Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo que busca analisar o tempo de tratamento da tuberculose de pacientes inscritos no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose de um serviço de saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 1999. Os dados relativos a algumas variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade e ocupação), ao diagnóstico (forma clínica), ao tratamento (condição, esquema, tipo, tempo e resultado de tratamento), a intercorrências "patológicas" e a doenças associadas (AIDS e alcoolismo) foram obtidos através de livros de registro e de prontuários. Utilizou-se o programa Epi-Info, versão 6.04d para o cadastramento, tabulação e análise dos dados. Observou-se que dos 140 pacientes em estudo, 105 (75%) pacientes curaram, 20 (14,29%) foram transferidos, 05 (3,57%) tiveram mudança de diagnóstico, 05 (3,57%) abandonaram e 05 (3,57%) foram a óbito. Em relação à cura, 39,05% curaram em até 6 meses; 39,05% entre 6,1 e 9 meses; 20% em mais de 9 meses e 1,9% foi ignorado. Identificou-se que a história de tratamento anterior, intercorrências patológicas, AIDS e alcoolismo contribuíram para o não-cumprimento correto da terapêutica, prolongando o tempo de tratamento entre os indivíduos curados. Quanto ao tempo de tratamento dos pacientes que não evoluíram para a cura, 09 (25,71%) não curaram após 6 meses de tratamento (03 abandonos; 03 óbitos; 02 mudanças de diagnóstico e 01 transferência). Pode-se verificar que as intercorrências podem acontecer ao longo do tratamento, ocasionando desvios como o não-cumprimento do esquema terapêutico, aumentando o tempo de tratamento, o risco de abandono e até mesmo o óbito. Além disso, o estudo possibilitou descrever o tempo de tratamento da tuberculose no Programa (diferença entre data da última e da primeira ingestão do medicamento) e o mês de término do tratamento registrado no prontuário (computado através do número de cartelas de medicamentos concluídos). Verificou-se que o dado registrado no prontuário altera o tempo real de tratamento da tuberculose, uma vez que essa anotação considera como 1 mês de tratamento, a contagem do término de 1 cartela de medicamentos concluída pelo paciente, que pode ter duração de mais de 30 dias. Constatou-se, neste estudo, o preenchimento incompleto das fichas de notificação e das folhas de evolução médica e de enfermagem, bem como o critério de registro correspondente ao mês de tratamento do doente, sugerindo uma maior atenção do serviço para esses fatos e melhor esclarecimento aos trabalhadores de saúde sobre os critérios e a precisão dos dados a serem informados. / This is a descriptive epidemiological study which aims at analyzing tuberculosis treatment in patients enrolled in the Tuberculosis Control Program of a health service in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP from January 1998 to December 1999. Data concerning some social and demographic variables (sex, age, education and occupation), the diagnosis (clinical condition), treatment (condition, plan, type, period and treatment results), pathological intercurrences and associated diseases (AIDS and alcoholism) were obtained through records books and charts. The Epi-Info, version 6.04d was used for data recording, tabulation and analysis. It was observed that of the 140 patients under study, 105 (75%) patients were cured, 20 (14.29%) were transferred, 05 (3.57%) had their diagnoses changed, 05 (3.57%) quit treatment and 05 (3.57%) passed away. Concerning cure, 39.05% were cured in the period of 6 months; 39.05% in a period of 6.1 to 9 months; 20% in more than 9 months and 1.9% were ignored. It was identified that the history of previous treatment, pathological intercurrences, AIDS and alcoholism contributed to not following therapy adequately, which extended the time of treatment among cured individuals. Concerning the time of treatment of patients who did not develop to cure, 09 (25.71%) were not cured after 6 months of treatment (03 dropouts; 03 deaths; 02 diagnosis alterations and 01 transfer). It can be observed that intercurrences may occur during treatment, which causes deviances such as the non-adherence to the therapeutic plan and increase in the treatment period, risks of quitting and even death. In addition, the study enabled the comparison between the time of treatment of tuberculosis in the Program (difference between the dates of the last and first medication ingestion) and the month of completion of treatment recorded in the chart (calculated through the number of medication packages used). It was observed that the information recorded in the chart changed the real time of tuberculosis treatment, since this note considered as a month of treatment the counting of the consumption of one medication package consumed by the patient, which can take over 30 days. Incomplete report forms, medical and nursing development sheets and the recording criterion corresponding to the patient’s month of treatment were found in this study, which suggests greater attention from the service to these facts and a better clarification to health workers concerning the criteria and precision of the data to be informed.

Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo que busca analisar o tempo de tratamento da tuberculose de pacientes inscritos no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose de um serviço de saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 1999. Os dados relativos a algumas variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade e ocupação), ao diagnóstico (forma clínica), ao tratamento (condição, esquema, tipo, tempo e resultado de tratamento), a intercorrências "patológicas" e a doenças associadas (AIDS e alcoolismo) foram obtidos através de livros de registro e de prontuários. Utilizou-se o programa Epi-Info, versão 6.04d para o cadastramento, tabulação e análise dos dados. Observou-se que dos 140 pacientes em estudo, 105 (75%) pacientes curaram, 20 (14,29%) foram transferidos, 05 (3,57%) tiveram mudança de diagnóstico, 05 (3,57%) abandonaram e 05 (3,57%) foram a óbito. Em relação à cura, 39,05% curaram em até 6 meses; 39,05% entre 6,1 e 9 meses; 20% em mais de 9 meses e 1,9% foi ignorado. Identificou-se que a história de tratamento anterior, intercorrências patológicas, AIDS e alcoolismo contribuíram para o não-cumprimento correto da terapêutica, prolongando o tempo de tratamento entre os indivíduos curados. Quanto ao tempo de tratamento dos pacientes que não evoluíram para a cura, 09 (25,71%) não curaram após 6 meses de tratamento (03 abandonos; 03 óbitos; 02 mudanças de diagnóstico e 01 transferência). Pode-se verificar que as intercorrências podem acontecer ao longo do tratamento, ocasionando desvios como o não-cumprimento do esquema terapêutico, aumentando o tempo de tratamento, o risco de abandono e até mesmo o óbito. Além disso, o estudo possibilitou descrever o tempo de tratamento da tuberculose no Programa (diferença entre data da última e da primeira ingestão do medicamento) e o mês de término do tratamento registrado no prontuário (computado através do número de cartelas de medicamentos concluídos). Verificou-se que o dado registrado no prontuário altera o tempo real de tratamento da tuberculose, uma vez que essa anotação considera como 1 mês de tratamento, a contagem do término de 1 cartela de medicamentos concluída pelo paciente, que pode ter duração de mais de 30 dias. Constatou-se, neste estudo, o preenchimento incompleto das fichas de notificação e das folhas de evolução médica e de enfermagem, bem como o critério de registro correspondente ao mês de tratamento do doente, sugerindo uma maior atenção do serviço para esses fatos e melhor esclarecimento aos trabalhadores de saúde sobre os critérios e a precisão dos dados a serem informados. / This is a descriptive epidemiological study which aims at analyzing tuberculosis treatment in patients enrolled in the Tuberculosis Control Program of a health service in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP from January 1998 to December 1999. Data concerning some social and demographic variables (sex, age, education and occupation), the diagnosis (clinical condition), treatment (condition, plan, type, period and treatment results), pathological intercurrences and associated diseases (AIDS and alcoholism) were obtained through records books and charts. The Epi-Info, version 6.04d was used for data recording, tabulation and analysis. It was observed that of the 140 patients under study, 105 (75%) patients were cured, 20 (14.29%) were transferred, 05 (3.57%) had their diagnoses changed, 05 (3.57%) quit treatment and 05 (3.57%) passed away. Concerning cure, 39.05% were cured in the period of 6 months; 39.05% in a period of 6.1 to 9 months; 20% in more than 9 months and 1.9% were ignored. It was identified that the history of previous treatment, pathological intercurrences, AIDS and alcoholism contributed to not following therapy adequately, which extended the time of treatment among cured individuals. Concerning the time of treatment of patients who did not develop to cure, 09 (25.71%) were not cured after 6 months of treatment (03 dropouts; 03 deaths; 02 diagnosis alterations and 01 transfer). It can be observed that intercurrences may occur during treatment, which causes deviances such as the non-adherence to the therapeutic plan and increase in the treatment period, risks of quitting and even death. In addition, the study enabled the comparison between the time of treatment of tuberculosis in the Program (difference between the dates of the last and first medication ingestion) and the month of completion of treatment recorded in the chart (calculated through the number of medication packages used). It was observed that the information recorded in the chart changed the real time of tuberculosis treatment, since this note considered as a month of treatment the counting of the consumption of one medication package consumed by the patient, which can take over 30 days. Incomplete report forms, medical and nursing development sheets and the recording criterion corresponding to the patient’s month of treatment were found in this study, which suggests greater attention from the service to these facts and a better clarification to health workers concerning the criteria and precision of the data to be informed.