Šio darbo tema trišalės partnerystės, o tiksliau vienos iš jos įgyvendinimo formų - trišalių susitarimų esmė, teisinis statusas ir įtaka kolektyviniams darbo santykiams. Darbo tikslas yra, naudojantis Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkų darbais, nagrinėjant sudarytus trišalius susitarimus, jų vykdymo praktiką bei įvertinus užsienio valstybių patirtį nagrinėjamu klausimu, išanalizuoti Lietuvoje egzistuojantį trišalių susitarimų reglamentavimą, šių susitarimų sudarymo praktiką, išaiškinant galimas Lietuvos teisinio reguliavimo spragas, nubrėžiant tolesnes šių susitarimų sudarymo ir jų teisinės galios tendencijas Lietuvoje, pateikiant tam tikrus situacijų sprendimo variantus. Lietuvos nacionaliniai įstatymai, reglamentuojantys trišalę partnerystę bei trišalių susitarimų sudarymą iš esmės atitinka tarptautiniuose teisės aktuose įtvirtintas nuostatas ir nepaisant kelių nuostatų yra tinkami efektyviam trišaliam dialogui vystytis. Nepaisant to, trišaliai susitarimai, ypač žemesnio negu nacionalinio lygio, praktikoje Lietuvoje yra sudaromi vangiai, o jų nuostatos nėra vykdomos. Trišaliai susitarimai neatlieka savo funkcijų - socialinės taikos užtikrinimo, darbuotojų, kurie neturi teisės streikuoti arba kuriems tokia teisė yra apribota, kolektyvinių darbo ginčų sprendimo, privalomų išvadų dėl teisės aktų projektų teikimo ir panašiai. Galima išskirti įvairias šio reiškinio priežastys – nepakankamas pačių socialinių partnerių aktyvumas, nesugebėjimas siekti kompromiso, nepakankama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theme of this work is the tripartite partnership as an instrument enabling representatives of social partners to participate on the basis of parity with representatives of public authority in discussions relevant to labour law problems, and especially tripartite agreements as an instrument to reach acceptable to all parties decisions. The purpose of this work is to analyse the legal regulation, trends, practice of making and fulfilling such agreements, to clarify the gaps of the legislation of Lithuania, problems and find the way out of existing situation. The national laws of Lithuania, which regulate the tripartite social dialogue and tripartite agreements, in general correspond to the stipulation of the international legislation. Despite that, in Lithuania tripartite partnership acts only on the national level, because there are only few territorial level tripartite institutions and there are no one agreement or institution at a branch level. Tripartite agreements in fact do not execute its purpose to warrant a social peace, resolve collective bargaining of employees whereby their right to strike is limited or prohibited, take part in legislation procedure. It shall be indicated the problem of legal status of tripartite agreements – they are not binding even upon the parties. There are more problems – insufficient activity of social partners, there are no good will to seek compromise, negotiators have no proper qualifications to obtain effective dialogue. In order to... [to full text]

One of the most common pairs of co-occurring psychological disorders in children and adolescents is anxiety and depression. This high frequency of co-occurrence has led to research examining the structure of anxiety and depression, specifically the shared and unique aspects of these syndromes. The tripartite model accounts for the overlap between the disorders by suggesting that they are related because they share the feature of negative affect or general psychological distress. The model further proposes that they can be differentiated by their unique features of physiological hyperarousal (anxiety) and low positive affect (depression). Factor analytic research has shown that anxious symptoms and depressive symptoms can be structurally distinguished and research on the tripartite model has suggested their conceptual distinction. However, research has not shown that anxiety and depression cluster as distinct symptoms in samples of youth. The current study used cluster analysis to examine the grouping of individuals based on their levels of anxiety and depression. It was hypothesized that four groups would emerge-- anxiety only, depression only, comorbid anxiety and depression, and low/no symptoms. Further analyses using the tripartite model variables provided support of the accurate classification of individuals and this model was shown to be a useful tool in differentiating anxious symptoms from depressive symptoms. Exploratory analyses regarding developmental differences in the structure of anxiety and depression provided mixed support.

