Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Frankfurt (Main).

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18319号 / 農博第2044号 / 新制||農||1021(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4826(農学部図書室) / 31177 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 河田 照雄, 教授 伏木 亨, 教授 金本 龍平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Adipose tissue plays a central role in the regulation of lipid storage and mobilization. A tight control between adipose tissue lipid storage and mobilization functions must be exerted to prevent an overload of lipids at other organs such as the heart, liver and skeletal muscles, and favor the risk of developing metabolic disorders, such as Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There is strong evidence from animal studies that low oxygen levels (hypoxia) are noted in adipose tissue as the mass of the organ excessively expands and, in turn, exacerbates some adipose tissue functions. Whether hypoxia exposure, which could be derived from reduced environmental oxygen availability, disease or a combination of both, affects adipose tissue lipid storage and mobilization functions in humans is not well known. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, this thesis aimed at characterizing the effects of hypoxia on human adipose tissue lipid storage and lipid mobilization functions. Study I investigated how hypoxia can modulate human adipose functions such as lipid storage and lipid mobilization in vitro. Study II examined whether acute intermittent hypoxia, which simulates obstructive sleep apnea, affects adipose tissue lipid storage/mobilization functions and triglyceride levels in healthy young men in postprandial state. Study III tested the effect of an acute 6-hour continuous exposure to hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 0.12)) on plasma triglyceride levels in healthy young men in the fasting state. Study I indicates that both acute (24h) and chronic (14d) hypoxia (3%, and 10% O2) modulate human adipose tissue lipid storage and mobilization functions in a different manner. Study II demonstrates that acute exposure to intermittent hypoxia (6h) is sufficient to increase plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels, as well as insulin levels, but does not alter circulating triglyceride or subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid storage and/or mobilization capacity ex vivo in healthy men. Study III shows that acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia increases circulating NEFA and glycerol concentrations but did not translate in altering circulating triglycerides in fasting healthy men. In conclusion, our observations suggest that an exposure to reduced oxygen levels impairs human adipose tissue storage and/or mobilization functions, a phenomenon known in the development of metabolic disorders, such as Type 2 diabetes and CVD.

Objective: We proposed that women who develop preeclampsia have a low ratio of 'protective' toxicity preventing activity (TxPA) to 'toxic' very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) late in pregnancy. Having confirmed this hypothesis, we then tested whether this low ratio would manifest itself early in the pregnancy of women who develop preeclampsia. Methods: Serially collected plasma from women who developed preeclampsia and from matched controls was assayed blind for TxPA, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, albumin, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Main Outcome Measures: Plasma concentrations of lipids, NEFA, and proteins which bind NEFA (TxPA and albumin) were measured in normal and preeclamptic women. These parameters were formulated prior to data collection because of the low albumin/triglyceride' ratios and the elevated NEFA levels reported to occur in preeclampsia. Results: In late pregnancy, TxPA was lower (1.82 ± 0.63 vs. 2.30 ± 0.40 g/dL, P = 0.008) and VLDL higher (292 ± 130 vs. 206 ± 60 mg/dL, P = 0.013) in preeclamptics than in controls. Discrimination analysis (TxPA and triglyceride), correctly classified 95% of the preeclamptics and 79% of the controls in late pregnancy. The ratio of TxPA to non-TxPA and triglyceride correctly classified 92% of the preeclamptics and 85% of the controls in early pregnancy. Conclusions: The ratio of TxPA to VLDL accurately distinguishes preeclamptic from normal pregnant women, suggesting that both these factors are involved in the development of preeclampsia.

Part I of this thesis deals with general methodology and the experimental work can be clearly divided into two sections. Part II deals with studies carried out chiefly to determine further the epidemiological factors influencing serum lipid (and in particular, serum triglyceride) levels in the population groups of Southern Africa. The original objectives are described on page 70 and the main conclusions summarised on page 114. Part III describes three studies which were conducted in an attempt to fill some of the gaps in the considerable literature on the relationship between dietary carbohydrate and serum lipids in man. Both in the review of the literature at the beginning of this section and in the interpretation of the results of each of the studies, discussion has been chiefly limited to experiments conducted in man. There is a great deal of information available on studies carried out in experimental animals which show marked species differences from man with regards kinetic behaviour of serum and liver triglycerides(l). Where relevant, of course, reference has been made to these studies. The significance of each of the three studies has been discussed separately, but the principal objectives are mentioned on page 138 and the general conclusions are summarised on page 205.

No description available.

No description available.

Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed in five groups with eight rats per group. Each group varied in dietary composition for fiber type and carbohydrate source. Groups one and two received oat fiber and either sucrose or corn starch as the carbohydrate source. Groups three and four received corn bran as the fiber source and either sucrose or corn starch as the carbohydrate source. Group five (considered the control group), received Purina standard rat chow. Analysis of variance showed only significant differences for food intake, and the control group had a significantly higher food intake. Weight gain, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels showed no significant differences.

