Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os lodos provenientes de estação de tratamento de água brasileira são, frequentemente, dispostos e lançados diretamente nos corpos d\'água, causando um impacto negativo no meio ambiente. Também, cinzas de carvão são produzidas pela queima de carvão em usinas termelétricas e é o resíduo sólido industrial mais gerado no sul do Brasil: cerca de 4 milhões ton/ano. A disposição eficiente das cinzas de carvão é um problema devido ao seu volume maciço e aos riscos nocivos para o ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade da incorporação desses dois resíduos industriais em uma massa utilizada na fabricação de tijolos ecológicos. As amostras de cinzas leve do filtro ciclone da usina termelétrica localizada no Município de Figueira, Estado do Paraná, Brasil e o lodo de estação de tratamento de água localizada no município de Terra Preta, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram utilizados no estudo. Tijolos de cinzas leve-lodo e cinzas leve-lodo-solo-cimento foram moldados e testados de acordo com padrões brasileiros. Os materiais foram caracterizados por análises físico-químicas, difração de raios X, análise térmica, análise morfológica, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e análise granulométrica. Os resultados indicaram que o lodo de estação de tratamento de água e as cinzas de carvão podem ser usados na manufatura de tijolos prensados solo-cimento de acordo com a Norma Brasileira NBR 10836/94. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A utilização de polímero natural como auxiliar de floculação pode ser alternativa interessante para o aumento da capacidade de estações de tratamento de água para abastecimento. O polímero natural é um produto de baixo custo, de fácil preparo e aplicação. Por ser produzido em larga escala e utilizado nos mais diversos setores da indústria, o polímero natural apresenta-se como alternativa aos polímeros sintéticos que, de maneira geral, são produtos de elevado custo e produzidos com matéria prima geralmente importada. No presente trabalho procurou-se demonstrar a eficiência dos polímeros naturais de fécula de batata e de fécula de mandioca na clarificação da água, mediante a realização de ensaios de laboratório e testes de campo - realizados na estação de tratamento ETA-2 de Valinhos (SP) - para diferentes características da água bruta. A gelatinização dos polímeros foi feita à temperatura ambiente, utilizando-se hidróxido de sódio. Para os testes na ETA-2, foram aproveitadas as instalações existentes e executadas pequenas adaptações para aplicação dos polímeros naturais. Conclui-se que, apesar de alguns ajustes que devem ser feitos, principalmente nos filtros, é possível utilizar os polímeros naturais na ETA-2 com grande probabilidade de êxito, com vistas ao aumento da capacidade de tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram que, tanto o polímero de fécula de batata como o de fécula de mandioca, foram eficientes como auxiliares de floculação na clarificação da água. / Natural polymer utilization as flocculation aid may be an effective alternative for upgrading the capacity of water treatment plants with low cost, easiers to prepare and apply. As natural polymers are large scale produced and applied in many different industrial sectors, it comes as a fesiable alternative for synthetic polymers that are generally high cost and made of imported materials. On this work it was tried to show the efficiency of natural polymers such as potato and manioc starch, for clarifying water by jar-test evaluations and field tests - carried out on water treatment plant WTP-2 of Valinhos (SP - Brazil) - for different characteristics of raw water. The polymer gelatinization was obtained by sodium hydroxide application. For the tests at WTP-2 the existing facilities were utilized and only small adaptations were made to apply natural polymers. The conclusion was, in despite of needing filters adjustments which must be made on water treatment plant for polymer application, it is possible to utilize the product with high successful probability for upgrading the capacity of water treatment plant. The results showed that even potato as well as cassava starchs were efficient on plant clarified water.

As estações de tratamento de água são indústrias nas quais a água bruta (matéria prima)deve ser transformada em água potável (produto final) através da aplicação de produtos em operações e processos. Esta indústria é uma das poucas à qual todos os seres humanos fazem uso do seu produto. Nos últimos tempos tem-se constatado aumento na demanda que, aliado a sensível piora da qualidade da água bruta, conduz a necessidade de funcionamento eficiente das estações, tanto do ponto de vista técnico quanto do econômico. Essa eficiência só será atingida através do gerenciamento adequado. Com vistas às necessidades de nosso país nesse setor, levantou-se informações sobre algumas estações de tratamento de água de abastecimento através de visitas técnicas e aplicação de questionário elaborado. Analisou-se formas de gerenciamento para estas estações de modo que o resultado possibilitasse melhoria do produto e do serviço. Cabe salientar que este trabalho não apresenta uma análise quantitativa dos custos. O desenvolvimento do trabalho permitiu algumas sugestões: de maneira geral não tem existido por parte dos sistemas gerenciadores grandes preocupações com a qualidade dos mananciais; a aquisição dos produtos químicos é realizada pelo menor preço; um número pequeno das ETAs visitas adotam critério técnico para fazer a dosagem de produtos químicos; os resíduos gerados nos decantadores e filtros são descartados nos cursos d'água próximos as ETAs; entre outras. A partir dessas conclusões pôde-se propor medidas para o melhor funcionamento destas estações.

