hade erhållit tillräcklig hygienisering borde andra komplementerande processer ha införts, exempelvis komposteringstrumma eller pastörisering. En fullständig kostnadsjämförelse mellan befintlig slambehandlingsmetod och mer effektiviserad slambehandlingsmetod är dock nästan omöjlig att utföra då alla kostnader beror på val av komponenter och faktorer. Denna fallstudie bidrar med ett underlag som kan ge större möjligheter för Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB att välja den mest lämpliga avsättningen för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun i framtiden. / Sewage sludge contains nutrients, which should be returned to nature to create a so-called nutrient circulation. By optimizing sanitisation of sewage sludge with effective treatment methods, sewage sludge can be more appropriately disposed from a better economic- and environmental perspective. The aim of this work was to investigate and judge the efficiency of existing sludge treatment is possible to achieve a sufficent sanitation. Based on the streamlined sludge treatment method investigate the disposal options that is best suited for sewage sludge in Avesta town. A literature review was conducted to increase the knowledge and understanding of sewage sludge, its treatment and disposal. The case study is formed with qualitative method and information which has been collected from the scientific articles, authorities, reports, theses and personal contact as a complement to obtain a good understanding. Upgrading of mesophilic digestion of sludge at 37 ° C to thermophilic digestion at 55 ° C - 65 ° C means increased temperature; this requires more energy and hence increases energy costs. Components of the mesophilic digestion process need to be upgraded or replaced and therefore additional costs should also be considered. The advantages of the thermophilic digestion include short residence time, smaller digester and sludge becomes sufficiently disinfected. A future scenario is developed based on more efficient sludge treatment where two disposal options are most appropriate for the sewage sludge in Avesta town. Returning digestate to productive land is one of those suggested alternatives that allows phosphorus to be recovered and recycled. If not thermophilic digestion as streamlining is not effective enough for sufficient sludge sanitation, other complementary processes have to be introduced, for instance, composting drum or pasteurization. A full cost comparison between the existing sludge treatment and more efficient sludge treatment method is, however, almost impossible to be performed when all costs depend on the choice of components, factors and so on. This case study contributes with first-hand information that can provide greater opportunities for Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB to select the most appropriate options for sewage sludge disposal in Avesta town in the future.

Stora mängder receptbelagda- och receptfria läkemedel brukas årligen. Farmaceutiska föreningar såsom exempelvis preventivmedel, antibiotikum och smärtstillande läkemedel når reningsverk via urin och fekalier. Traditionella reningsverk saknar förmågan att helt reducera dessa föreningar och de släpps ut via det utgående vattnet till en recipient där de kan medföra en negativ påverkan i miljön. Duvbackens reningsverk i Gävle har en traditionell uppbyggnad och det behandlade spillvattnet släpps ut i Inre Fjärden. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån Duvbackens avloppsreningsverks förhållanden föreslå en rekommenderad kompletterande reningsmetod för att reducera läkemedelsrester ifrån spillvattnet.   För att kunna föreslå en kompletterande reningsmetod har en provtagning efter läkemedelssubstanser på det inkommande och det utgående spillvattnet genomförts i Duvbackens reningsverk. Detta för att se vilka substanser reningsverket reducerar och vilka som släpps ut i Inre Fjärden.  En litteraturstudie har genomförts där aktivt kol och ozons reduktionsförmåga av läkemedelsrester granskats, samt vart i reningsverket de bör implementeras. Kostnader av aktivt kol och ozon har ställs i förhållande till varandra genom en ekonomisk undersökning.   Duvbackens reningsverk är dimensionerat för 100 000 personekvivalenter och är beläget mellan stadsdelarna Brynäs och Bomhus i Gävle. Reningsverket använder sig av mekanisk, biologisk och vid behov kemisk rening. Resultaten från provtagningen visade att av de 22 läkemedelssubstanser vilka granskats reducerades sex substanser med mindre än 45 % och två substanser fick en förhöjd halt efter de passerat Duvbackens reningsverk.   