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of direct versus indirect bracket placement in orthodontics in a controlled setting. The more accurate the initial bracket placement is the less time will be required in terms of treatment. Accurate bracket placement can reduce the envelope of error in the three dimensions of vertical (incisal height, height of tooth), horizontal (mesial-distal) and angular (degrees incisal to root apex causing rotational irregularities) based on Andrews’ six keys to normal occlusion (Andrews, 1979). In this comparative experimental study, 10 Class I molar relation study models were selected from the researcher’s practice archives. Only the MBT pre-adjusted or angulated orthodontic brackets were used on manikins, followed by the use of 3D CAD CAM technology to evaluate the results against a pre-determined golden standard.

A study of biosorption of cobalt metal by Pseudomonas Aerguinosa gram-negative bacterial strain is presented. The present study is carried out to determine the optimum conditions of cobalt biosorption at ultra-low concentration (ppb range) in aqueous solutions. The receptiveness of cobalt metal on the extracellular surface of bacterial strain was examined by varying the pH, Initial concentration of metal and treatment time. Experimental data showed that effect of pH and treatment time is prevalent in biosorption of cobalt and by increasing both these parameters resulted in the efficient sorption of cobalt on the extracellular surface of Pseudomonas Aerguinosa. In some cases, higher initial concentration of cobalt resulted in higher metal removal. However, there is no clear relationship is obtained between efficiency of biosorption and initial concentration of cobalt.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur personal vid en låsbar SiS-institution beskriver sin syn på hur en optimal behandlingsinstution behöver utformas för att uppnå de bästa behandlingsförutsättningarna. Undersökningen har skett på en av statens institutionsstyrelse´s (SiS) ungdomshem i Sverige för ungdomar 14-20 år. De tre frågeställningar som studien redogör för är: Hur beskriver personalen att institutioner behöver organiseras för att uppnå de bästa behandlingsförutsättningarna? Hur beskriver personalen att behandlingsarbetet behöver formas för att uppnå bestående beteendeförändring? Hur beskriver personalen att en optimal ungdomsgrupp behöver formas utifrån den unges behandlingstid och behandlingsinnehåll? Kunskapsläget innehåller såväl den forskning som finns på området men också den teori som utvecklats utifrån den forskning som producerats. I kunskapsläget finns tre centrala begrepp presenterade, organisation, bestående beteendeförändring och ungdomsgrupp, vilka är relevanta för såväl syftet som frågeställningarna. Utifrån studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ forskningsansats för att förstå varje intervjupersons livsvärld och framställa mening sett från dennes perspektiv och erfarenheter. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fyra informanter som alla är personal på den valda institutionen. Intervjuerna spelades in med diktafon och transkriberades sedan ordagrant för att bli föremål för analys. Som konkret analysmetod användes meningskoncentrering utifrån studiens inspiration av fenomenologiskt förhållningssätt. I resultatet framkommer att det är många komponenter i temana organisation, bestående beteendeförändring och ungdomsgrupp, som påverkar chanserna för positivt behandlingsutfall och informanternas beskrivningar samstämmer med vad tidigare forskning kommit fram till. Essensen som hittats i resultatet är förutsättningar, alltså att institutionen och dess personal behöver förutsättningar för exempelvis ekonomi, förhållningssätt, metoder, teorier, bemanning, kunskapsutveckling, struktur och miljö. Om organisationen kan ge institutionen rätt förutsättningar med tydliga definitioner ökar chanserna för positivt behandlingsutfall markant. / This study aims to examine how staff at a secure SiS-institution describes their view of how an optimal treatment institution needs to be designed to achieve the best treatment conditions. The examination took place in one of the State's board of Institutional Care (SiS) youth homes inSwedenfor young people 14-20 years. The three questions that the study accounts for are: How does the staff describe that institutions needs to be organized