Le Zhuang zi, ouvrage qui porte le nom de Zhuang zi, l’un des plus grands philosophes chinois vivant au IVe siècle av. J.-C. environ, a été universellement reconnu pour son imagination exubérante et sans limites, pour son style d’écriture plein d’humour, de même pour son usage efficace du « sanyan » (三言, les trois paroles) dans la construction des textes narratifs. Plus important encore, il présente une conception unique du cosmos et des dix mille êtres, ainsi qu’une observation perspicace du monde humain. Cet ouvrage a attiré, dès l’origine, bon nombre d’annotations et d’interprétations de la part des lettrés aux différentes époques en Chine. Incontestablement, les efforts scientifiques antérieurs ont permis au Zhuang zi de subsister durant une vaste étendue temporelle. C’est grâce à eux en effet qu’une base de données riche et précieuse a été mise en place pour sa réinterprétation et sa retraduction dans le contexte actuel de mondialisation. Néanmoins, le Zhuang zi per se étant un classique porteur de sens multiples est, par conséquent, susceptible d’interprétations diverses. En raison des approches variées adoptées par différents annotateurs, des malentendus, voire des interprétations erronées ont eu lieu dans leurs travaux d’érudition, ce qui fait peu ou prou obstacle à la diffusion intraculturelle et interculturelle du classique.La présente étude commence par un examen des principales découvertes sur le Zhuang zi, allant de la période pré-Qin jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Cette tentative de découvrir les traits saillants de ses interprétations dans différents contextes historiques de la Chine a pour but d’inspirer la retraduction intralinguale et interlinguale du classique. Ensuite, une discussion autour de la vision sur le rapport entre le langage et le sens du Zhuang zi, ainsi qu’autour de l’exemple des trois commentaires est déployée, suivie de l’observation de ses versions anglaises et françaises, y compris leurs réalités communicatives dans l’univers de la langue cible, d’où il résulte que les traductions intralinguale et interlinguale remplissent chacune des fonctions différentes dans la communication transtemporelle et trans-spatiale du Zhuang zi. Pour faire avancer la discussion, cette étude met l’accent sur l’aspect étymologique et sur le processus évolutif des trois notions philosophiques essentielles qui ont toutes, en faisant souvent l’objet de l’interrogation dans le milieu sinologique, une occurrence très élevée dans l’ouvrage, à savoir « dao » (道, le dao), « tian » (天, le ciel) et « de » (德, l’efficience). Cette partie expose principalement leurs usages dans les classiques confucianistes, dans le Lao zi et dans le Zhuang zi, avec l’analyse des gains et des pertes de leurs traductions, afin de mettre en lumière un cadre de référence pour une compréhension et une interprétation plus approfondie des notions philosophiques du Zhuang zi. Enfin, cette étude se réfère étroitement aux paragraphes et à leurs versions françaises/anglaise pour une interprétation multilingue des vues de Zhuang zi sur les questions telles que « la vie et la mort », « l’utile et l’inutile » et « le beau et le laid », dans l’intention d’illustrer une approche traductionnelle aux thèses philosophiques du Maître. Il est affirmé que les notions philosophiques dans l’ouvrage dépendent fortement du contexte et que la recontextualisation est donc essentielle pour le processus d’interprétation et de traduction. Il est également affirmé que les thèses philosophiques du Zhuang zi constituées à partir de perspectives variées mais complémentaires appellent ainsi l’utilisation du paratexte et de la traduction étoffée pour reproduire la réalité du classique dans les situations de traduction. Cette étude affirme aussi la valeur de la traduction multimodale dans la communication efficace du Zhuang zi. / The Zhuang zi adopts its name after Zhuang zi, one of the greatest Chinese philosophers who lived in about the fourth century BC. The classic has been universally recognized for its boundless and exuberant imaginations and its humorous style of writing, particularly as evidenced by its effective use of the “sanyan” (三言, the three words) in the structuring of the narrative content. More importantly, it presents a unique conception of the cosmos, the ten thousand things and an insightful observation of the human world. Since it was known to the public, it has been followed by a variety of annotations and interpretations from different scholars in the Chinese history. Unquestionably, previous academic efforts have made the Zhuang zi survive a vast space of time and accumulated a richness of valuable data for its reinterpreting and retranslation in the present-day context of globalization. Nevertheless, the Zhuang zi per se is a classic of great meaning potential; therefore, it is open to diverse interpretations. Since different annotators and interpreters took different attitudes and approaches to the classic, misunderstandings and misinterpretations have taken place in their works of scholarship, more or less impeding the intracultural and intercultural dissemination of the classic.The present study commences with a review of the major findings on