A degradação florestal tem aumentado significativamente nas últimas décadas e gerado impactos ambientais consideráveis, exigindo o estabelecimento de técnicas economicamente viáveis e eficazes de restauração florestal. Atualmente tem sido proposta a semeadura direta como uma alternativa ao plantio de mudas devido ao seu baixo custo. No entanto, ainda são poucos os trabalhos com semeadura direta que objetivem selecionar espécies que apresentam maiores porcentagens de emergência e sobrevivência. Diante disso, nós realizamos um estudo de semeadura direta com espécies arbóreas nativas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, no sul do Brasil, com o objetivo de: (1) determinar se atributos reprodutivos (massa, forma e conteúdo de água da semente) influenciam na germinação; (2) testar a efetividade da semeadura direta em tratamentos com e sem cobertura de palhada, sementes enterradas e não enterradas e (3) estabelecer critérios para a seleção de espécies para restauração ecológica. Foram coletadas sementes de 17 espécies, testadas a germinação em laboratório e, destas, 12 foram semeadas em campo. Foram medidos a forma, massa e conteúdo de água das sementes. Estes atributos foram relacionados com a taxa de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação para as espécies testadas em laboratório. Na semeadura direta foram calculados a emergência, estabelecimento e sobrevivência e comparado as diferenças entre três tratamentos: enterrada com cobertura, enterrada sem cobertura e não enterrada com cobertura. Em laboratório o formato das sementes teve efeito sobre o índice de velocidade germinação, indicando que as sementes achatadas germinam mais rapidamente. Na semeadura direta, as sementes enterradas e com cobertura de palhada apresentaram maiores taxas de germinação (52% para Allophylus edulis), porém não houve efeito significativo para o estabelecimento e a sobrevivência. Nosso estudo sugere que espécies com sementes achatadas devem ser priorizadas em trabalhos de restauração ecológica florestal e que, na semeadura direta, as sementes quando enterradas aumentam o sucesso da semeadura. / Deforestation has increased significantly in the last decades and generated considerable environmental impacts, requiring the establishment of economically viable and effective forest restoration techniques. Direct sowing has now been proposed as an alternative to planting seedlings because of its low cost. However, there are still few works with direct seeding that aim to select species that show highest germination and establishment. Therefore, we carried out a direct sowing study with native tree species of the South Brazilian Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, aim to: (1) determine if reproductive attributes (mass, shape and water content of the seed) interfere with germination; (2) to test the effectiveness of direct seeding in treatments with and without seed cover, buried and non-buried seeds, and (3) establish criteria for selection of species for ecological restoration using direct seeding. Seeds of 17 species were collected and tested in the laboratory and 12 of them were sowed in the field. The traits seed mass, seed form and water content were related to germination rate, mean germination time and germination speed index for the species tested in the laboratory. In direct seeding, we compared the three treatments ‘buried with cover’, ‘buried without cover’, ‘not buried with cover’and analysed emergence, establishment and survival. In the laboratory, the flattened seeds presented greater germinability and a higher rate of germination, and the interaction of seed form and mass was significant for germination rate. In direct seeding, buried seedlings with mulch cover presented higher germination rates, but there was no significant effect for establishment and survival. Our study suggests that species with flattened seeds should be prioritized in forest ecological restoration and that, when buried, increase direct seeding success.