Many studies investigating the validity of the Tripartite model of affect in children have been supportive of the model. However, few studies have examined if older and younger children structure affect similarly. The current study used confirmatory factor analytic techniques (SEM) to test the validity of the tripartite model in two developmentally distinct populations of children (third and sixth grade). Confirmatory factor analytic methods examined one-factor, two-factor correlated, and two-factor uncorrelated models. Furthermore, the pattern of correlations between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and dependent measures of anxiety and depression was calculated. The results indicated the two-factor correlated and two-factor uncorrelated models demonstrated adequate fit across samples. However, in the younger sample the correlation between NA and PA was larger and statistically significant compared to the older sample, thus supporting the hypothesis that older and younger children structure affect differently. Limitations of the study and clinical/developmental implications are discussed.

The Platonic ontology and the participation scheme have been 'dissected' and reformulated by many scholars. The specific elements and dynamics of 'participation' have been continuing subjects of controversy in Platonic studies. This project is not intended to ratify Plato's doctrine of participation in order that it be 'corrected' . Rather, the thesis focuses on the examination of the details of the ontoloqy which Plato provides in the dialogues themselves. As he was developing the Theory of Forms and the relationships between the primary ontological entities, he recognized certain inconsistencies that spurred him on to readjust the theory. It is in the spirit of discovering the true elements of the reformed participation story that this thesis was developed. In a study of two dissenting interpretations of Plato's ontolgoy (the bipartite and tripartite interpretations), the tripartite ontology offers solutions to some of the more significant problems arising from the bipartite interpretation. The tripartite incorporation of an immanent character, along with the textual evidence supporting this interpretation, are integral to the proper elucidation of Plato's ratified participation story. Beyond unfolding Plato's immanent character it is important to understand the nature of this distinct (though not separate) entity, and the role it performs in the later ontology. It is with the desire to present the textual support for, and details of, the immanent character that this thesis diverges from traditional Plato scholarship. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The Platonic ontology and the participation scheme have been 'dissected' and reformulated by many scholars. The specific elements and dynamics of 'participation' have been continuing subjects of controversy in Platonic studies. This project is not intended to ratify Plato's doctrine of participation in order that it be 'corrected' . Rather, the thesis focuses on the examination of the details of the ontoloqy which Plato provides in the dialogues themselves. As he was developing the Theory of Forms and the relationships between the primary ontological entities, he recognized certain inconsistencies that spurred him on to readjust the theory. It is in the spirit of discovering the true elements of the reformed participation story that this thesis was developed. In a study of two dissenting interpretations of Plato's ontolgoy (the bipartite and tripartite interpretations), the tripartite ontology offers solutions to some of the more significant problems arising from the bipartite interpretation. The tripartite incorporation of an immanent character, along with the textual evidence supporting this interpretation, are integral to the proper elucidation of Plato's ratified participation story. Beyond unfolding Plato's immanent character it is important to understand the nature of this distinct (though not separate) entity, and the role it performs in the later ontology. It is with the desire to present the textual support for, and details of, the immanent character that this thesis diverges from traditional Plato scholarship. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

A large body of literature exists to show that childhood anxiety and depression are significantly interrelated, both at the disorder and the symptom level. Clark and Watson (1991) proposed that a tripartite model could account for the observed relations between anxiety and depression. The tripartite model holds that while anxiety and depression share a substantial component of general affective distress or negative affectivity (NA), they can be meaningfully differentiated on the basis of specific symptoms. Anhedonia, or low positive affect (PA), is seen as specific to depression, and physiological arousal (PH), or somatic tension, is seen as unique to anxiety. The studies presented in this thesis were designed to investigate the tripartite model of anxiety and depression in children and youth. Although previous studies provide some support for the validity of the tripartite model in children, they have not systematically examined the generalisability of the model across the developmental spectrum. Where age differences have been explored, there is some evidence to suggest that anxiety and depression show greater differentiation across development. Therefore, the first study sought to test unitary, dual, and tripartite models of anxiety and depression in a cross-sectional design, using three distinct age cohorts of non-referred children and youth recruited from grade 3 (mean age 7.74 years), grade 6 (mean age 10.59 years), and grade 9 (mean age 13.52 years). A confirmatory factor analytic strategy was used with selected items from the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Children’s Depression Inventory. The study found little evidence to support the idea of increasing differentiation with age. All models provided a moderate fit to the data, although analyses indicated that a correlated three-factor tripartite model was the preferred model in all age cohorts. These results suggest that the tripartite model may be a clinically useful tool in differentiating between depressive and anxious symptoms and disorders in children of all ages. The second study then sought to examine the predictive utility of the tripartite model, using a subsample of participants from the first study. In line with the tripartite theory, it was anticipated that the dimensions of NA and PA would predict concurrent and future symptoms of hopelessness (depression). Further, it was expected that the dimensions of NA and PH would predict concurrent and future symptoms of panic (anxiety). Self-report symptoms of hopelessness and panic were measured at baseline and again 12 months later. Results revealed some consistencies and inconsistencies with respect to the predictions of the model. In accordance with predictions, results indicated that NA and PA were significant predictors of concurrent symptoms of hopelessness for grade 3 and grade 6 students, but not for grade 9 students. In addition, NA and PH were significant predictors of concurrent symptoms of panic for grade 6 students, but not for grade 3 or grade 9 students. The tripartite dimensions of NA and PA predicted future hopelessness symptoms for grade 6 students only, however the NA and PH dimensions did not predict future symptoms of panic for any students. Methodology of the study is examined in interpreting the obtained results, and limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