the Zhuang zi, ranging from the pre-Qin period to the contemporary era, as an attempt to discover the salient features of interpretation in different historical contexts of China so as to inspire the intralingual and interlingual retranslation of the classic. Then, it moves on to a discussion of the Zhuang zi’s standpoint on the relation between language and meaning, and the example of three commentaries, which is backed up by an observation of its English and French versions and their communicative facts in the target language world, with the resulting claim that intralingual translation and interlingual translation perform different functions in the trans-temporal and trans-spatial communication of the Zhuang zi. To push the discussion forward, this study turns its focus to the etymological aspect and evolutionary process of the three key philosophical notions in the classic, that is, “dao” (道, the dao) “tian” (天, heaven) and “de” (德, potency), all of which record a high frequency of use and highlight the relevant activity of inquiry in the community of Chinese Studies. This section mainly explores their patterns of use through reference to the pre-Qin Confucian works, the Lao zi and the Zhuang zi, and analyses both the merits and demerits of their different translated versions so as to illustrate a frame of reference for a deep understanding and interpretation of the Zhuang zi’s philosophical notions. Finally, this study closely refers to the classic’s relevant paragraphs and their English/French versions for a cross-linguistic interpretation of the Zhuang zi’s views on questions like “life and death”, “useful and useless” and “beauty and ugliness” to illustrate a translation-based approach to the master’s philosophical theories. It is claimed that Zhuang zi’s philosophical notions are highly context-dependent and therefore recontextualization is essential to the process of interpretation and translation. It is also claimed that the Zhuang zi’s philosophical theories are made from varied but complementary perspectives and therefore call for the use of paratexts and thick translation methods to reproduce the reality of the classic in translation situations. This study affirms the value of multimodal translation in the effective communication of the Zhuang zi as well.

Este trabalho objetiva, com base nos postulados teórico-metodológicos da Terminologia teórica e aplicada, da Socioterminologia e da Tradutologia, apresentar uma proposta para popularização do conhecimento científico, e tem como resultado uma amostra de catálogo de espécies arbóreas, em linguagem popular. Para tanto, delimitamos o corpus deste estudo e analisamos a passagem do científico ao popular, considerando o continuum entre parâmetros (do científico ao popular) e o continuum tipológico (gênero textual), que nos serviram de base para estabelecer o parâmetro das distâncias entre os níveis. Utilizamos a tradução intralingual como mediadora do conhecimento científico, para re-explicar os conceitos difíceis e diminuir a complexidade do texto de especialidade. Descrevemos a trajetória do processo de diminuição da densidade terminológica do texto para a elaboração das definições que compõem a amostra do catálogo. Em conclusão, constatamos que é possível, em Terminologia, permanecermos dentro de um mesmo universo de discurso e gênero textual, mudando, apenas, o nível de registro, de acordo com objetivos e públicos específicos. Observamos, também, que a Tradução utiliza-se da Terminologia, assim como a Terminologia utiliza-se do processo de tradução para a elaboração das definições de conceitos e termos, sendo a tradução intralingual, assim como a tradução interlingual e intersemiótica, uma etapa imprescindível na construção do saber. / This work examines the basis of theoretical and methodological postulates of theoretical and applied Terminology, of Socioterminology and of Traductology, to present a proposal for popularization of the scientific knowledge, which results in a catalog sample of tree species, in a popular language. Thus, restricting the corpus of this study and analyzing the transition from scientific to popular language, considering the continuum between parameters (from scientific to popular) and the typological continuum (textual gender), which helped to form the basis for the parameter of the distances between those language levels. The intralingual translation has been used as a mediator of knowledge to reexplain the difficult concepts and reduce the complexity of the specialized text. A description is given of the trajectory of decreasing process of terminological density of the text to write the definitions which compose our catalog sample. In conclusion, it has been verified that it is possible, in Terminology, to remain within the same universe of discourse and textual gender, changing, just, the level of register in accordance with specific objectives and audiences. It is also observed that the Translation uses the Terminology as well the Terminology uses the translation process to write the definitions of concepts and terms, being intralingual translation as well as interlingual and intersemiotic translations, an essential step in the building of knowledge.