Humans have affected the Swedish forests for a long time, mainly through agriculture and forestry. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a lot of changes have taken place in forest policy, which have affected the structures of our forests, such as tree age, size and species distributions. By using information from different types of historical data, we can increase our understanding of the earlier structures of forests and how to manage them in the future. This study investigated changes in annual growth and changes in age, diameter, height and tree species distribution in the forests of Östergötland from year 1927 to the period 1983-2017, using data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. Six tree species where used, Picea spp, Pinus spp, Quercus robur, Betula spp, Alnus spp and Populus tremula. There was an increase in the proportion of Picea spp, and a decrease in the proportion of Pinus spp since 1927. The proportion of deciduous trees also increased but not as much. Interestingly, the proportion of Betula spp had fallen since 1927, but the now larger proportion of young trees indicate that the proportion of Betula spp is increasing again. Q. robur, P. tremula, Picea spp and Pinus spp also had a larger proportion of younger trees in the more recent period. There was a significantly higher proportion of tall trees during the latter period for all tree species. For growth rate in width, the results varied among tree species. For Betula spp it had decreased and for Q. robur it had increased. For the coniferous trees there was hardly any difference between the periods. Overall, the results show that Östergötland's forests have been influenced by forestry and increased ungulate populations since the first inventory 1927 and that there have been changes in the composition of the forests. / Människan har länge påverkat de svenska skogarna. Sedan 1900-talets början har en hel del förändringar skett inom skogspolitiken, vilket har påverkat bland annat skogarnas ålder- och storleksfördelning, samt trädslagsfördelning. Genom att använda information från olika typer av historiska data kan vi öka vår förståelse om hur skogar såg ut förr och vad som har påverkat dem. Denna studie undersökte skillnader i tillväxt, höjd-och diameterfördelning, samt åldersfördelning i Östergötlands skogar från år 1927 till perioden 1983–2017, med hjälp av data från riksskogstaxeringen. Sex trädslag användes; gran (Picea spp), tall (Pinus spp), ek (Quercus robur), björk (Betula spp), al (Alnus spp) och asp (Populus tremula). En kraftig ökning av andelen gran hade skett sedan 1927, medan andelen tall hade minskat. För lövträden hade det endast skett en liten ökning i andel. Intressant var också att andelen björk hade minskat sedan 1927 och att andelen björkar yngre än 50 år var större den senare perioden, vilket indikerar att björkens andel kan vara på väg att öka igen. Ek, asp, gran och tall hade också en större andel yngre träd under den senare perioden. För alla trädslag fanns det en betydligt mindre andel höga träd år 1927. För årlig tillväxt i bredd varierade resultaten trädslagen emellan. För björk hade årsringsbredden minskat sedan 1927, medan den hade ökat för ek. För barrträden var det knappt någon skillnad mellan perioderna. Resultaten visar att Östergötlands skogar har påverkats mycket av skogsbruket, samt klövviltsbete, sedan 1927 och att det har skett flera strukturella förändringar i skogarnas sammansättning.

Este trabalho objetiva, com base nos postulados teórico-metodológicos da Terminologia teórica e aplicada, da Socioterminologia e da Tradutologia, apresentar uma proposta para popularização do conhecimento científico, e tem como resultado uma amostra de catálogo de espécies arbóreas, em linguagem popular. Para tanto, delimitamos o corpus deste estudo e analisamos a passagem do científico ao popular, considerando o continuum entre parâmetros (do científico ao popular) e o continuum tipológico (gênero textual), que nos serviram de base para estabelecer o parâmetro das distâncias entre os níveis. Utilizamos a tradução intralingual como mediadora do conhecimento científico, para re-explicar os conceitos difíceis e diminuir a complexidade do texto de especialidade. Descrevemos a trajetória do processo de diminuição da densidade terminológica do texto para a elaboração das definições que compõem a amostra do catálogo. Em conclusão, constatamos que é possível, em Terminologia, permanecermos dentro de um mesmo universo de discurso e gênero textual, mudando, apenas, o nível de registro, de acordo com objetivos e públicos específicos. Observamos, também, que a Tradução utiliza-se da Terminologia, assim como a Terminologia utiliza-se do processo de tradução para a elaboração das definições de conceitos e termos, sendo a tradução intralingual, assim como a tradução interlingual e intersemiótica, uma etapa imprescindível na construção do saber. / This work examines the basis of theoretical and methodological postulates of theoretical and applied Terminology, of Socioterminology and of Traductology, to present a proposal for popularization of the scientific knowledge, which results in a catalog sample of tree species, in a popular language. Thus, restricting the corpus of this study and analyzing the transition from scientific to popular language, considering the continuum between parameters (from scientific to popular) and the typological continuum (textual gender), which helped to form the basis for the parameter of the distances between those language levels. The intralingual translation has been used as a mediator of knowledge to reexplain the difficult concepts and reduce the complexity of the specialized text. A description is given of the trajectory of decreasing process of terminological density of the text to write the definitions which compose our catalog sample. In conclusion, it has been verified that it is possible, in Terminology, to remain within the same universe of discourse and textual gender, changing, just, the level of register in accordance with specific objectives and audiences. It is also observed that the Translation uses the Terminology as well the Terminology uses the translation process to write the definitions of concepts and terms, being intralingual translation as well as interlingual and intersemiotic translations, an essential step in the building of knowledge.