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T14:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_MarlonCaianeloDias_M.pdf: 3410126 bytes, checksum: bb9db3577d3074777f6ae59b1de2ad29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A recirculação de água de lavagem de filtro em estação de tratamento de água do tipo convencional (ETA) pode representar economia significativa tanto do recurso hídrico quanto de energia, aspecto fundamental do ponto de vista da sustentabilidade. Contudo, se praticada sem critério, tal prática operacional pode representar risco à saúde do consumidor. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto da recirculação da água de lavagem de filtros (ALAF) na qualidade da água tratada. O trabalho desenvolveu-se na ETA-3 de Campinas-SP que capta do manancial superficial (rio Atibaia), utiliza pré-cloração e policloreto de alumínio como coagulante no processo de tratamento. Investigou-se em escala de bancada (Jar-test) o impacto da aplicação de taxas de recirculação equivalentes a 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 % em volume de ALAF em relação ao volume total de água tratada na formação de subprodutos de desinfecção (trihalomeanos e ácidos haloacéticos). Os parâmetros carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), UV254, turbidez, cor (aparente e verdadeira) e metais (alumínio, bário, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, manganês, zinco e níquel) foram também avaliados. Em geral, as diferentes taxas de recirculação de ALAF não provocaram inadequações quanto ao padrão de potabilidade para os parâmetros: cor, turbidez, metais (bário, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, manganês, zinco e níquel) e trihalometanos. Quanto aos ácidos haloáceticos, porém, notou-se que não se atendeu ao valor limite estabelecido na legislação e que o aumento da taxa de recirculação provocou a elevação da concentração deste subproduto da desinfecção na água tratada / Abstract: Filter backwash water recycling at conventional water treatment plants (WTP) certainly contributes to water and energy resources rational use, essential for sustainability. However, if practiced without criteria, such operational practice may pose a risk to users¿ health. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of recirculating filter backwash water on filtered water quality. The work was carried out at Campinas WTP, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The plant treats surface raw water from Rio Atibaia (pre-chlorination, polyaluminum chloride as main coagulant). It was investigated in lab scale (jar-test) the effect of applying recirculation flowrate corresponding to 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 % volume of backwash water ratio to total volume of treated water on the formation of disinfection byproducts (trihalomethane, THM and haloacetic acids, HAA). Metals content (aluminum , barium, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium , manganese, zinc and nickel), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) , UV254 , turbidity, apparent and true color were also evaluated . In general, tested recirculation rates did not cause filtered water quality mismatches to drinking water standards for the parameters: color, turbidity, metals (barium, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, manganese, zinc and nickel) and THM. However, for HAA it was found that recycling led to concentration values upper than the maximum contaminant level in Brazilian drinking water standards. Increasing the rate, higher was the concentration of this disinfection by-product in treated water / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Carlos Gomes da Nave Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:02:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bergamini_NataliaCedran_M.pdf: 5745897 bytes, checksum: 69560c23a66d8d968b36f4b34e17bc8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho consistiu em inovação tecnológica antes nunca testada desde a concepção, projeto, construção e operação de um biofiltro percolador de tratamento de esgoto sanitário em escala piloto. O reator foi desenvolvido nas instalações do Laboratório de Protótipos da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil da UNICAMP, cidade de Campinas, estado de São Paulo, é constituído de pré-filtro fabricado com a manta acrílica resinada, 3 reatores biológicos percoladores dispostos em séries, revestidos de não tecido sintético e filtro secundário confeccionado do mesmo material do pré-filtro. A vazão real média de alimentação do sistema era de 12,8 L h-1, tendo sido operado em regime hidráulico com tempo de detenção hidráulico variável de 82 a 100 minutos. A inovação baseou-se no uso de não tecido sintético com tripla função: a) proporcionar o fluxo do substrato sob ação da gravidade; b) promover a troca gasosa entre o meio líquido e a atmosfera; e c) constituir-se como meio suporte da biomassa, além de verificar as condições operacionais e tipos de mantas para viabilizar o tratamento de esgoto na remoção