La Lipoprotéine lipase (LPL) est une enzyme essentielle de la lipolyse intravasculaire dont la régulation est complexe. La découverte des miRs, régulateurs de l'expression posttranscriptionnelle des gènes via leurs interactions avec les régions 3' non traduite (3'UTR), apporte de nouvelles perspectives pour la compréhension de la régulation de la LPL et de ses gènes régulateurs. Nous présentons à travers deux études, l'implication des microARNs (miRs) dans la régulation de la LPL et d'un de ses gènes activateurs APOA5. Dans le premier travail, nous avons mis en évidence la création d'un site de liaison fonctionnel du miR-485-5p par expliquons ainsi le mécanisme potentiellement impliqué dans l'association de ce polymorphisme aux hypertriglycéridémies sévères et modérées en population générale. Dans un second travail, nous avons identifié un haplotype de la LPL, incluant la mutation p.Ser474Ter (rs328) et sept single nucleotide polymorphisme (SNPs) de la région 3'UTR, significativement associés à une diminution des triglycérides (TG) plasmatiques en population générale. Nous avons ensuite démontré la fonctionnalité des sept SNPs de la région 3'UTR par la suppression de sites de liaison de plusieurs miRs. Ainsi ces résultats suggèrent que l'association du variant p.Ser474Ter (rs328) à la triglycéridémie pourrait au moins partiellement être liée à son déséquilibre de liaison avec les sept SNPs fonctionnels de la région 3'UTR. Nos travaux sont parmi les premiers à mettre en évidence l'implication des miRs dans la régulation de la LPL et de ses gènes régulateurs chez l'homme. Ils permettent ainsi d'accroitre la connaissance des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la lipolyse intravasculaire. Enfin, ils éclairent les mécanismes fonctionnels mis en jeu par deux polymorphismes significativement associés à la triglycéridémie / The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme which regulates plasma triglycerides (TG) intravascular lipolysis involving a complex regulation. The microRNAs (miR) are implicated in gene post-transcriptional regulation through their interaction with the 3’untranslated region (3’UTR). Their discovery provides new insights in the understanding of the LPL regulation and its regulator genes. We present two works regarding the implication of miRs in the regulation of the LPL and one of its activator APOA5. First, we identified a functional miR-485-5p binding site creation induced by the minor C allele of the c.*158C>T (rs22667882) located in APOA5 3’UTR.We therefore provide an explanation of the mechanism potentially involved in this polymorphism association with both mild and severe hypertriglyceridemia in general population. In a second work, we identified a LPL haplotype harboring p.Ser474Ter (rs328) polymorphism and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 3’UTR. This haplotype is significantly associated with lower plasma triglycerides (TG) concentration in general population. We demonstrated that the SNPs located in the 3’UTR induce several functional miRs binding-site suppressions that could lead to an increase of LPL expression. Finally, p.Ser474Ter association with triglyceridemia could be at least partially explained by its strong linkage disequilibrium with these functional 3’UTR SNPs. These works are amongst the first studies to bright to light the miRs implication in the regulation of LPL or its regulator genes in human. They provide a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in intravascular lipolysis. Finally, they also explain the functional mechanisms of two polymorphisms, significantly associated with the plasma TG concentration

Background: The typical western diet contains foods with modest amounts of lipid oxidation products. Previous work by us and others have demonstrated that mildly oxidized lipids promote a gain in fat mass while highly oxidized lipids decrease fat mass in rodents and triglyceride (TAG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by a key nuclear transcription factor known as PPARγ. Objective: To investigate if the alterations in triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells pretreated with oxidized soy oil are due to 1) a change in PPARg DNA interactions 2) changes in the expression of SREBP-1c, PPARg, and/or its target genes. Main Methods: Confluent 3T3-L1 cells were pretreated for 24hours with 0.01% soy oil (SO) which was either unheated (unheated SO) or heated for 3, (3h-SO), 6 (6h-SO), or 9hours (9h-SO). The effect of 24hour soy oil exposure was assessed at several time points throughout the differentiation process. Alterations in PPARg DNA interaction was assessed using a PPARγ transcription factor assay kit while alterations in the expression of genes upstream and downstream of PPARγ was determined by RT-PCR. Primary and secondary products of oxidation within the SO were determined by spectrophotometry. Results: The 6hr-SO contained the greatest concentration of peroxides whereas both the 6hr-SO and 9hr-SO contained a significantly higher concentration of conjugated dienes and aldehydes.Nuclear extracts from 3T3-L1 cells pretreated with 6h-SO demonstrated the greatest reduction in PPARγ DNA binding. Compared to the unheated SO and mildly oxidized 3h-SO, cells treated with the 6h-SO had a significant reduction in SREBP-1c, PPARg, LPL, and GLUT4 expression occurring early in the differentiation process. Variations in the gene expression of 6hr-SO pretreated cells persisted within partially differentiated and mature adipocytes. Conclusions: Pre-treatment of preadipocytes with soy oil heated for ³ 6h greatly decreases the activity of PPARγ in the nucleus and adipogenic gene expression . These changes seen in early differentiation seem to correlate the best with the phenotype of reduced triglyceride accumulation seen in mature adipocytes.