to achieve the best treatment conditions? How do the staff describe that the treatment needs to be designed to achieve lasting behavioural change? How do the staff describe that the optimal group of youth needs to be designed from the youth's treatment time and treatment content? The frame of knowledge used in the thesis contains the research results in this area but also the theory that subsequently was developed from the research produced. In the frame of knowledge, there are three key concepts presented, organization, lasting behavioural change and group of youth, which are relevant to both the aim as to the questions at issue. Based on the aim of the study a qualitative research approach was chosen to understand each interviewee’s lifeworld and to see from their perspective and experiences. Semi-structured interviews were accomplished with four informants, all staff at the selected institution. The interviews were recorded with a Dictaphone and transcribed verbatim in order to be subject to analysis. As a concrete method of analysis, meaning condensation was used inspired by the phenomenological approach in the study. The result shows that there are many components in the themes organization, lasting behavioural change and group of youth which affects the chances of a positive treatment outcome and that informants' descriptions is alignment with previous research findings. The essence found in the results is different kinds of conditions. It means that the institution and its staff need conditions for example, economy, policies, methods, theories, staffing, skills development, structure and environment. If the organization can give the institution the right conditions with clear definitions, increases the chances of a positive treatment outcome significantly.

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Cancer remains a significant global challenge, constituting one of the leading causes of death worldwide. With an aging population, the demand for cancer treatments is increasing. Nevertheless, due to technological advancements, cancer mortality rates are declining. This study contributes to these advancements, focusing specifically on radiation therapy, a crucial technology widely used today. Since the invention of radiation therapy, there has been significant research and progress in the field. One such advancement is the CyberKnife® system (Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) - a fully robotic radiotherapy device that enables precise patient treatments. Its flexibility allows for the delivery of high-quality plans, but treatment times can be quite long, leading to adverse effects for both patients and healthcare providers. This thesis introduces algorithms aimed at reducing the robot traversal time of the CyberKnife technology. These algorithms are incorporated into an existing optimization framework for treatment planning, with their effectiveness evaluated across various patient cases. Significant reductions in treatment times for some patient cases were observed, while maintaining satisfactory plan quality, primarily due to more efficient traversal paths for the CyberKnife robot. The increased efficiency of the robot can also be leveraged to create treatment plans with more irradiation directions, increasing the treatment quality in some cases. / Cancer förblir en betydande global utmaning och är en av de främsta dödsorsakerna i världen. Med en åldrande befolkning ökar efterfrågan på cancerbehandlingar. Trots detta minskar cancerdödligheten tack vare teknologiska framsteg. Denna studie bidrar till dessa framsteg, med särskilt fokus på strålterapi, en avgörande teknologi som används i stor utsträckning idag.  Sedan uppfinningen av strålterapi har det gjorts betydande forskning och utveckling inom området. Ett sådant framsteg är CyberKnife®-systemet (Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) - en helt robotiserad strålterapimaskin som möjliggör precisa behandlingar för patienter. Dess flexibilitet gör det möjligt att leverera högkvalitativa planer, men behandlingstiderna kan vara långa, vilket leder till negativa effekter för såväl patienter som sjukvården. Denna uppsats introducerar algoritmer som syftar till att minska traverseringstiden för CyberKnife-roboten. Dessa algoritmer integreras i ett befintligt optimeringsramverk för behandlingsplanering, med deras effektivitet utvärderad baserat på olika patientfall.  Betydande minskningar av behandlingstiderna observerades för vissa patientfall, samtidigt som tillfredsställande plankvalitet behölls, främst med anledning av mer effektiva traverseringsvägar för CyberKnife-roboten. Denna effektivisering möjliggör också skapandet av behandlingsplaner med fler strålriktningar, vilket förbättrade behandlingskvaliteten i vissa fall.