de matéria carbonácea sem a necessidade de aeração artificial. Neste estudo, foi analisada a remoção de sólidos suspensos (SS), turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido, DQO e DBO5. Os resultados médios de remoção de DQO e de DBO nas diferentes fases operacionais variaram de 75 a 86% e de 80 a 86%, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de DQO no efluente final variaram de 81 a 179 mg/L, enquanto as concentrações médias de DBO estiveram entre 47 a 97 mg/L. As médias globais de SST no efluente final foram mantidas em 49 mg/L. Com remoção de turbidez de 92,8%. O sistema PF/FBP (Pré-filtro/Filtro Biológico Percolador) pode se tornar uma alternativa muito promissora para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário de pequenas instalações do Brasil, uma vez que o sistema manifestou baixos tempo de detenção hidráulica e eficiência na remoção de DQO, DBO5 e sólidos suspensos, resultando em uma instalação compacta e de baixos custos. Além disso, o consumo de energia e os custos operacionais são mínimos / Abstract: This work consisted in technological innovation never before tested from conception, design, construction and operation of a trickling biofilter wastewater treatment in pilot scale. The reactor was developed on the premises of the Laboratory Prototypes of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, is constituted of prefilter manufactured with resin-coated acrylic blanket, three biological trickling reactors arranged in series, coated and synthetic nonwoven secondary filter made of the same material pre-filter. The average real power flow of the system was 12,8 L h-1, having been operated hydraulic system with variable hydraulic detention time of 82-100 minutes. The innovation is based on the use of non-synthetic fabric with three functions: a) providing the flow of the substrate under the action of gravity; b) promote gas exchange between the liquid medium and the atmosphere; c) to establish itself as a means of support biomass and to check the operating conditions and types of blankets to enable wastewater treatment for the removal of carbonaceous matter without the need for artificial aeration. In this study, we analyzed the removal of suspended solids (SS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen, COD and BOD5. The average results of COD removal and BOD in the different operational phases ranged 75-86% and 80 to 86%, respectively. The average concentrations of COD in the final effluent ranged 81-179 mg/L, while the average concentrations of BOD were between 47-97 mg/L. Global average of TSS in the final effluent were maintained on 49 mg/L. To remove turbidity of 92.8%. The PF / BTF (Pre-filter / Biological trickling filter) system can become a very promising alternative for treating sewage from small installations from Brazil, once the system showed low hydraulic retention time and removal efficiency of COD , BOD5 and suspended solids, resulting in a compact installation and low costs. Furthermore, the energy consumption and operating costs are minimal / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Cassiana Maria Reganhan-Coneglian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canale_Ivan_M.pdf: 7288933 bytes, checksum: 93678fbce9055e79b05000fd1cab8c23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA) de ciclo completo. Como o volume de ALF pode representar de 3 a 6% do volume de água tratada produzido na ETA, existe interesse cada vez maior no tratamento desse efluente para fins de recirculação junto com a água bruta aduzida à ETA. Entretanto, existe uma preocupação de que essa água residuária possa conter matéria orgânica, sólidos totais, metais, carbono orgânico, precursores de trihalometanos, cistos/oocistos de protozoários ou outras impurezas concentradas durante o processo de filtração. Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar com base em parâmetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos e parasitológicos a água de lavagem de filtros gerada e recirculada na ETA Capim Fino, em Piracicaba / SP - Brasil. Foram avaliadas 12 amostras da água bruta do manancial que abastece a ETA (rio Corumbataí), ALF bruta, ALF clarificada (com o uso de polímeros auxiliares ou por simples sedimentação) e água filtrada da ETA. Para caracterização da ALF foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: cloro residual, cor, turbidez, pH, alumínio solúvel, sólidos totais fixos, sólidos totais voláteis, sólidos sedimentáveis, carbono orgânico total e o potencial de formação de trihalometanos; os parâmetros microbiológicos: coliformes totais, Escherichia coli; e os protozoários patogênicos: Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. O monitoramento da ALF bruta apontou como principais características físico-químicas deste efluente elevados teores de turbidez, alumínio, carbono orgânico total, sólidos totais (fixos e voláteis), sólidos sedimentáveis e potencial de formação de THM. A clarificação da ALF com polímero aniônico possibilitou a redução na concentração dos diversos constituintes analisados. Giardia