Bibliography: leaves 163-172 / x, 173 leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1986

Stratosphere Troposphere exchange (STE) is important to study as it controls the chemical composition of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) and thus the radiative balance of this region. STE also controls the transport of chemicals into the stratosphere which are vital to ozone depletion. The troposphere and the stratosphere have specific chemical characteristics and the transition region between these regions displays characteristics of both. Ozone and water vapour concentrations can be used as tracers for the characteristics of the troposphere and stratosphere. This thesis develops measures in tracer space, which allow the determination of the strength and depth of atmospheric mixing between the troposphere and the stratosphere in extratropical regions. The application of entropy as a measure of atmospheric mixing as introduced by Patmore and Toumi [2006], is improved in this study. This is a measure of how the ozone and water vapour mixing ratios vary as a result of mixing. An additional metric to give further information on the form of the mixing line in tracer space is also developed. This measure uses the ozone and water vapour mixing ratios at the boundaries of the transition region (BO3 and BH2O). This study uses data from ozonesondes and hygrometers, along with satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). The ozone product from AIRS is also validated as part of this study. The entropy, BO3 and BH2O measures from this study, are successfully shown to detect regions of enhanced mixing in comparison studies. A key comparison shows that the measures developed in this study are able to produce comparable conclusions to higher resolution aircraft data, with regards to mixing. The separation of entropy, BO3 and BH2O, into different categories allows mixing processes to be assigned to some of the categories. Mixing is shown to have geographic preference, with some regions having significantly more mixing. Some categories have preference with regards to their location either poleward or equatorward of the jet stream. In addition, some information as to the direction of the vertical transport, whether stratosphere to troposphere or vice versa, is obtained.

De nombreux travaux indiquent qu’il est important d’étudier les impacts physico-chimiques de la convection profonde tropicale. Nous avons utilisé le modèle méso-échelle 3D non-hydrostatique CATT-BRAMS pour étudier le transport de traceurs dans la troposphère tropicale au-dessus de l’Amérique du Sud. J’ai effectué une validation de l’outil en complément d’une étude en saison sèche et dans les basses couches menée au CPTEC (Brésil). Les résultats obtenus dans ces travaux indiquent un comportement météorologique globalement correct. Le transport en résultant montre une sur-estimation du transport d’espèces chimiques dans la moyenne troposphère et une sous-estimation dans la haute troposphère. Cela vient d’un déclenchement trop fréquent de la convection restreinte, de la paramétrisation de la convection profonde et de la représentation de leurs interactions. Une adaptation du modèle pour la saison humide est nécessaire. A l’échelle locale des difficultés venant d’une sensibilité importante de la paramétrisation au relief sont rencontrées. Le CATT-BRAMS évolue vers un modèle avec chimie, le C-CATT-BRAMS. Les premiers résultats obtenus indiquent un fort impact de l’initialisation et des conditions aux limites pour les espèces NO et O3. Quelques soient l’initialisation ou les conditions aux limites utilisées, on observe une augmentation du rapport de mélange de ces espèces au cours du temps. Cela peut provenir d’une sur-estimation des émissions `a la surface dans le modèle, en particulier pour les méga-cités. Il est important de poursuivre la validation de cet outil afin de pouvoir étudier l’impact physico-chimique de la convection profonde tropicale avec ce modèle. / Many works show it is important to study the phyical and chemical impacts of tropical deep convection. We used the 3D mesoscale non-hydrostatic model CATT-BRAMS to study the tracers transport in the tropical troposphere above South America. I validated the tool parallel to a study done in CPTEC (Brazil) for the dry season and in the lower troposphere. The results obtained in this work indicate a globaly correct meteorological behaviour. The associated transport show an over estimation of the chemical species transport in mid-troposphere and an under estimation in the upper troposphere.This comes from a to frequent triggering of shallow convection, from the deep convection scheme and from the representation of their interactions. An adaptation of the model for the wet season is necessary. At local scale, difficulties because of a high deep convection scheme sensitivity to the orography are encountered. The CATT-BRAMS model evolve to a model with chemistry, the C-CATT-BRAMS. The first results obtained indicate a strong impact of initialisation and boudary conditions on species NO and O3. Whatever be the initialisation or the boundary conditions, we observe an increase of the mixing ratio along time for these species. This can come from an over estimation of surface emissions in the model, especialy for megacities. It is important to continue the validation of this tool in order to be able to study the physical and chemical impacts of tropical deep convection with this model.