The concept of habitat quality is fundamental to the study of ecology, and ecologists have long recognized the importance of vegetation structure and composition in the assessment of wildlife habitat. Vegetative characteristics affect productivity in birds for a variety of reasons (e.g., predator assemblages, nesting sites, song perches, food availability). I investigated the relationship between habitat quality and prey availability and the effect these parameters have on reproductive success in golden-cheeked warblers (Dendroica chrysoparia). My objectives were to 1) determine any differences in pairing and fledging success of warbler territories within two ecosites exhibiting two distinctive tree species composition 2) explore the relationship between tree species composition, arthropod density, and foraging effort, and the effect these parameters have on reproductive success in golden-cheeked warblers and 3) investigate the connection between preferred foraging substrates and changes in arthropod abundance within golden-cheeked warbler territories throughout the breeding season. I mapped individual warbler territories and searched for fledglings, observed foraging behavior, and collected arthropods in each territory to determine productivity, foraging effort, and food availability. I conducted these methods over two seasons in juniper-oak woodlands on Fort Hood, north-central Texas within 347 territories of two vegetative types: those marked by the predominance of post oak (Quercus stellata) and those marked by the predominance of Texas oak (Quercus buckleyi). Pairing and fledging success of territories differed substantially between the two vegetative types. Movement rates differed considerably between the two vegetative types, indicating a difference in prey encounter rate. Foraging data indicated a clear switch in preferred foraging substrates from oak species early in the breeding season, to Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) in mid-May. Arthropod sampling revealed a correlation between preferred foraging substrates and arthropod density. Results suggested that Texas oak was an important foraging substrate for golden-cheeked warblers, and territories that lack this tree species generally did not succeed in fledging young. My study can be used to indicate areas that should be targeted for conservation by local, state, and federal government because they provide high quality habitat based on warbler productivity.

In the Central Valley of Costa Rica in the Department of Heredia, I investigated the soil chemical properties and microbial communities under four native shade tree species in a coffee agroforestry system. In the second year of the study, Effective Microorganisms, a microbial inoculant, was applied to examine its effect on soil chemistry. The shade tree species included in this study were Anonna muricata L., Diphysa americana Mill., Persea americana Mill., and Quercus spp. L. Plots measured 20 by 30 meters and were replicated three times for each shade tree species except for Quercus spp., which only had two replications. Twelve composite soil samples were collected from each plot in 2008 and again in 2009, and twelve composite foliar samples were taken from the coffee plants in each plot in 2008. The results of this study indicated that the species of native shade tree had a significant effect on soil ammonium-N, nitrate-N, total dissolved nitrogen and magnesium. Sun or shade position had a significant effect on dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon. The species of native shade tree also had a significant effect on the composition of soil microbial communities. PLFA analysis revealed a significant difference in soil fungi abundance in soil samples from Annona plots relative to those from Persea plots. Effective microorganisms in combination with the tree species, as well as in combination with species and sun or shade position, had a significant interaction effect on soil ammonium-N, with the EM-treated plots showing higher concentrations of soil ammonium-N. There was a significant positive correlation between soil pH and foliar calcium, as well as soil dissolved organic nitrogen and foliar %N, at p< 0.01. This study suggests that Quercus spp. is a tree species that may help to regulate the cycling of nitrogen in the coffee agroecosystem. Annona muricata appears to inhibit the action of some fungal species and may reduce the occurrence of fungal pathogens in the soil, although the present study did not explore this issue. Although Diphysa americana is a legume, it does not appear to increase the amount of soil nitrogen in the vicinity of the coffee plants themselves. All four tree species in this study improve coffee soils by increasing soil concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon. Coffee yield data and long term observations on the health of the coffee plants would clarify whether one of these species is particularly beneficial, from an agronomic perspective, for the productivity of this coffee agroecosystem.