Este trabalho objetiva, com base nos postulados teórico-metodológicos da Terminologia teórica e aplicada, da Socioterminologia e da Tradutologia, apresentar uma proposta para popularização do conhecimento científico, e tem como resultado uma amostra de catálogo de espécies arbóreas, em linguagem popular. Para tanto, delimitamos o corpus deste estudo e analisamos a passagem do científico ao popular, considerando o continuum entre parâmetros (do científico ao popular) e o continuum tipológico (gênero textual), que nos serviram de base para estabelecer o parâmetro das distâncias entre os níveis. Utilizamos a tradução intralingual como mediadora do conhecimento científico, para re-explicar os conceitos difíceis e diminuir a complexidade do texto de especialidade. Descrevemos a trajetória do processo de diminuição da densidade terminológica do texto para a elaboração das definições que compõem a amostra do catálogo. Em conclusão, constatamos que é possível, em Terminologia, permanecermos dentro de um mesmo universo de discurso e gênero textual, mudando, apenas, o nível de registro, de acordo com objetivos e públicos específicos. Observamos, também, que a Tradução utiliza-se da Terminologia, assim como a Terminologia utiliza-se do processo de tradução para a elaboração das definições de conceitos e termos, sendo a tradução intralingual, assim como a tradução interlingual e intersemiótica, uma etapa imprescindível na construção do saber. / This work examines the basis of theoretical and methodological postulates of theoretical and applied Terminology, of Socioterminology and of Traductology, to present a proposal for popularization of the scientific knowledge, which results in a catalog sample of tree species, in a popular language. Thus, restricting the corpus of this study and analyzing the transition from scientific to popular language, considering the continuum between parameters (from scientific to popular) and the typological continuum (textual gender), which helped to form the basis for the parameter of the distances between those language levels. The intralingual translation has been used as a mediator of knowledge to reexplain the difficult concepts and reduce the complexity of the specialized text. A description is given of the trajectory of decreasing process of terminological density of the text to write the definitions which compose our catalog sample. In conclusion, it has been verified that it is possible, in Terminology, to remain within the same universe of discourse and textual gender, changing, just, the level of register in accordance with specific objectives and audiences. It is also observed that the Translation uses the Terminology as well the Terminology uses the translation process to write the definitions of concepts and terms, being intralingual translation as well as interlingual and intersemiotic translations, an essential step in the building of knowledge.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as características da tradução intralingual (JAKOBSON, 1960), mais conhecida como adaptação (MILOU, 1973), da obra Maigret tend un piège, de Georges Simenon (1955). A análise, que busca a ocorrência dos universais da tradução (BAKER, 1998) simplificação, normalização, explicitação , foi feita pela observação de dados obtidos com as ferramentas da linguística de corpus, em especial o programa WordSmith Tools®. Além da adaptação, a versão original e a tradução para o português brasileiro (ALMEIDA, 1966) compõem o corpus de estudo da pesquisa, que conta ainda com dois corpora de referência, um em francês e outro em português, utilizados para obter as palavras-chave dos textos em estudo. A obra integral foi comparada à tradução interlinguística e à tradução intralinguística, e o resultado aponta para características comuns entre as duas formas de tradução e características peculiares da adaptação. / The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of intralingual translation (JAKOBSON, 1960), widely known as adaptation (MILOU, 1973), extracted from the book Maigret tend un piège written by Georges Simenon (1955).The research, which aim is to verify the occurrences of universals of translation: simplification, normalization and explicitation (BAKER, 1998) is based on the data that have been provided through the use of several corpus linguistic tools in special the WordSmith Tools®. In addition to adaptation, the original version and the translation into Brazilian Portuguese (ALMEIDA, 1966) constitute the corpus of this research that still includes two reference corpora one in French and the other one in Portuguese. Both were used to achieve the keywords of the texts under investigation. The original work was compared to the intralingual and interlingual translation. The results indicate that there are similarities between the two forms of translation and common characteristics of adaptation.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as características da tradução intralingual (JAKOBSON, 1960), mais conhecida como adaptação (MILOU, 1973), da obra Maigret tend un piège, de Georges Simenon (1955). A análise, que busca a ocorrência dos universais da tradução (BAKER, 1998) simplificação, normalização, explicitação , foi feita pela observação de dados obtidos com as ferramentas da linguística de corpus, em especial o programa WordSmith Tools®. Além da adaptação, a versão original e a tradução para o português brasileiro (ALMEIDA, 1966) compõem o corpus de estudo da pesquisa, que conta ainda com dois corpora de referência, um em francês e outro em português, utilizados para obter as palavras-chave dos textos em estudo. A obra integral foi comparada à tradução interlinguística e à tradução intralinguística, e o resultado aponta para características comuns entre as duas formas de tradução e características peculiares da adaptação. / The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of intralingual translation (JAKOBSON, 1960), widely known as adaptation (MILOU, 1973), extracted from the book Maigret tend un piège written by Georges Simenon (1955).The research, which aim is to verify the occurrences of universals of translation: simplification, normalization and explicitation (BAKER, 1998) is based on the data that have been provided through the use of several corpus linguistic tools in special the WordSmith Tools®. In addition to adaptation, the original version and the translation into Brazilian Portuguese (ALMEIDA, 1966) constitute the corpus of this research that still includes two reference corpora one in French and the other one in Portuguese. Both were used to achieve the keywords of the texts under investigation. The original work was compared to the intralingual and interlingual translation. The results indicate that there are similarities between the two forms of translation and common characteristics of adaptation.