Både ozon och aktivt kol har i tidigare pilotförsök visat god förmåga att reducera läkemedelssubstanser från avloppsvatten. Variation av reduktionsgrader har visats bero på kolförbrukning och dosering av ozon. En skillnad mellan de kompletterande reningsmetoderna är att aktivt kols reduktionsförmåga försämras med tiden medan ozon har en mer konstant reduktion av läkemedelssubstanser.   Ozon bör implementeras efter slutsedimenteringen följt av ett sandfilter för att reducera reaktiva biprodukter. Vid användning av aktivt kol bör reningsmetoden implementeras efter slutsedimenteringen, då det är av stor vikt att spillvattnet inte har för höga halter av suspenderade ämnen som mättar kolet. När aktivt kol och ozons kostnader jämförts under samma förhållanden har aktivt kol visats vara marginellt dyrare. Energikostnader utgör de stora kostnaderna för ozonrening medan kolförbrukningen visats utgöra den stora kostnaden för rening med aktivt kol. / Large amounts of prescription- and non-prescription pharmaceutical drugs are used annually. Pharmaceutical compounds such as contraception, antibiotics and analgesic drugs end up in sewage treatment plants via urine and feces. The traditional sewage treatment plant lacks the ability to completely reduce pharmaceutical compounds and they are emitted via efflux to a recipient, where they can have a negative impact on the environment. The sewage treatment plant Duvbacken in Gävle has a traditional structure and the treated effluent end up in Inre Fjärden. The purpose of this study is to recommend a complementary treatment method to reduce pharmaceutical compounds based on the sewage treatment plant Duvbacken’s circumstances.   In order to recommend a complementary treatment method samples of the incoming and outgoing efflux have been tested for pharmaceutical substances. The samples were taken to see what substances the sewage treatment plant reduces and what substances end up in Inre Fjärden. A literature review was conducted to examine activated carbon and ozone’s ability to reduce pharmaceutical compounds, it also researched where the treatment methods should be implemented. An economical investigation was done to show the costs for activated carbon and ozone in relation to each other.   The sewage treatment plant Duvbacken in Gävle is constructed for 100 000 persons and is located between the suburban areas Brynäs and Bomhus. The sewage treatment plant uses mechanical, biological and if necessary chemical treatment. The results from the samples of the 22 substances that were examined showed that six pharmaceuticals were reduced by less than 45 % and two substances had an increased concentration after treatment in the sewage treatment plant.   Both ozone and activated carbon have in previous studies shown good ability to reduce pharmaceutical substances from the municipal efflux. Variations in the ability to reduce pharmaceuticals depends on carbon consumption and ozone dosage. One difference between the complementary treatment methods are that activated carbons ability to reduce pharmaceuticals decreases with time, while ozone has a more constant reduction.   Ozone should be implemented after the traditional treatment followed by a sand filter to reduce reactive byproducts. Activated carbon should also be implemented after the traditional treatment due to an efflux with high content of suspended substances can saturate the carbon. When the costs of activated carbon and ozone are compared under the same circumstances it has been shown that activated carbon is marginally more expensive. The energy use represents the major costs for ozone treatment while carbon consumption has shown to be the major cost for activated carbon.

Wastewater treatment is essential to protecting the environment and human welfare. Although chlorination is widely used, the environmental and health concerns associated with chlorine are growing. Treatment facilities are implementing alternative technologies, though the cost and efficiency associated with these practices leave much room in the wastewater field for innovation. Hydropath Technologies Limited introduced a piece of equipment that uses the properties of a transformer to pass an alternating electric current through the pipe and into the contents of the channel. Hydroflow claims that the charged microorganisms react with the oppositely charged water molecule to force osmosis and kill the cell. Disinfection capabilities of three Hydroflow models with varying voltages are tested using municipal wastewater from the secondary clarifier using Escherichia coli concentration as the unit for quantification. After testing the results surrounding theses experiments cannot support the hypothesis that the Hydroflow technology could replace chlorination for municipal wastewater disinfection.

