The inflammatory response mounted following Myocardial Infarction (MI) is closely coupled to myocardial wound healing. Recent reports have identified a consortium of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) that contain tissue specific regulatory signatures that modulate the homeostasis of the peripheral tissues they populate during times of challenge, with one of these populations occupying the heart following ischemic injury. Unfortunately, the identification of therapeutic modulators that can harness the expansion or preservation of tissue specific Tregs have yet to be identified. Cortical Bone Derived Stem Cells (CBSCs) can engraft in the MI heart long enough to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment of the infarcted heart, making CBSCs an ideal therapeutic to modulate Treg localization and function. Intramyocardial injection of CBSCs into the MI heart expanded pro-reparative TNFRII+ Treg residence in the MI heart during acute (1 week) and chronic (8 weeks) stages of ischemic injury. This pro-reparative Treg cell signature was also observed systemically in the splenic tissue. The ablation of Tregs in a FoxP3DTR transgenic animals model via diphtheria toxin administration or the administration of FTY720 to block Treg localization to the MI heart solicited infarct size expansion and compromised cardiac function. Paracrine profiling of CBSC secretome identified that CBSCs are enrichened in Osteoprotegrin (OPG), a TNFR decoy receptor. The depletion of OPG from CBSC secretome can compromised TNFRII Treg induction (in vitro) and localization in the ischemic heart following MI. CBSCs directly modulate post-MI cardiac inflammation via the direct modulation of Treg phenotype during acute and chronic stages of ischemic injury. / Cell Biology

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells caused by an altered immune balance in the pancreatic microenvironment. In humans as well as in mouse models, T cells are well recognized as key orchestrators of T1D, which is characterized by T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell bias and/or low/defective T-regulatory cells (Treg), and culminates in cytotoxic T-cell (CTL)-mediated destruction of β-cells. Refitting of immune cells toward the non-inflammatory phenotype in the pancreas may represent a way to prevent/treat T1D. Recently we developed a unique spontaneous humanized mouse model of type 1 diabetes, wherein mouse MHC-II molecules were replaced by human DQ8, and β-cells were made to express human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 auto-antigen. The mice spontaneously developed T1D resembling the human disease. Humanized T1D mice showed hyperglycemic (250-300 mg/dl) symptoms by the 4th week of life. The diabetogenic T cells (CD4, CD8) present in our model are GAD65 antigen-specific in nature. Intermolecular antigen spreading recorded during 3rd-6th week of age is like that observed in the human preclinical period of T1D. In this paper, we tested our hypothesis in our spontaneous humanized T1D mouse model. We targeted two cell-signaling pathways and their inhibitions: eIF5A pathway inhibition influences T helper cell dynamics toward the non-inflammatory phenotype and Notch signaling inhibition enrich Tregs and targets auto-reactive CTLs, rescues the pancreatic islet structure, and increases the functionality of β-cells in terms of insulin production. We report that inhibition of (eIF5A + Notch) signaling mediates suppression of diabetogenic T cells by inducing plasticity in CD4 + T cells co-expressing IL-17 and IFNγ (IL-17 + IFNγ +) toward the Treg cells phenotype.

No description available.

No description available.

Metal-induced autoimmunity is an experimental model of environmentally induced autoimmune syndrome. Subtoxic doses of heavy metals administered to genetically susceptible mice resulted in the production of highly specific IgG antinucleolar antibodies (ANoA) accompanied by lymphoproliferation and serum increases in IgG1 and IgE. In this study, the induction of tolerance to mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced autoimmunity by pre-exposure to the low-dose mercury was reported. The ultimate mechanisms through which the immune system obtains the tolerance to a low dose of heavy metals remain unknown. The previous experiment showed that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributed to the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and to the prevention of autoimmune diseases. The tolerized mice had a higher percentage of Tregs and ICOS+ regulatory T cells than the nontolerized mice. ICOS (Inducible T-cell COStimulator) is a costimulatory receptor homologous to CD28 