spp. foi detectada na água bruta (cinco resultados positivos e concentração de cistos variando de <LMD a 75,0 cistos/litro) e na ALF clarificada (dois resultados positivos e concentração de 50 cistos/litro). A pré-cloração realizada na ETA, bem como o uso de água tratada (clorada) para lavagem dos filtros garantiu praticamente ausência de E. coli na água de lavagem. A avaliação da água filtrada da ETA apresentou resultados em conformidade com a Portaria 2914/2011 (padrão de potabilidade) do Ministério da Saúde, com exceção da turbidez, onde foram observados quatro resultados acima do limite de 0,5 NTU estabelecido pela Portaria (1,53, 0,54 , 0,59 e 0,74 NTU), o que pode indicar um transpasse de partículas no efluente filtrado nos primeiros minutos seguintes à lavagem dos filtros. Não foram detectados E. coli ou protozoários na água filtrada. Diante do fato que a recirculação da ALF clarificada junto com a água bruta está ocorrendo numa vazão de 60 L/s, que corresponde a 4,5% da vazão de água bruta (1300 L/s) e de forma intermitente, provavelmente não deverão ocorrer efeitos indesejáveis ao processo de tratamento ou o comprometimento da qualidade da água tratada. Com intuito de precaução, é importante que seja dada toda a atenção ao tratamento (clarificação) da ALF antes da recirculação, para redução da turbidez a níveis mínimos possíveis e que a recirculação do efluente clarificado seja realizada na vazão de 4,5% ou menor / Abstract: Filter backwash water (FBWW) is the largest liquid waste generated in a conventional water treatment plant (WTP). As the volume of FBWW can represent from 3 to 6% of the volume of treated water produced in the WTP, there is an increasing interest in treatment and recycling of this effluent with raw water adducted to WTP. But FBWW would contain concentrated organic matter, total solids, metals, organic carbon, trihalomethanes (THM) precursors, cysts/oocysts of protozoa and other impurities which could be a concern. This research aims to characterize FBWW generated and recirculated in Capim Fino WTP in Piracicaba / SP - Brazil by physico-chemical, microbiological and parasitological analyses. Twelve samples of raw water from the river that supplies the WTP (Corumbataí river), raw FBWW, clarified FBWW (using auxiliary polymers or simple sedimentation) and filtered water were collected and evaluated. The physico-chemical parameters were: residual chlorine, color, turbidity, pH, soluble aluminum, total fixed and volatile solids, settleable solids, total organic carbon and THM potential formation; microbiological parameters: total coliforms and Escherichia coli; and pathogenic protozoa Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. Monitoring the raw FBWW pointed as the main physicochemical characteristics high levels of turbidity, aluminum, total organic carbon, total solids (fixed and volatile), sedimentary solids and THM potential formation. Clarification of FBWW with anionic polymer resulted in a reduction in the concentration of the various parameters. Giardia spp. was found in raw water (five positive results and cyst concentration ranging from <Minimum Detection Limit to 75 cysts/liter) and in clarified FBWW (two positive results, concentration of 50 cysts/liter). The pre-chlorination performed in the WTP and the use of treated water (chlorinated) for washing the filters virtually assured absence of E. coli in the FBWW. The filtered water were in compliance with the Brazilian drinking water standards, with the exception of turbidity. Four samples were above the maximum limit of 0.5 NTU (1.53, 0.54, 0.59 and 0.74 NTU), which may indicate a passage of particles in the first minutes after the washing of the filters. E. coli and protozoa were not detected in the filtered water. Because of the recirculation of clarified FBWW is mixed with raw water at a flow of 60 L/s, which corresponds to 4.5% of the flow of raw water (1300 L/s) and intermittently, it is probable that no undesirable effects would occur in the treatment and in the quality of the drinking water. It is important that full attention is given to treatment (clarification) of FBWW before recirculation to reduce turbidity to the minimum levels that are possible and that the recirculation of clarified effluent is conducted at a flow rate of 4.5% or less / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is an increasing global health problem, leaving few therapeutic options available for the treatment of pathogenic infections. The development of new antibiotics has been slow since their discovery more than 8 decades, therefore, monitoring the extent and distribution of antibiotic resistance is of great importance. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in sludge samples obtained from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. Samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of nalidixic acid (NA), chloramphenicol (CHL), and tetracycline (TC) resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA extracted from Eskilstuna and MälarEnergi sludge showed the presence of NA and TC resistance genes, whereas Örebro sludge was found to have resistance for TC antibiotic genes. To validate the results, PCR detection for resistance genes was performed on Escherichia coli isolates from the sludge samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was used to confirm the genetic analysis for antibiotic resistance genes detection in these E. coli. The PCR results for TC resistance genes correlated between sludge PCR analysis and bacterial isolates for all 3 WWTPs. Based on the results obtained from the genotypic analysis of sludge and E coli, incomplete compatibility in regards to NA, and CHL were observed. However on the basis of antibiotic susceptibility testing, E coli isolates from MälarEnergi sludge samples unveiled the majority presence for antibiotic resistance genes. The results suggest that extra monitoring for the wastewater treatment facilities are vital to minimize the rising incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

The concern for pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) as contaminants in the environment and the need to assess their environmental risk have greatly increased since the early nineties. Among PhACs, antibiotics and antiviral drugs are of important concern due to their role in growing antibiotic and antiviral drugs resistance among pathogenic bacteria and influenza viruses, respectively. Besides resistance issue, the compounds may upset sensitive ecosystems as they are designed to be highly bioactive. Clinically-important antibiotics are virtually ubiquitous contaminants in sewage water and surface water. Notably, recent emergence of novel influenza and use of anti-influenza drugs (specially Tamiflu®) during seasonal influenza、 influenza epidemics and for future pandemic are of emerging concern. Every year seasonal influenza epidemic causes tens of millions of respiratory illnesses and 250, 000 to 500, 000 deaths worldwide. WHO (World Health Organization) recommend the use of antiviral drug Tamiflu® during pandemic, as they are easy to use. Currently only Japan uses over eighty percent of Tamiflu® prescribed globally during common seasonal influenza. It is a fact that a huge amount of antiviral drugs and antibiotics ( for post infection cure of respiratory illness) will be used during an influenza pandemic and will arrive to sewage treatment plants (STPs).Unfortunately, these compounds behaviors are mostly unknown in both conventional and advanced STPs. The exposure of antiviral drug in the wild fowl gut and its implications for hastening the generation of antiviral-resistance in avian influenza viruses are also an emerging issue. The major objective of this thesis work was to investigate the occurrence of antibiotics and antiviral drugs in sewage treatment plants and their fate in different sewage treatment plants. The specific objectives were as follows: (a) to established appropriate analytical method for the selected antibiotics and antiviral drugs in sewage treatment plants, (b) to investigate the occurrence and removal of antibiotics and antiviral drugs in sewage treatment plants differ in technology and operation conditions; and (c) to predicts environmental concentration of the target compounds during a pandemics and appraisal of appropriate technology to reduce the risk associated with widespread use under pandemic conditions. In this study we selected twenty antibiotics: one beta-lactam: ampicillin; four macrolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin; five quinolones: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin; two tetracycline: tetracycline and oxytetracycline; five sulfonamides: sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimizine, sulfamerazine, sulfam- ethoxazole and sulfamonomethoxine; and four others: lincomycin, novobiocin, salinomycin and trimethoprim. Oseltamivir Carboxylate (OC), the active metabolite of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu®) and amantadine (AMN) were selected as antiviral drugs. This dissertation consists of nine chapters: Chapter I describe the background and objective of the study and chapter II represent a brief literature review. In Chapter III, analytical methods for selected antibiotics and antiviral drugs (for the first time) in water and wastewater were described. In Chapter IV, the occurrences and fate of antibiotics in sewage treatment plants were investigated in Japan and China. Clarithromycin was detected in the highest concentration in influent (1129 to 4820　ng/L), followed by azithromycin (160 to 1347　ng/L), levofloxacin (255 to 587　ng/L) and norfloxacin ( 155 to 486 ng/L) and sulfamethoxazole (159 to 176ng/L) in Japan. Ozonation as tertiary treatment of secondary effluent for wastewater reclamation provided significant elimination of antibiotics. Fifty present of the selected antibiotics were removed over eighty percent during ozonation. There was no elimination of antibiotics in dissolve phase during ultra filtration. From Chapter IV a hypothesis was drawn on antibiotics removal and its relation with longer sludge retention time (SRT) in