Subject of research – pure and mixed forest stands of IV group on Nc type of soil. Objective of research – to analyze various financial indices of different forest stands growing on Nc type of soil. Methodology – using standwise forest database, stands of IV group of forest growing on Nc type of soil were selected and grouped by species composition. Average reforestation expenses by tree species as well as average expenditures for stand protection and supervision were used. Volume of mature stands at cutting age were calculated using growth models by dr. A. Tebėra. Faustman’soil expectation value was calculated using two alternative interest rates, 1 % and 2 %. Results of research – it was defined that birch and spruce mixed forest stands reaches the highest Faustman’s soil expectation value using both 1 % and 2 % interest rate. The same stands provide highest forest rent. The lowesr values using all the three indices reach adler stands.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sampaio_tf_me_botfca.pdf: 612271 bytes, checksum: c19e1d6a9546a1550588f1f4322a7fdf (MD5) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e monitorar a eficiência do lodo de esgoto proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí na recuperação de solos degradados: física do solo, desenvolvimento de diferentes espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica (pioneiras, secundárias e clímax), e presença de metais pesados no solo e nas espécies. O experimento foi instalado numa área de solo arenoso da companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose no município de Itatinga-SP. Os tratamentos testados foram: doses de lodo de esgoto em base seca (2,5; 5; 10; 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 + suplementação com K), suplementação com K, adubação convencional (NPK) e testemunha absoluta. As espécies avaliadas foram: Croton floribundus, Schima terebinthifolius, Peltophorum dubium, Cedrella fissilis, Guazuma ulmifolia, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Copaífera langsdorffii, Hymenaea courbaril e Cariniana estrellensis. As maiores doses de lodo de esgoto influenciaram nas características físicas do solo, até aos 12 meses após a aplicação do lodo, bem como no crescimento inicial das espécies e nos teores de metais no solo. As espécies pioneiras apresentaram melhor resposta à aplicação do lodo. As espécies secundárias e as climácicas apresentaram bom desenvolvimento, porém crescimento inicial lento. As maiores doses do lodo influenciaram nos teores totais e disponíveis de metais no solo, não influenciando, porém, nos teores encontrados nas plantas / This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the efficiency of sewage sludge from the Jundiaí Wastewater Treatment Sewage in the recovery of degraded soils: soil physics, it’s influence on the development of different tree species of the Atlantic Forest (pioneer, secondary and climax), and the presence of heavy metals in soil and tree. The experiment was conducted in an area of sandy soil of the Suzano Papel e Celulose company in Itatinga-SP. The treatments were: doses of sewage sludge on dry reference (2,5; 5; 10; 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 + K supplement), only K supplement, conventional fertilizer (NPK) and a treatment control. The species studied were: Croton floribundus, Schima terebinthifolius, Peltophorum dubium, Cedrella fissilis, Guazuma ulmifolia, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Copaífera langsdorffii, Hymenaea courbaril e Cariniana estrellensis. Higher doses of sewage sludge improved the soil physical characteristics until 12 month before sludge aplication, in the initial growth of the species and levels of heavy metals in the soil. Pioneers species showed a better response to the sewage sludge applications. Secondary and climax species showed good growth, however the initial growth was slow. Higher doses of sewage sludge affected the total and available heavy metals content in the soil, however, had no effect on the levels found in plants

Os estudos dendrocronológicos e dendroclimatológicos estão começando a ser utilizados nas florestais tropicais e subtropicais brasileiras. Estes estudos são importantes para correlacionar a taxa de crescimento das espécies florestais com a variações climáticas e fenológicas e determinar a idade das árvores. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos principais: (i) estudar a periodicidade da atividade cambial e da formação dos anéis de crescimento utilizando o método de faixas dendrométricas em três locais da região do sudeste do Estado de São Paulo; (ii) determinar a idade de algumas árvores das espécies selecionadas (dendrocronologia); (iii) correlacionar o crescimento em circunferência das árvores com as variações climáticas, fenológicas e condições de crescimento (dendroclimatologia e dendroecologia); (iv) fazer a identificação macroscópica das madeiras das espécies estudadas. Para esse trabalho foram escolhidas as seguintes reservas: Estação Ecológica de Ibicatu (Piracicaba/SP) e Reserva Florestal Mata de Santa Genebra (Campinas/SP) com espécies nativas e Estação Experimental de Tupi (Piracicaba/SP) plantios com essências nativas de idade conhecida. Através dos resultados obtidos constatou-se que (a) o local onde uma espécie se desenvolve e suas condições de crescimento podem interferir no ritmo de crescimento dos indivíduos; (b) a faixa dendrométrica colocada nos troncos das árvores é um equipamento fundamental, preciso e muito eficiente para se medir a taxa de crescimento em circunferência do tronco de espécies florestais; (c) as variáveis climáticas, como precipitação e temperatura, e o comportamento fenológico das espécies estão diretamente correlacionados com o crescimento em circunferência do tronco das mesmas; (d) a metodologia referente a dendrocronogia é fundamental e precisa para determinar a idade de uma árvore; (e) não houve diferenças na observação da estrutura anatômica macroscópica da madeira em relação a literatura e aos locais. / The dendrocronology and dendroclimatology studies are now being used in the tropical and subtropical Brazilian forest. These studies are important to correlate the growth rate of forest species with climatic conditions and phenological behaviour to determine the age of the trees. This way, this investigation had as main objectives: (i) study the cambial periodicity activity and the tree-ring formation by using the dendrometer bands method in three areas in the Southeast region of the state of São Paulo; (ii) determine the age of some selected trees species (dendrocronology); (iii) correlate the girth increment of the trees with climatic conditions and phenological behaviour and growth condition (dendroclimatology and dendroecology); (iv) to identify macroscopically the wood of these species. For this investigation were chosen the following reserves: Ibicatu Ecological Station - (Piracicaba/SP) and Santa Genebra Forest Reserve (Campinas/SP) with indigenous growing in natural conditions and Tupi Experimental Station (Piracicaba/SP) plantations of native species with known age. Through the results obtained, it was verified that (a) the local where the specie is developed and its growth condition can interfere in growth rhythm of the trees; (b) the dendrometer bands in the trunk of the trees is a fundamental equipment, accuracy and very efficient tool for measuring girth increment of the trunk of the forest tree species; (c) the climatic variation as, precipitation and temperature, and the phenological behavior of the species are closely correlated with the girth increment of the trunk of the trees; (d) dendrocronological method is fundamental and accurate to determine the age of the tree, and; (e) there is no espressive difference between the macroscopical wood structure of the tress species studied and that one cited in literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineDS_DISSERT.pdf: 489006 bytes, checksum: 5f18876f50c9e78f3b3228952d11eb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments on planting density (E1) and intercropping (E2) were conducted in Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, aiming to: a) evaluate the growth of tree species; b) evaluate the floristic composition and the growth of weeds under tree canopies; c) estimate the soil nutrient content under tree canopies in E2. The experimental design of randomized blocks with three or four replications, respectively, was used in both experiments. In E1, Gliricídia sepium (G) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia benth (S) were submitted to the following planting densities: 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 plant/ha-1. In E2, G, neem (Azadirachta indica) (N), and S were grown in monoculture and intercropped in three-line plots with four plants (GGG, NNN, SSS, SGS, NGN, GNG, SNS, SGS, and NSN, where each letter is one line). The evaluations, in both experiments, were done 1 and 2 years after planting the trees. In E1, the higher the planting density the lower the weed dry matter (MS) and fresh matter (MF), the amount of weeds (NPD) under the canopies, the S and G canopy diameter (DC), and G plant height (AP). It was observed that there is a relationship between AP and NPD under the canopy of G. The higher the NPD the higher the AP. In E2, it was observed a relationship between S plants, AP and DC. The S with higher AP and DC presented lower weed MS and MF under its canopy. The level of phosphorus in soil under the canopy was lower in the intercrop GNG in E2. N plants with higher AP and DC presented lower level of potassium under its canopy. Besides, N plants with higher AP have lower base saturation in soil / Foram realizados dois experimentos em Mossoró-RN, de densidades de plantio (E1) e de consorciação (E2) com os objetivos de: a) avaliar o crescimento das espécies arbóreas; b) avaliar a composição florística e o crescimento de plantas daninhas sob a copa de árvores; c) estimar os teores de nutrientes do solo sob a