Between approximately September 1, 2012 and February 1, 2014, the popular Canadian fashion retailer Lululemon Athletica Inc. faced an organizational crisis due to quality management problems. Beginning with manufacturing complications, the quality issues expressed themselves through various crisis symptoms (e.g., financial issues, legal issues, and senior leadership turmoil). The organization enacted crisis communication strategies to mitigate reputational risk and to inform the public and its stakeholders about the crisis. The news media also reported on the crisis extensively, which contributed to the public and stakeholders’ perceptions of the company and crisis. This dissertation draws on theories of narrative, translation, communication and media, and crisis communication to develop a theoretical foundation to guide the goals of this study. It is based on theories that conceptualize textual journalism as a process of both intralingual and interdiscursive translation that results in new narratives for the purpose of news media content creation. A qualitative content analysis informed by principles of critical discourse analysis is conducted to examine the narration of the crisis as depicted in the company’s textual communication about the crisis (e.g., press releases, annual reports), and the depiction of the crisis as narrated in textual media reports about the organization’s crisis. The two information streams are first analyzed individually to extract the main themes and sub-themes presented. Based on these analyses, a comparison of the two different information streams and their respective crisis narratives is conducted. The project investigates the ways in which the media translated information about the crisis to create their own narratives of the crisis. The findings of this dissertation show the process through which translation occurs, namely the linguistic and discursive variance between these two information streams. An analysis of the patterns in the linguistic and discursive variance between these two information streams indicates how the different social contexts in which each information stream is embedded may have impacted how the translation/journalism process occurs.

(Résumé en français) "Exercices de style" est-elle une oeuvre simplement comique et acrobatique ? Sa réception positive mais plutôt superficielle auprès du public semble avoir dissimulé ses aspects plus profonds et plus problématiques. A nos yeux, en revanche, les 99 "Exercices" d'écriture sont tout à fait aptes à éclairer les problèmes essentiels de la création littéraire et de la transmission de l'énoncé qu'est la communication verbale. La structure multi-dimensionnelle du livre, où les "Exercices" s'enchaînent, se complètent et se répondent, nous rend sensibles non seulement aux réseaux intratextuels qu'entretiennent les "Exercices", mais également aux liens intertextuels qui lient cetains d'entre eux et les discours littéraires et non littéraires préexistants. D'autres "Exercices" témoignent du regard autoréflexif de l'écrivain, ceux qui peuvent être considérés comme autoparodie. Par ailleurs, la virtuosité des variations stylistiques exige parfois du lecteur une attention particulière - face à quelques variations hermétiques et presque inintelligibles, on devra recourir à d'autres composants du livre qui serviront de "traductions". La terme "traduction" devra être compris non seulement dans le sens de la transmission de messages entre différentes langues, mais aussi dans le sens de la transposition d'un signifiant dans d'autres signifiants, ou bien de la "réécriture" d'un énoncé, tout en restant dans la même langue. Si le principe des "Exercices de style" est de renouveler à l'infini des exercices d'écrire, ou plutôt de réécrire LE texte original - "qui est d'ailleurs inexistant" -, nous pouvons poser, semble-t-il, que la Littérature est basée sur le même procédé de tâtonnements,auquel le lecteur est enctraîné à participer. (Abstract in English) Is "Exercises in style" just a comic and acrobatic book ? The fact that the readers welcomed it so favourably - but rather superficially - seems to have overshadowed its more serious and problematic aspects. In our opinion indeed, Queneau's ninety-nine writing "Exercises" can clearly shed light on the essential problems of literary creation and utterance transmission, i.e. verbal communication. The book presents an intricate structure:the "Exercises" are linked together, echo each other and complement one another. Through this multidimensional structure, we can see the intratextual networks between the "Exercises" as well as their intertextual relations with pre-existent literary and non-literary discourses. Other "Exercises" show the author's autoreflective, autoparodic attitude. Furthermore, the virtuosity of the stylistic variations sometimes requires particular attention from the reader. To understand some abstruse, sometimes almost unintelligible "Exercises", the reader has to resort to other parts of the book, which will serve as "translation" for these enigmatic passages. The word "translation" here means not only transmission of messages from a language to another, but also transposition of a signifier to other signifiers - in other words, "rewriting" of an utterance in the same language. If the principle of "Exercices in style" is to practice writing endlessly, or rather rewriting of THE original text - "which actually does not exist" - , we can reasonably deduce that Literature is based on the same trial and error process the reader will inevitably take part in.