Thesis focuses on activities of Czech unions on an example of ČMKOS. Main ideological influences are presented as well as historical evolution regarding Czech trade unions. The text is further focused on the role trade unions played during the Velvet revolution and transformational aftermath. Next chapters analyse the current role of unions, challenges they are facing and what kind of instruments they are using to support their demands. The analysis applies on ČMKOS and deals with personal staffing and relationships with political parties. Last part handles coverage ČMKOS is getting from Czech media.

Depuis ces vingt dernières années, la représentativité des organisations internationales est au cœur du débat politique sur la réforme des institutions de la gouvernance mondiale. Considérée comme un enjeu clé de leur légitimité, la représentativité apparaît à la fois comme une qualité liée au fait de « bien représenter » mais aussi comme un objet dont se saisissent les institutions pour permettre à certains acteurs d’en représenter d’autres. À partir d’une recherche menée dans le cadre de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) sur une période s’étendant de 1919 à 2014, nous proposons de recourir à la notion de « valeur pratique » pour aborder cette notion polysémique et ambivalente qu’est la représentativité dans le cadre d’une organisation internationale à la fois particulière et emblématique des enjeux soulevés aujourd’hui par le problème de la représentativité. Créée en 1919, l’OIT est en effet, à la différence de toutes les autres organisations internationales du système des Nations unies et de Bretton Woods, la seule à être composée non seulement des représentants des gouvernements mais aussi des représentants des organisations syndicales de travailleurs et d’employeurs (représentation tripartite). L’OIT constitue donc un cas particulièrement intéressant pour étudier la représentativité sur le long terme à la fois au niveau des États et des acteurs non étatiques. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous défendons l’intérêt d’une démarche socio-historique qui accorde une place importante aux représentations des acteurs, sans pour autant faire l’économie de l’analyse des pratiques de représentation objectivables à travers le temps. / In the past two decades, the representativeness of international organisations has been at the heart of political debates on the reform of world governance institutions. Representativeness is key to the legitimacy of international organizations. It entails the fact of "representing well" but also constitutes a tool which the institutions use in order to make certain actors represent others. Building on empirical research on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) from 1919 to 2014, this work develops the concept of "practical value" to address the polysemous and ambivalent notion of representativeness. The case of the ILO is both particular and emblematic of the problems that representativeness poses today. Indeed, unlike the United Nations or Bretton Woods systems, the ILO, created in 1919, is the sole international organisation composed of government representatives and representatives from workers’ and employers’ unions (tripartite representation). Hence, the ILO is a particularly interesting case to study representativeness over the long term at the level of states and non-state actors. Methodologically, this work defends a socio-historical approach that gives a central place to actors’ conceptions about representativeness, while also analysing the way representational practices are objectivised through time.

This article reviews the academic literature (1996-2016) that emerged under value sensitive design (VSD). It investigates those VSD projects that employed the tripartite methodology, examining the use of VSD methodological elements, and illustrating common practices and identifying shortcomings. The article provides advice for VSD researchers on how to complete and enhance their methodological approach as the research community moves forward.