Vid Hammarby Sjöstadsverk drivs en pilotanläggning som är en mindre skala av det framtida avloppsreningsverket i Henriksdal. Delar av reningsprocessen består av membranbioreaktorer. I pilotanläggningen finns en zon kallad RAS-DeOx dit returslammet från membrantankarna och rejektvattnet från slambehandlingen leds. Luftning av membrantankarna gör att returslammet är syrerikt och rejektvattnet innehåller mycket ammonium.Zonen fungerar som ett nitrifikationssteg då syret i returslammet kan oxidera ammoniumet från rejektvattnet. Dessutom kan zonen minska syrehalterna i returslammet för att undvika att det hamnar i pilotanläggningens fördenitrifikation. För att få bättre uppfattning om vad som sker i zonen och hur denna fungerar som ett nitrifikationssteg studerades nitrifikation, denitrifikation och syreförbrukningen i zonen. För att utvärdera RAS-DeOx-zonen belastades den med olika nivåer av ammonium från rejektvattnet vid olika hög luftning i membrantankarna. Detta utfördes både experimentellt direkt på pilotanläggningen och i en simuleringsstudie där processimuleringar genomfördes i en simuleringsmodell. I modellen utvärderades även två styrstrategier för zonen.Resultaten från studierna visade att både nitrifikation och denitrifikation förekom i zonen. Jämfört med simuleringsstudien varierade omfattningen av nitrifikation och denitrifikation mer i den experimentella studien. Båda studierna visade att det fanns risk att syre hamnande i pilotanläggningens fördenitrifikation. Styrstrategierna visade att det inte var fördelaktigt för pilotanläggningens resurseffektivitet att zonen luftades vid hög ammoniumbelastning från rejektvattnet. Det visade sig också att det var ingen större skillnad när det gällde pilotanläggningens prestation vid högt, lågt eller styrt returflöde för zonen. Däremot skiljde sig prestationen mer avseende luftning och koldosering.Utöver att det förekom nitrifikation och denitrifikation i zonen bedömdes den även fungera som ett nitrifikationssteg för ammoniumet i rejektvattnet. Dessutom minskade den syrehalterna i returslammet. Hur väl ammonium nitrifierades och syre förbrukades i zonen berodde på förhållandena i pilotanläggningen och förhållandet mellan mängden ammonium och syre i zonen. / At Hammarby Sjöstadsverk there is a pilot plant which is a smaller version of the future wastewater treatment plant at Henriksdal. Parts of the treatment process steps are membrane bioreactors. There is a zone in the pilot plant which is called RAS-DeOx to where the return activated sludge from the membrane tanks and the reject water from the sludge treatment are pumped. The return activated sludge contains oxygen since the membranetanks are aerated and the reject water has high contents of ammonium.The zone works as a nitrification step for the ammonium in the reject water, and also reduces the oxygen levels in the return sludge to avoid oxygen in the pilot plant's pre-denitrification step. To aquire a better understanding of what occurs in the zone and how it functions as a nitrification step; nitrification, denitrification and oxygen consumption was studied in the zone. To evaluate the RAS-DeOx-zone it was loaded with different loads of ammonium from the reject water at different levels of aeration in the membrane tanks. This was evaluated both experimentally at the pilot and in a simulation model of the pilot. In the simulation model two control strategies for the zone were also evaluated.It was shown that both nitrification and denitrification occurred in the zone. Furthermore, both studies showed that there is a risk that oxygen occurs in pilot's pre-denitrification step if the ammonium load in zone was low. Then, all of oxygen in the zone was not consumed. As for the control strategies, it was shown that the benefits were low for the resource efficiency of the pilot when the zone was aerated during high loads of ammonium. The performance of the pilot was similiar for high, low and regulated return flows for the zone, but the aeration and carbon dosage in the pilot differed.Besides that both nitrification and denitrification occurred in the zone, it was also functioning as a nitrification step for the ammonium from the reject water. The oxygen from the return sludge was reduced as well. The extent of nitrification and consumption of oxygen in the zone depended on the circumstances in the pilot and the relationship between the amount of oxygen and ammonium.