and CTLA-4. The expression of ICOS occurs on activated T cells and is dependent upon TCR and CD28 signals. The anti-ICOS blockade restored the ability of tolerized mice to produce elevated amounts of IgG1, IgE and anti-nucleolar antibodies. The ICOS expression on Tregs and Teff cells increased after the mercury challenge. Mice that received anti-ICOS had a low percentage of Tregs and showed an increased production of several cytokines. Taken together, these results suggested that Tregs maintained the immune tolerance in response to chemical challenges. The ICOS pathway is important for the differentiation of Tregs and blocking this pathway could prevent peripheral tolerance to the low dose mercury. The results also showed the splenocytes from the tolerized group produced a higher amount of IL-10 than the nontolerized group. This promoted us to study the role of IL-10 in tolerance induction. To validate the role of Interleukin-10 in tolerance maintenance, the tolerized mice were treated with blocking anti-IL-10 and anti-IL-10 receptor mAb. Those tolerized mice treated with IL-10 blocking antibodies produced a higher amount of serum IgG1, IgE and anti-nucleolar antibodies compared with the group treated with control antibodies. This suggested IL-10 is critical in maintaining the peripheral tolerance in a mercury treated mouse model. All Trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the metabolically active derivative of vitamin A and functions as potent regulator of gene expression. Vitamin A and retinoic acid play vital roles in the homeostatic control of the immune system because vitamin A-deficient individuals are incapable of controlling bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases. In this study, the role of ATRA was reported in the first time in mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced autoimmunity by feeding the ASW mice ATRA. The results showed that retinoid acid exacerbated the mercury-induced autoimmunity. To study whether retinoic acid plays a role in low dose mercury induced tolerance, three groups of tolerized ASW mice were treated with either ATRA, mercury or both. The results showed retinoic acid could break the low-dose mercury-induced tolerance. The splenocytes from the group that received both mercury and ATRA treatment produced much more IL-2 and IFN-γ. This group had the lowest percentage of IL-10+ cells. The group that received ATRA had a lower percentage of early apoptosis cells. To further study the mechanism, a PCR array that included 84 genes, involved in T cell and B cell activation, was used to study four groups of mice treated with mercury, ATRA, both or neither. 10 candidate genes were selected and analyzed by Real-Time PCR to validate the PCR array results. Further study is needed to characterize the expression and the role of molecules that are upregulated by mercury and ATRA. / Microbiology and Immunology

Les maladies allergiques sont de plus en plus fréquentent. Elles atteignent souvent l’enfant jeune chez qui l’allergie respiratoire et l’allergie alimentaire sont les principales pathologies. L’unique traitement curatif est l’immunothérapie spécifique d’antigène (ITA), largement développée dans l’allergie respiratoire et encore à ses débuts dans l’allergie alimentaire. Pour adapter au mieux la prise en charge du patient, le diagnostic précis de l’allergie est indispensable et il n’existe actuellement pas d’examen biologique totalement fiable. Seul, la présence d’IgE spécifiques permet de diagnostiquer une sensibilisation à un allergène mais pas une allergie cliniquement symptomatique. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié l’intérêt d’un test fonctionnel, l’ELISpot (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot), dans le diagnostic de l’allergie aux acariens chez l’enfant asthmatique. Le nombre de lymphocytes T circulants spécifiques d’acariens sécréteur d’interleukine (IL)-4 ou d’IL-13 était associé à la présence d’une allergie symptomatique, indépendamment des IgE spécifiques. Il était plus élevé dans le cas d’une rhinite allergique sévère et plus faible dans le cas d’une rhinite allergique légère. De plus, il variait au cours de l’année en fonction des saisons avec un pic en automne et un pic en début de printemps. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié l’intérêt de l’ELISpot dans le diagnostic de l’allergie au lait de vache chez l’enfant, confirmée par un test de provocation orale en double aveugle. Nous avons décrit que le nombre de lymphocytes T spécifiques de la caséine et sécréteurs d’IL-4 et d’IL-13 était associé à l’allergie au lait de vache avec une sensibilité de 100%. Par ailleurs, le nombre de lymphocytes T spécifiques de la caséine était également associé à la dose maximale de lait tolérée par l’enfant.Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous avons étudié la réponse lymphocytaire T au cours d’une ITA sub-linguale (SLIT) d’une part et sous-cutanée (SCIT) d’autre part, chez des enfants asthmatiques allergiques aux acariens suivis pendant une année. Nous avons décrit une diminution des lymphocytes Th2 (sécréteurs d’IL-4 et IL-13) spécifiques d’acariens après 12 mois de SLIT associée à une augmentation des cellules sécrétrices d’IL-10 (Tr1) spécifiques d’acariens après 6 mois de SLIT. De plus, les lymphocytes T régulateurs (CD4+CD25hiCD127loFoxp3+) étaient augmentés après 12 mois de SCIT. Nous n’avons pas retrouvé de production accrue d’interféron γ (IFNγ) par les lymphocytes T spécifiques d’acariens au cours de la désensibilisation.Au total, ce travail nous a permis de décrire qu’un test fonctionnel, l’ELISpot, permet de réaliser un diagnostic fiable de l’allergie aux acariens et de l’allergie au lait de vache chez l’enfant. Par ailleurs, l’ITA induit une diminution des cellules Th2 et une augmentation des cellules Tr1 par voie sub-linguale ainsi qu’une augmentation des Treg Foxp3+ par voie sous-cutanée sans immunodéviation Th2/Th1, chez l’enfant allergique aux acariens. / Allergic diseases are steadily increasing steadily and especially in children. Allergen specific immunotherapy (desensitization) is the only curative treatment for which accurate diagnosis of allergy is essential. Currently, the presence of specific IgE diagnoses a sensitization to an allergen but not a clinically symptomatic allergy. In a first part, we studied the value of a functional test, the ELISpot (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot) in the diagnosis of allergy to house dust mites (HDM). The number of circulating HDM-specific IL-4 and IL-13 secreting T cells was associated with the presence of symptoms, regardless of specific IgE and was higher in severe rhinitis than in mild rhinitis. In addition, it varied according to the season with a peak in autumn and a peak in early spring (wet periods with greater allergen exposure). In a second part, we studied the value of ELISpot for the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy in children, confirmed by double blind placebo control food challenge. We found that the number of casein-specific IL-4 and IL -13 secreting T-cells was associated with allergy to cow's milk. It was also inversely correlated to the cow’s milk tolerated cumulative dose. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve of combined IL-4 and IL-13 analysis was generated. AUC was 0,98 (95% CI 0.90-1.06). For a cut-off of 10 IL-4- and 12 IL-13 secreting T-cells, sensitivity and negative predictive value were 100%.Finally, in the third part, we monitored antigen specific T-cell response in HDM allergic children treated with sublingual ITA (SLIT) on the one hand and subcutaneous ITA (SCIT) on the other hand, during one year. We found a decrease in HDM specific Th2 cells after 12 months of SLIT associated with an increase in HDM specific IL-10 secreting T-cells after 6 months of SLIT. In addition, regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25hiCD127loFoxp3+) were increased after 12 months of SCIT. In conclusion, this work has allowed us to describe a functional test, the ELISpot, as a reliable tool for the diagnosis of mite allergy and cow's milk allergy in children. In addition, in HDM allergic children, a decrease of Th2 cells and an increase of IL-10 secreting T-cells was found in children treated with SLIT to HDM as well as an increase in Foxp3+ Treg in children treated with SCIT.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die funktionelle Rolle und Regulation des murinen Transkriptionsfaktor Foxp3 untersucht. Der erste wesentliche Teil zur Analyse der funktionellen Rolle war dabei die Erzeugung einer BAC- transgenen Maus. Hierfür wurde ein Zielgenvektor mit der kodierenden Region des eYFPs und einer dualen Selektionskassette sowie die Methode des ET- Klonierens verwendet. Leider war die homologe Rekombination des Zielgenvektors in den BAC nicht erfolgreich. Es kam zu einer ungeklärten Rekombination mit Fremd- DNS. Die Erzeugung der transgenen Maus wurde nach diesem Ergebnis eingestellt, und es wurde mit einer von unserem Kooperationspartner zur Verfügung gestellten BAC- transgenen Maus weitergearbeitet. Diese Maus, die DEREG- Maus, wurde nach dem gleichen Prinzip erstellt, wie die in dieser Arbeit gestartete transgene Maus, an Stelle des eYFPs trägt die DEREG- Maus die kodierenden Region des GFPs und des Diphtheria- Toxin- Rezeptors. Mit dieser Maus wurden erste Analysen