copa das árvores em E2. Em ambos os experimentos, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três e quatro repetições, respectivamente. Em E1, (Gliricídia sepium) (G) e sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia benth) (S) foram submetidas às seguintes densidades de plantio: (plantas ha-1) foram 400, 600, 800, 1000 e 1200. Em E2, G, nim (Azadirachta indica) (N) e S foram cultivadas em monocultivo e em consorciação em parcelas de três fileiras com quatro plantas (GGG, NNN, SSS, SGS, NGN, GNG, SNS, GSG e NSN, onde cada letra representa uma fileira). Em E1 e E2 as avaliações foram feitas 2 e 1 anos após a semeadura das árvores. Em E1, quanto maior a densidade de plantio menor foi a matéria seca (MS) e matéria fresca (MF) de plantas daninhas, o número de plantas daninhas (NPD) sob a copa das árvores, o diâmetro da copa (DC) de S e G e a altura da planta (AP) de G. Observou-se que em G há uma correlação entre AP e o NPD sob a copa. Quanto maior NPD maior a AP. Em E2, observou-se uma correlação entre as plantas de sabiá e as características de crescimento da planta AP e DC. Sabiá com maior AP e DC apresentou menor MS e MF de plantas daninhas sob sua copa. Em E2, o teor de fósforo no solo sob a copa foi menor no consórcio GNG. Plantas de nim com maiores AP e DC apresentaram menor teor de potássio no solo sob sua copa, além disso, plantas de nim com maiores (AP) apresentam menor saturação por bases no solo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineDS_DISSERT.pdf: 489006 bytes, checksum: 5f18876f50c9e78f3b3228952d11eb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments on planting density (E1) and intercropping (E2) were conducted in Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, aiming to: a) evaluate the growth of tree species; b) evaluate the floristic composition and the growth of weeds under tree canopies; c) estimate the soil nutrient content under tree canopies in E2. The experimental design of randomized blocks with three or four replications, respectively, was used in both experiments. In E1, Gliricídia sepium (G) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia benth (S) were submitted to the following planting densities: 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 plant/ha-1. In E2, G, neem (Azadirachta indica) (N), and S were grown in monoculture and intercropped in three-line plots with four plants (GGG, NNN, SSS, SGS, NGN, GNG, SNS, SGS, and NSN, where each letter is one line). The evaluations, in both experiments, were done 1 and 2 years after planting the trees. In E1, the higher the planting density the lower the weed dry matter (MS) and fresh matter (MF), the amount of weeds (NPD) under the canopies, the S and G canopy diameter (DC), and G plant height (AP). It was observed that there is a relationship between AP and NPD under the canopy of G. The higher the NPD the higher the AP. In E2, it was observed a relationship between S plants, AP and DC. The S with higher AP and DC presented lower weed MS and MF under its canopy. The level of phosphorus in soil under the canopy was lower in the intercrop GNG in E2. N plants with higher AP and DC presented lower level of potassium under its canopy. Besides, N plants with higher AP have lower base saturation in soil / Foram realizados dois experimentos em Mossoró-RN, de densidades de plantio (E1) e de consorciação (E2) com os objetivos de: a) avaliar o crescimento das espécies arbóreas; b) avaliar a composição florística e o crescimento de plantas daninhas sob a copa de árvores; c) estimar os teores de nutrientes do solo sob a copa das árvores em E2. Em ambos os experimentos, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três e quatro repetições, respectivamente. Em E1, (Gliricídia sepium) (G) e sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia benth) (S) foram submetidas às seguintes densidades de plantio: (plantas ha-1) foram 400, 600, 800, 1000 e 1200. Em E2, G, nim (Azadirachta indica) (N) e S foram cultivadas em monocultivo e em consorciação em parcelas de três fileiras com quatro plantas (GGG, NNN, SSS, SGS, NGN, GNG, SNS, GSG e NSN, onde cada letra representa uma fileira). Em E1 e E2 as avaliações foram feitas 2 e 1 anos após a semeadura das árvores. Em E1, quanto maior a densidade de plantio menor foi a matéria seca (MS) e matéria fresca (MF) de plantas daninhas, o número de plantas daninhas (NPD) sob a copa das árvores, o diâmetro da copa (DC) de S e G e a altura da planta (AP) de G. Observou-se que em G há uma correlação entre AP e o NPD sob a copa. Quanto maior NPD maior a AP. Em E2, observou-se uma correlação entre as plantas de sabiá e as características de crescimento da planta AP e DC. Sabiá com maior AP e DC apresentou menor MS e MF de plantas daninhas sob sua copa. Em E2, o teor de fósforo no solo sob a copa foi menor no consórcio GNG. Plantas de nim com maiores AP e DC apresentaram menor teor de potássio no solo sob sua copa, além disso, plantas de nim com maiores (AP) apresentam menor saturação por bases no solo.