Grande parte do lodo gerado em ETAs no Brasil ainda é disposta em rios ou em aterros sanitários. Contudo, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, condições de licenciamento ambiental restritivas e custos logísticos crescentes tem levantado interesse em usos benéficos para esse resíduo. Um obstáculo para a mudança de paradigma recai no fato de que muito raramente operadores e projetistas de ETAs nacionais conseguirem prever, com algum grau de confiabilidade, a massa e volume de resíduos produzidos pelo tratamento da água bruta. Geralmente, usa-se para esse fim fórmulas empíricas, que relacionam a produção de lodo à concentração de sólidos em suspensão totais (SST) na água bruta e à dosagem de produtos químicos. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: comparar o desempenho de dois dos principais métodos quantitativos de estimativa de produção de lodo o método de fórmulas empíricas, e o do balanço de massa; investigar a prática disseminada de se estimar a concentração de sólidos em suspensão totais na água bruta por meio de modelos de regressão linear com a turbidez como variável independente; e delinear condições para a aplicação dessa correlação. Foram utilizados dados de seis ETAs de ciclo completo operadas pela SABESP (ABV, Alto Cotia, Cubatão, Guaraú, Franca e Presidente Prudente), além de dados de monitoramento de 130 estações de monitoramento de águas superficiais da CETESB. Os resultados sugerem que a identificação de correlações significativas entre concentração de SST e turbidez é elusiva, e não constitui tarefa trivial. Do universo de 130 estações da CETESB, somente 7 apresentaram correlação significativa; das ETAs, somente Presidente Prudente. Modelos de regressão alternativos utilizando outras variáveis (cor, vazão média mensal e mês), combinadas com a turbidez ou isoladamente, foram desenvolvidos. Somente a inclusão do mês como variável categórica foi capaz de aumentar o poder explicativo do modelo baseado exclusivamente na turbidez, sugerindo que a relação entre turbidez e concentração de SST é variável sazonalmente. Mediante a comparação com balanços de massa, foram identificados alguns fatores que afetam o poder de predição da fórmula empírica desenvolvida pela American Water Works Association, algumas vezes de maneira drástica. Em geral, conclui-se que o uso de fórmulas empíricas principalmente em conjunto com modelos de regressão entre concentração de SST e turbidez possa não ser recomendável. / Most of the water treatment plant (WTP) residuals generated in Brazil is still discharged in water bodies, or disposed of in landfills. However, especially in large urban areas, ever stringent conditions for environmental permits e rising logistical costs have put into focus beneficial uses for those residuals. A major obstacle for paradigm change in that aspect lies in the fact that very rarely water treatment plant operators and designers are able to predict with some degree of certainty the mass and volume of residuals produced by the treatment process. Usually, empirical formulas are used for that end, which relates the residuals production rate to the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) in the raw water, and the chemicals dose. The objectives of this work are: to compare the performance of two of the main quantitative estimation methods for residuals production the empirical formulas and the mass balance; to investigate the widespread practice of estimating the concentration of TSS using turbidity as a surrogate; and to identify the conditions under which such procedure is acceptable. For that end, data from six WTPs operated by SABESP (ABV, Alto Cotia, Cubatão, Guaraú, Franca e Presidente Prudente), plus 130 surface water monitoring stations operated by CETESB, was analyzed. Alternative regression models, employing other independent variables (color, average monthly flow and month) singly or in combination with turbidity, were developed. Only the inclusion of the month as a categorical variable was capable of enhancing the explaining power of the turbidity model, suggesting that the relation between turbidity and TSS concentration is seasonally variable. The results suggest that identification of such significant correlations between TSS concentration and turbidity is elusive at best, and doesn\'t amount to a trivial task. Out of the universe of 130 monitoring stations, in only 7 a good degree of correlation was found; of the WTPs, that was the case only in Presidente Prudente. Through the comparison with the mass balances, some factors that affect the predictive power of the American Water Works Association sometimes drastically a were identified. In general, it is concluded that the use of empirical formulas especially when combined with turbidity and TSS concentration regression models may not be recommended.