STPs and in Chapter V the role of nitrifier in antibiotics removal was evaluated to verify the hypothesis established from Chapter IV. Nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) can biodegrade the tested antibiotics with different biodegradation rate between　2.74 to 9.95 L/gSS/d. Sulfamethoxazole and sulfamerazine degraded faster than trimethoprim, clarithromycin and enrofloxacin. In Chapter VI, occurrence of antiviral drugs in sewage water discharge and in river water in Japan was conducted during seasonal influenza epidemic and their fate in different sewage treatment facilities were evaluated in Chapter VII. This is the fist findings of antiviral (anti-influenza) drugs in the environment in the world and for the first time the removal mechanism in STPs was elucidated. Finally, it was observed that only primary and secondary treatment processes in STPs were not sufficient to remove these compounds significantly. Overall OC and AMN removal in STP with ozonation as tertiary treatment was 90% and 96% respectively. In ozonation batch experiment, Chapter VIII, ( feed ozone gas concentration 4.0mg/L, ozone gas flow rate 0.23L/min to maintain ozone feed rate of 0.6 mg/L/min), it was observed that AMN and OC concentration decreased linearly with time in all the experiments conducted and it can be, therefore, said that the degradation reactions follow pseudo first-order reaction. The k'O3 (pseudo first-order rate constant for O3) of AMN was 0.596/min (0.00993/sec), and OC was 0.524 /min (0.008725/sec) and over 99% removal within 10min. Chapter VIII described the predicted OC and antibiotics concentration in STPs influent, secondary effluent, after advance tertiary treatment (ozonation) and receiving water during a pandemic with three expected infection scenario ( according to US CDC FluAid model 2.0) in Kyoto city. Both antiviral drugs and antibiotics pose an environmental risk associated to there widespread use during a future pandemic. Ozonation as tertiary treatment can provide a technological solution to reduce the ecotoxicological effect of antibiotics and antiviral drugs uses during a pandemic. In a full scale STP, the antiviral drugs (OC and AMN) reduction were over 90% from secondary effluent after ozonation during seasonal influenza outbreak in Kyoto city in 2008/2009. Finally, (1) analytical methods for commonly used antibiotics and antiviral drugs in water sample was developed with an excellent precision and accuracies, (2) both antibiotics and antiviral drugs were detected in environmental sample, and their behavior in STPs were elucidated. Antivirals in this study were the first time findings in sewage water. This study will provide a surrogate for planning a pandemic preparedness action plan for sewage treatment pants for ecotoxicological risk management. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14931号 / 工博第3158号 / 新制||工||1474(附属図書館) / 27369 / UT51-2009-M845 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 藤井 滋穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

This study documents that external and internal forces were causes of change at VCWTP. External forces caused. Fort Worth to reorganize and introduce new management at VCWTP after 1982. These improvements led to VCWTP being selected best managed wastewater treatment plant in the nation by EPA in 1988. This study first analyzes external and internal forces responsible for changes at VCWTP. A history of plant operations also is reviewed. Personnel interviews were conducted of perceptions of employees. Finally, statistics obtained of the plant operation from 1969 to 1988 are compared with personal interviews. Five forces effect change at VCWTP; population, regulatory requirements, political conflicts, an organizational and managerial factors. Turnaround occurred as external and internal corrections were made.

Philosophy of Doctor - PHD / The aim of this study was to compare the water quality of raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants in the Western Cape, South Africa. The treatment plants investigated are on the same river system. Sewage treatment plant 1 and 2 use older technologies, while sewage treatment plant 3 has been upgraded and new technologies (membrane bioreactor) were incorporated in the treatment processes. The first objective was to determine the occurrence of total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fluoroquinolone and sulfamethoxazole antibiotic residues in raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents. Bacteria in treated sewage effluents can result in diseases such as dysentery, gastroenteritis, and typhoid upon exposure. A chromogenic test was used to screen for coliforms and E. coli. Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) were used to quantitate antibiotic residues (fluoroquinolones and sulfamethoxazole) in raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents. This study showed that bacteria are present in raw wastewater and residual bacteria are released with treated sewage effluents from sewage treatment plants. / South Africa