A growing understanding of complex biotic interactions clarified the importance of symbioses with respect to the ecology and evolution of life. In particular, knowledge of symbioses between eukaryotes and microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi has revolutionized the fields of medicine and agriculture, and made clear the roles of microbes in fostering human and environmental sustainability. For example, diverse fungi associate with the seeds of plants following dispersal. These fungi can influence seed survival and germination in a host-specific and spatially explicit manner, thus influencing plant community dynamics in agricultural and natural systems. In species-rich tropical forests, seed-fungus interactions are emerging as one of the most important aspects of plant demography and community ecology. However, even closely related fungi can have opposing effects on seeds of particular plants, such that mechanisms influencing host-specific effects require further attention. Such mechanisms can include genomic traits of fungi and hosts, and the environmental context of interactions. However, studies have shown that many fungi also harbor endosymbionts than can influence their functional traits. In particular, fungi often harbor endohyphal bacteria that influence fungal phenotypes. This suggested the potential for similar, co-occurring microbes to influence the ecology of seed-associated fungi. Here, I explore the diversity, evolutionary relationships, and influence on fungal phenotypes of endohyphal bacteria inhabiting seed- and leaf-associated fungi with a focus that begins in tropical forest ecology and expands to include gene expression in an emerging model system from the temperate zone. To determine the occurrence, abundance, taxonomic diversity, and phylogenetic diversity of endohyphal bacteria among tropical seed-associated fungi, my coauthors and I used PCR and fluorescence microscopy to screen members of two common orders of seed-associated fungi, comparing their communities to those in closely related foliar endophytic fungi. We revealed a high frequency and diversity of endohyphal bacteria among both groups of fungi. We then used phylogenetic and community ecological analyses to show a lack of congruence between phylogenies of bacteria and fungi. Although seed-associated and foliar endophytic fungi share evolutionary histories, they harbor distinct endohyphal bacterial communities. To explore the influence of endohyphal bacteria on fungal phenotypes important for interactions with seeds, my coauthors and I examined a single fungus-bacterium pair consisting of a member of a well-known group of pathogenic fungi found to harbor an endohyphal bacterium closely related to those with known chitinolytic activity. We created fungal clones that were free of endohyphal bacteria, and carried out a phenotypic microarray assay comparing use of 95 unique carbon sources by cured and uncured clones. Across the majority of substrates, the fungal clones harboring endohyphal bacteria grew more rapidly and to a greater extent than the cured clones. Thus the endohyphal bacterium was associated with broader substrate use and more effective use of a variety of substrates relevant to plant biology, including seed germination. To assess the influence of endohyphal bacteria with respect to the outcomes of seed-fungus interactions, my coauthors and I examined six fungus-bacterium pairs and their interactions with the seeds of five tropical pioneer tree species. We showed that although endohyphal bacteria have little impact on colonization of seeds by fungi, they significantly altered the survival and germination of infected seeds. In most cases, endohyphal bacteria reduced the negative impacts of fungi on seeds: strains harboring them responded more similarly to uninoculated controls, whereas strains cured of them exhibited significantly reduced survival and germination. Seeds infected by fungi of the same genotype that differ with respect to the identity of their endohyphal bacteria exhibited differences, but so did seeds infected by strains of those isolates not harboring bacteria, suggesting that factors in addition to the presence of endohyphal bacteria can drive variation in the outcomes of seed-fungus interactions. Together these analyses suggest intricate interactions between fungi and bacteria that result in context-dependent outcomes. This turned our focus to gene expression as a means to understand mechanisms of interactions between endohyphal bacteria and their fungal hosts. Last, my coauthors and I describe methods we developed to co-culture fungi and their endohyphal bacteria for downstream analysis of differences in gene expression among a fungus-bacterium pair and axenic cultures of each symbiont. We focused on an emerging model system: a foliar endophytic strain of Pestalotiopsis aff. neglecta (Ascomycota) known to harbor an endohyphal bacterium in the genus Luteibacter (Xanthomonadaceae). The focal bacterium is in part reliant on its host fungus for acquisition of certain sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfate. We showed that inoculating a low-methionine growth medium with bacteria recovered in exponential phase from a high-methionine medium supports growth suitable for comparing axenic growth with that in co-culture with its host fungus. Although bacterial cell density in co-cultures was significantly greater than that in axenic cultures, the opposite was true for the host fungus. We expect results from transcriptomics analyses to reflect partial reliance on– and antagonism of Pestalotiopsis by Luteibacter, and here present the first pipeline of methods for examining gene expression for a facultatively symbiotic endohyphal bacterium and its host, a member of the most species-rich and economically important fungal phylum.