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/14758-7

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A cobertura de nuvens e os aerossóis são os dois principais fatores que modulam a energia solar que atinge a superfície e é absorvida pela atmosfera. Esses dois fatores, portanto, têm um papel essencial no clima do planeta. Há atualmente um interesse nos efeitos radiativos dos aerossóis, particularmente por causa da atividade antrópica, que aumenta sua concentração na atmosfera, e por sua íntima relação com a formação de nuvens. Partículas que podem ser ativadas e ganhar água para se tornarem nevoeiro ou gotas de nuvens, na presença de supersaturação de vapor de água, são chamadas de Núcleo de Condensação de Nuvens. O estudo das partículas que aumentam de tamanho com o ganho de água conforme aumenta a umidade relativa (higroscopicidade) torna-se então de fundamental importância no entendimento da contribuição dos aerossóis na regulação do clima do planeta. O LIDAR é um instrumento promissor no estudo da higroscopicidade dos aerossóis atmosféricos, porque pode operar em ambiente não perturbado e em condições muito próximas da saturação. O LIDAR Raman apresenta a vantagem de poder obter o perfil de vapor de água e retroespalhamento de aerossóis no mesmo volume atmosférico e sem nenhuma suposição a priori a respeito da razão LIDAR Este trabalho objetiva avaliar o crescimento higroscópico do material particulado urbano em São Paulo, Brasil, e em Washington, D.C, Estados Unidos durante a campanha NASA-Discover-AQ com o uso da técnica LIDAR Raman, obtendo o fator de crescimento por higroscopicidade. Apesar da metodologia que se baseia na determinação de uma atmosfera bem misturada com o uso de radiossondagem já ter sido utilizada na literatura, este trabalho acrescenta importantes informações, já que não se tem notícias de outros estudos extensos com múltiplos casos feitos com o LIDAR Raman para avaliação de higroscopicidade nos Estados Unidos, bem como é a primeira vez que este estudo é feito em São Paulo, como resultado de três anos de aquisição de dados. Os resultados mostram que é possível identificar o crescimento higroscópico dos aerossóis em ambas os ambientes de estudo, cuja detecção depende de condições atmosféricas que estão raramente presentes, tornando o estudo da higroscopicidade com o LIDAR um desafio que exige uma extensa coleta de dados. Mostram ainda que a determinação da origem e o estudo conjugado das propriedades químicas da população de aerossóis são informações que auxiliariam no entendimento do comportamento higroscópico, aprofundamentos estes que podem ser derivados deste trabalho. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/14758-7

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21579号 / 理博第4486号 / 新制||理||1644(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 橋口 浩之, 教授 塩谷 雅人, 教授 秋友 和典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The general circulation model COMMA-LIM solves the primitive equations on a sphere using gridpoints. The relative large interval between adjacent gridpoints (5° × 5.6° latitude versus longitude) causes an incorrect meridional temperature gradient in the coarsly resolved troposphere that leads to too weak winds there, particularly in the lower winter stratosphere above the polar region. By using the technique of nudging 11-year averaged NCEP zonal mean temperature data were assimilated into COMMA-LIM. This means that longitudinal dependent processes as calculated by the model still influence the atmosphere. The nudging method has improved not only the lower atmosphere, but also the middle atmospheric jets show a more realistic behaviour. A numerical experiment by forcing the 16-day wave was carried out in order to investigate the influence of an improved background circulation on the vertical propagation of planetary waves. / Das globale Zirkulationsmodell COMMA-LIM berechnet die primitiven Gleichungen auf einem Kugelgitter. Der relativ große Gitterabstand von 5°× 5.6° in Breite und Länge und die grobe vertikale Auflösung führen zu einem inkorrekten meridionalen Temperaturgradienten in der Troposphäre, so dass die troposphärischen Jets und der polare Winterwirbel zu schwach ausgeprägt sind. Mit Hilfe der Methode des Nudging wurden in den unteren 30 km der Atmosphäre 11-Jahres gemittelte NCEP Reanalysedaten des Temperaturfeldes assimiliert. Dabei wurde nur der zonale Mittelwert der berechneten Temperatur an die Reanalysedaten relaxiert, so dass die Antriebsterme, die von COMMA-LIM berechnet werden, erhalten bleiben. Durch diese Methode wurden Wind- und Temperaturfeld sowohl in der Troposphäre als auch in der mittleren Atmosphäre verbessert. Ein Experiment zur Ausbreitung der 16-Tage Welle wurde unter den neuen Bedingungen durchgeführt, und der Einfluß der veränderten Atmosphäre auf die vertikale Wellenausbreitung wurde untersucht.