O objetivo foi desenvolver e avaliar uma metodologia simplificada para detecção de vírus entéricos humanos em lodo de esgoto. O método foi baseado em eluição viral com solução protéica, seguida de ultracentrifugação. Alguns parâmetros foram avaliados (tempo e pH de eluição, condições de clarificação e purificação). A seguir, foi aplicado à pesquisa de adenovírus, vírus da hepatite A e norovírus em amostras colhidas ao longo de 12 meses em duas ETEs do estado de São Paulo. Amostras pareadas de esgoto foram também examinadas como referência da presença viral. A detecção viral por PCR, RT-PCR e PCR em tempo real, revelou a presença de adenovírus, incluindo os entéricos (espécie F) e vírus da hepatite A tanto nas esgoto como no lodo de ambas as ETEs. Norovírus não foram detectados. Vírus infecciosos não foram detectados no lodo submetido ao tratamento químico (ETE A). Parte dos vírus presentes na água de esgoto ficaram retidos no lodo e análises estatísticas revelaram que o tratamento químico adotado na ETE A é eficiente para a inativação viral. / The aim was to develop and evaluate a simplified methodology for detection of human enteric viruses in sewage sludge. The method was based on viral elution with protein solution, followed by ultracentrifugation. Several parameters were evaluated, including time and elution pH, clarifying and purifying conditions. The method was applied to the detection of adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus and noroviruses in sewage sludge samples collected for twelve months at two sewage treatment plants in Sao Paulo state. Raw sewage samples were also collected as a reference for viral presence. PCR, RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR revealed the presence of adenoviruses, including the enteric ones (species F) and hepatitis A virus found both in sewage and sludge. Noroviruses were not detected in any samples. Cell culture infectious viruses were not detected in the sludge subjected to chemical treatment (STP A), and statistical analyses revealed the efficiency of this treatment for virus inactivation.

O estudo dos fatores intervenientes, micro e macropropriedades dos lodos de estação de tratamento de água (ETA), no desaguamento por sistemas naturais, com uso de leito de drenagem, constituiu o principal foco desta pesquisa. Assim, ensaios de desaguamento por leito de drenagem foram realizados com amostras de lodos de sulfato de alumínio e de cloreto de polialumínio (PA\'CL\') e monitoramento das variáveis climáticas. Os resultados comprovaram o desempenho do leito de drenagem para redução de volume, da ordem de 80% e 90% para os lodos de PA\'CL\' e sulfato de alumínio e teor de sólidos final respectivamente de 30 a 90%, sem consumo de energia. Na fase de drenagem, independente do tipo e volume de lodo aplicado, a vazão de drenagem foi maior quanto menor o valor da taxa de aplicação de sólidos - TAS (Kg/\'M POT.2\') (fração volumétrica de partículas). As variáveis analisadas, teor de sólidos, distribuição de tamanho de partículas, morfologia e composição das partículas entre outros, na massa de lodo bruto e desaguado indicaram diferentes mecanismos de secagem e conseqüente influencia na velocidade de secagem. O uso do fluxo de massa de água evaporada revelou-se adequado para avaliar a fase de secagem. O estudo das micro e macropropriedades do lodo mostram-se decisivos para balisarem pesquisas de desenvolvimento dos sistemas de desaguamento e de reúso dos lodos de ETAs. / The study of involved factors, micro and macroproperties of sludge from water treatment plants (WTP) in dewatering by natural systems with the use of draining beds is the main focus of this research. For this purpose, dewatering assays by draining beds were done with samples from aluminium sulphate and polyaluminium chloride (PA\'CL\') sludge, and monitoring of the climatic variables along the experiments. The results proved the performance of the draining beds in reducing the volume, ranging from 80 to 90% for the sludges from PA\'CL\' and aluminium sulphate and the final rate of solids from 30 to 90%, without consuming the energy. In dewatering phase, independently of the type and volume of the applied sludge, the bigger the flow of dewatering the lesser the value of the applied rate of solids (TAS, Kg/\'M POT.2\', volumetric fraction of particles). The analised variables, solid rates, distribution of the height of the particles, morphology, and composition of the particles among others, in the mass of the brute and dewatered sludge indicated different mechanisms of drying and consequently influence in the rate of drying. The use of the flow of mass of humidity revealed adequate to evaluate the drying phase. The studies of micro and macroproperties of the sludge were decisive to conduct researches of development of dewatering systems and reusing of the sludges from WTP´s.