zur Überprüfung der transgenen Maus unternommen. Es wurde die Koexpression von GFP und Foxp3, sowie die Depletion der Foxp3+ T- Zellen mittels Diphtheria- Toxin analysiert. Als nächstes wurde die funktionelle Rolle des Transkriptionsfaktors Foxp3 analysiert. Als einer der ersten Schritte wurde die Stabilität von Foxp3 in vivo überprüft und gezeigt, dass T- Zellen, die das Foxp3- Protein exprimieren, bis zu 14 Tage in vivo stabil sind. Weiterhin wurde die Stabilität der Foxp3- Expression in in vitro Kulturen nach Induktion durch TGF-beta untersucht. Die induzierten Tregs zeigten keine stabile Foxp3- Expression und auch bei der Methylierungsanalyse der TSDR zeigten diese T- Zellen nicht das für ex vivo isolierte Foxp3+ T- Zellen beschriebene Methylierungsmuster. Die Stabilität scheint mit der Demethylierung der TSDR zu korrelieren. Die induzierten Tregs zeigten neben dem nicht stabilen Foxp3- Phänotyp auch eine von der Foxp3- Expression abhängige Suppression von naiven Zellen im in vitro Proliferations- Test. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Struktur und Regulation des Transkriptionsfaktors Foxp3 untersucht. Der Lokus wurde auf konservierte Regionen im Vergleich zu den Spezies Maus, Mensch, Ratte, Huhn, Schimpanse, Hund und Frosch untersucht. Die in Floess*, Freyer* et al. (63) gefundenen Region TSDR enthält einen hochkonservierten Bereich. Die Region wurde auf mögliche Transkriptionsfaktor- Bindungsstellen hin analysiert, und ebenfalls wurden in diesem Bereich Histon- Modifikationen für die Acetylierung der Histone H3 und H4, sowie Tri- Methylierung des Lysin4 des Histons H3 gefunden. Die TSDR wurde in Luciferase- Tests auf ihre transkriptionelle Aktivität hin getestet und zeigte einem Enhancer ähnliche unterstützende Aktivität. Die Methylierung der TSDR in den Luciferase- Tests führte zu einer Reduktion der transkriptionellen Aktivität. Deletionsmutanten der TSDR konnten den Bereich für die transkriptionelle Aktivität weiter einschränken und zeigten ein 275pb großes Fragment auf, in welchem viele interessante, mögliche Transkriptionsfaktor- Bindungsstellen und auch die größte Anzahl der differentiell methylierten CpG- Motive liegen. / The aim of the study was to analyze the function and regulation of the transcription factor Foxp3. In a first step we designed a BAC-transgenic mouse with eYFP under the control of the Foxp3 promoter. For creating these mice we use the ET- cloning method. The step of homologous recombination of the target vector into the BAC failed. Because of that, we decided to work in cooperation with the group of Tim Sparwasser from Munich and their BAC- transgenic mouse called DEREG- mouse. This mouse expresses the coding region of eGFP fused to the diphtheria- toxin- receptor under the control of the Foxp3 promoter. Therefore Foxp3+ T cells can be easily detected by eGFP expression and can even be depleted by diphtheria- toxin- application. We confirmed the co- expression of Foxp3 and eGFP and furthermore tested the functionality of the depletion- process of Foxp3+ T cells by treatment with diphtheria- toxin. In a second study, we analyzed the stability of Foxp3 expressing cells in vivo. Therefore we transferred Foxp3+ T cells in syngenic mice and analyzed these cells after 14 days for their Foxp3- expression. Furthermore, we tested the induction of Foxp3 expression through TGF-beta and the suppressive activity of these cells. We also analyzed those cells for their methylation pattern, comparing cells, which showed an induction of Foxp3- expression after one week of culture with TGF-beta to cells, which received TGF-beta for one week and were then restimulated in the absence of TGF-beta. The stability of Foxp3 expression seems to correlate with the demethylated state of the TSDR (Treg Specific Demethylated Region). To get a closer look on the region called TSDR in the murine foxp3 locus, we decided to analyze this region under different aspects. First, we checked for putative binding sites of transcription factors by database analysis of the TSDR. We also analysed histon modifications, such as acetylation of histon H3 and H4 and tri- methylation of lysine 4 at histon3, in this region. Presence of these modifications hinted an epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 involving the TSDR. In a last step, the transcriptional activity of TSDR was tested to delineate whether the TSDR serves as an alternative promoter or acts as a regulative element like an enhancer. Luciferase assays showed that TSDR is a regulative enhancer element, which loses transcriptional activity when methylated. Deletion mutants determined the most important fragment of the TSDR.

No description available.