Cette thèse traite de l’analyse et de la synthèse de multimodèles pour la simplification de modèles, l’estimation d’état et le diagnostic des systèmes non linéaires caractérisés par une ou plusieurs échelles de temps. Ces travaux visent, dans un premier temps, à développer une procédure systématique de transformation d’un système non-linéaire en le récrivant sous une forme multimodèle, en évitant quelques inconvénients majeurs : la transformation est réalisée sans perte d’information, le choix de différents points de fonctionnement n’est plus nécessaire, le choix de variables de prémisse est réalisé d’une façon systématique. De plus, la méthode offre le choix entre différents multimodèles. Ce degré de liberté sera utilisé pour faciliter les études de contrôlabilité, d’observabilité et d’analyse de stabilité. Dans un deuxième temps, l’obtention de la forme à perturbations singulières d’un système non linéaire est proposée, en éliminant quelques contraintes structurelles et en rendant l’identification et la séparation des échelles de temps indépendante de la structure du modèle. Dans un troisième temps, la synthèse de plusieurs observateurs robustes vis-à-vis des perturbations, des erreurs de modélisation et des entrées inconnues a été réalisée afin dereconstruire l’état et l’entrée inconnue du système. La difficulté de cette étude provient du fait que le multimodèle utilisé dépend de variables de prémisse non mesurables, situation qui n’est pas intensivement étudiée, alors qu’elle est naturellement issue de l’approche par transformation système non linéaire!multimodèle. Ensuite, le diagnostic de défauts de systèmes est réalisé au moyen de bancs d’observateur à entrées inconnues permettant la génération et la structuration de résidus indicateurs de défauts. Finalement, tous les travaux proposés sont appliqués au modèle d’une station d’´epuration, Activated Sludge Model No.1, qui est largement utilisé dans le domaine du traitement des eaux usées / This thesis deals with analysis and synthesis of multiple model structures for model simplification, state estimation and diagnosis of nonlinear systems represented by one or several time-scales. This work aims, at first, to develop a systematic procedure to transform a nonlinear system into a multiple model form, by avoiding some major drawbacks : the transformation causes no information loss, the choice of the different operating points is no more necessary, the choice of the premise variables is realized in a more systematic way. Furthermore, the method gives the possibility of choosing between different multiplemodel structures. This degree of freedom will be used to ease the controllability, observ-ability, stability analysis studies. Secondly, the derivation of a singularly perturbed form for a multiple time scale non linear system is proposed, by eliminating some structuralconstraints and by making the identification and the separation of the time-scales independent to the model structure. Thirdly, the robust observer synthesis with respect to perturbations, modeling errors and unknown inputs are presented for state and unknowninput estimation. The difficulty of these studies comes from the fact that the multiple model depends on unmeasurable premise variables, this case being not intensively studied, whereas it results naturally from the method of transformation nonlinear system - multiple model. Afterward, fault diagnosis is performed using banks of observer to generate andstructure residual signals. Finally, this works are applied to a model of wastewater treatment plant, Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) that is largely used in the concerned fiel

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aurelio de Melo Barbosa.pdf: 8372928 bytes, checksum: 34ed59e6bd218f99a1d12f2d2abdaa9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-30 / Water, essential for life, has a direct influence on health, quality of life and development of mankind. However, due to natural and human causes, water may suffer contamination from various species, especially for chemical elements. Thus, this paper appears the results of a study of multi-elemental chemical analysis of samples of treated water collected in Water Treatment Plants of twenty-two cities of South Region of Goias State. It was also exposes data on sanitation and hospital morbidity and mortality of the study area. It was found two geochemical associations (SO4-Cl-Zn-Mn and Ca-Sr-Mg), that were presented in maps of distribution of each element geochemistry. Also it was found anomalous concentrations above the maximum permitted values of nitrate in samples of Quirinópolis and Morrinhos, and lead in the sample of Cromínia, with possible impact on the morbidity and mortality of these municipalities. / A água, essencial para a vida, tem influência direta sobre a saúde, qualidade de vida e desenvolvimento do ser humano. Entretanto, devido a causas naturais e antrópicas, a água pode sofrer contaminação de várias espécies, especialmente por elementos químicos. Assim, realizou-se um estudo de análise química multielementar de amostras de água tratada colhidas em Estações de Tratamento de Água de vinte e dois municípios da Mesorregião Sul Goiano. Também foram coletados dados sobre saneamento básico e morbidade hospitalar e mortalidade da área de estudo. Como resultado foram encontradas duas associações geoquímicas (Cl-Zn-SO4-Mn e Ca-Sr-Mg), sendo apresentados os mapas de distribuição geoquímica de cada elemento. Também descobriu-se concentrações anômalas, acima dos Valores Máximos Permitidos, de nitrato nas amostras de Quirinópolis e Morrinhos, e de chumbo na amostra de Cromínia, com possível impacto sobre a morbimortalidade dos referidos municípios.