A Artrite Reumatóide (AR) é uma artropatia autoimune multifatorial com etiologia desconhecida que afeta aproximadamente 1% da população adulta. A estratégia padrão para o tratamento da AR consiste na administração de baixas doses de Metotrexato (MTX), cujo efeito anti-inflamatório está relacionado com a manutenção dos níveis elevados de adenosina (ADO) extracelular. No entanto, uma parte considerável dos pacientes com AR é refratária ao tratamento com MTX e o mecanismo pelo qual este fenômeno ocorre ainda não está totalmente esclarecido. Neste contexto, o presente estudo descreveu que a eficácia terapêutica ao MTX está associada com a expressão em células Tregs da ectoenzima CD39, cuja função biológica é a geração de ADO extracelular via metabolização do ATP. Especificamente, através da realização de um estudo longitudinal, observamos que pacientes respondedores ao MTX (R-MTX) apresentam uma expansão de células Tregs circulantes expressando CD39 após o tratamento com MTX. Por outro lado, identificamos que pacientes não respondedores ao MTX (UR-MTX) possuem uma redução da expressão de CD39 em células Tregs, o que culmina em um comprometimento das suas funções supressoras. Ainda, demonstramos que a expressão de CD39 em células Tregs é um biomarcador apto em predizer a resposta terapêutica ao MTX, visto que pacientes UR-MTX apresentam uma expressão reduzida de CD39 em Tregs mesmo antes do início do tratamento com MTX. Posteriormente, nós investigamos as bases moleculares que acarretam na expressão reduzida de CD39 observada em células Tregs de pacientes URMTX. Demonstramos que a estimulação com TGF-? tanto em células Tregs isoladas quanto diferenciadas in vitro aumenta a expressão de CD39 através da ativação sequencial da seguinte plataforma molecular: receptores de TGF-? (TGFBRII e TGFBRI), transdutor de sinal SMAD2, fator de transcrição CREB, de modo dependente da atividade de p38. Uma vez identificada a via envolvida com a indução da expressão de CD39, demonstramos que células Tregs diferenciadas de indivíduos que apresentam uma expressão reduzida de CD39 são incapazes de induzir a expressão desta ectoenzima através da estimulação com TGF-?. Por fim, transpondo nossos achados para pacientes com AR, observamos que pacientes UR-MTX apresentam uma redução nos níveis de RNAm para TGFBRII e CREB bem como também uma redução das proteínas fosforiladas SMAD2 e CREB em células CD4+ e Tregs, sugerindo que o comprometimento na cascata de sinalização de TGF-?, envolvida com a indução da expressão de CD39 em células Tregs, está associado com a resistência ao MTX. / Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune multifactorial arthropathy with unknown etiology that affects approximately 1% of the adult population. The standard strategy for RA treatment comprises the administration of low doses of methotrexate (MTX), whose antiinflammatory effects are associated with maintenance of high levels of extracellular adenosine (ADO). However, a considerable proportion of RA patients is resistant to MTX treatment and the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon occurs is poorly understood. Within this context, the present study showed that therapeutic efficacy of MTX is associated with expression on Treg cells of the ectoenzyme CD39, whose function is related to the generation of extracellular ADO by ATP metabolism. Specifically, we conducted a longitudinal study and observed that responsive patients to MTX (R-MTX) exhibit an increase in the frequency of circulating Treg cells expressing CD39 after MTX treatment. On the other hand, we found that non-responsive patients to MTX (UR-MTX) have a reduction of CD39 expression on Treg cells, which culminates in an impairment of Treg function. Furthermore, these findings indicate that CD39 expression on Treg cells is a biomarker for therapeutic response to MTX, since UR-MTX patients had a depressed CD39 expression on Treg cells even before MTX treatment. Subsequently, the present study investigated the molecular mechanisms that would cause the reduction of CD39 expression on Treg cells from UR-MTX patients. For this, we demonstrated that TGF-? stimulation increases CD39 expression in isolated and in vitro differentiated Treg cells through participation/activation of the following molecules: receptors of TGF-?, TGFBRII and TGFBRI, signal transducer SMAD2 and transcription factor CREB, through p38 activity dependent-manner. Once identified these molecules involved with CD39 induction, we demonstrated that differentiated Treg cells from healthy individuals with an intrinsic reduction of CD39 expression on circulating Treg cells are unable to increase CD39 expression by TGF-? stimulation. Transposing our findings to RA patients, we found that UR-MTX patients exhibit a reduction of mRNA for TGFBRII and CREB as well as reduction on levels of phospho-SMAD2 and phospho-CREB in CD4+ and Treg cells, suggesting that an impairment in TGF-? signaling pathway, related to induction of CD39 expression on Treg cells, is associated with MTX resistance.

Dans le travail portant sur l'immunorégulation de la réponse immunitaire dans le modèle expérimental d'asthme, nous avons montré que les basophiles étaient activés par des ARN double brin poly(A:U) et que cette stimulation exacerbait les réponses d'asthme. Nous avons ensuite étudié la modulation de l'asthme en utilisant des agonistes de la voie TLR/IL1R. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le R848, agoniste de TLR7 qui induit les réponses immunitaires antivirales de type Th1, et l'IL-33 qui favorise les réponses Th2, activaient les cellules NKT dont la production rapide et modulée des cytokines pourrait avoir un effet modulateur dans l'asthme. Nous avons montré que les cellules NKT avaient une fonction régulatrice sur le développement et l'activité des cellules Th17. Enfin, nous avons décrit les effets protecteurs et suppresseurs induits par le R848 dans le modèle d'asthme et montré que ces effets suppresseurs étaient dépendants des cellules T régulatrices et du TGF-β.