Die Signale des Global Positioning Systems (GPS) ermöglichen nicht nur die präzise Positionsbestimmung an jedem Ort der Erde, sondern enthalten auch Informationen über den Wasserdampfgehalt der Atmosphäre. Aus diesen Informationen kann mit Hilfe tomographischer Verfahren die dreidimensionale Wasserdampfverteilung in der Troposphäre rekonstruiert werden. Dabei ist es von besonderem Interesse, wie zuverlässig die Wasserdampfverteilung alleine aus den Daten bodengestützter GPS-Netzwerke, d. h. ohne die Einbeziehung von Low Earth Orbitern (LEOs) oder von Wettersatelliten, bestimmt werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck werden GPS-Daten für unterschiedliche GPS-Netzwerke simuliert und auf ihre Eignung für eine tomographische Rekonstruktion untersucht. Besonders der Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl der Satelliten, der Stationsdichte und der in der tomographischen Rekonstruktion erreichbaren Auflösung ist dabei von großer Bedeutung. Aus diesem Grund erfolgt zunächst eine geometrische Bewertung der GPS-Eingangsdaten. Die Rekonstruktion eines 3D-Feldes und die dabei auftretenden Abweichungen zwischen dem originalen und dem rekonstruierten Feld werden abschließend an einem Beispiel dargestellt. / The signals of the global positioning system (GPS) can not only be used to obtain the precise position all over the world but carry also information about the water vapour distribution in the atmosphere. This 3D distribution can be reconstructed from the GPS data by means of tomographic techniques. Of special interest is the quality of the reconstructed 3D distribution using data from GPS ground stations alone, without regarding low earth orbiters (LEOs) and weather satellites. Therefore, GPS data have been simulated for different model networks. A subsequent data validation shows the correlation between the number of GPS satellites, the density of ground stations and the spatial resolution of the water vapour field which might be obtained from a tomographic reconstruction. Some selected data sets have been used to reconstruct a given 3D distribution and to analyse variations between the initial model field and the results obtained with different tomographic techniques.

Temporal stability of effects of the 11-year solar cycle on circulation conditions in central Europe Abstract The aim of this master thesis is to determinewhether circulation conditions in central Europe are affected by variable solar activity. Circulation type classification by Beck (2000) is used here to evaluate the solar effects. Circulation characteristics of circulation are available back to 1780. This master thesis proves that the solar cycle effects on circulation conditions in central Europe are not stationary in time. It was demonstrated that the frequency of individual circulation types varies significantly, depending on the length of studied period. The impact of solar variability on circulation conditions in central Europe is more significant when a shorter time period is being considered. It was also found that the response of circulation characteristics on solar variability is not immediate. There have not been clear results if there exists a linear trend on lagged response of solar variability on circulation characteristics. Linear trend has been found only for a whole year dataset with a lagged response within a year. This thesis proves that the solar cycle effects on troposphere are highly variable, so it is very difficult to define them straightforward. Keywords: atmospheric circulation,...

L'assimilation de données permet de combiner d'une manière optimale un modèle numérique décrivant l'évolution de la composition chimique de l'atmosphère et les mesures disponibles. Dans cette thèse, l'assimilation de données est utilisée afin de caractériser les distributions troposphériques et stratosphériques de l'ozone (O3) et du monoxyde de carbone (CO). Le Modèle de Chimie Transport (CTM) MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande échelle) est utilisé dans une configuration à deux domaines imbriqués avec les résolutions de 2◦ (global) et de 0.2◦ (régional). La technique variationnelle du 3D-FGAT est utilisée pour toutes les études que constituent cette thèse. Nous avons évalué la complémentarité des mesures satellites au limbe et au nadir aujourd'hui disponibles pour la caractérisation de l'UTLS (Haute Troposphère Basse Stratosphère) en assimilant ces deux types de mesures simultanément. Nous nous sommes en particulier intéressé à la propagation de l'information provenant des mesures assimilés dans le modèle et plus particulièrement, aux impacts de l'assimilation de mesures stratosphérique d'ozone en troposphère aux moyennes latitudes. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse ont été de montrer la valeur ajoutée de l'augmentation de la résolution modèle pour l'assimilation de données et les effets synergiques de l'assimilation combinée d'un sondeur au limbe et au nadir. Des développements au niveau du système d'assimilation en domaine imbriqué à 0.2◦ ont été effectués. L'assimilation des données dans le domaine global est maintenant prise en compte et les conditions aux bords provenant des champs assimilés montre un impact significatif sur le domaine imbriqué. Dans un premier temps, nous avons assimilé les profils d'ozone stratosphériques mesurés au limbe provenant de MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) afin d'étudier deux cas d'échange entre la Stratosphère et la Troposphère (STE). / Data assimilation combines in an optimal way a numerical model describing the evolution of the atmospheric chemical composition and the available trace gases measurements. In this thesis, data assimilation is used to characterize the ozone (O3) and the carbon monoxide (CO) distributions in the stratosphere and in the troposphere. The Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle) is used in a configuration with two nested domains at 2◦ (global) and at 0.2◦ (regional). To perform the assimilation experiments a 3D-FGAT variational method is used. We evaluate the complementarity of limb and nadir measurements available at the present day at characterizing the UTLS (Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere) region by assimilating simultaneously the two type of measurements. We particularly focus on the impacts of data assimilation of stratospheric ozone measurements on troposphere and conversely of tropospheric data assimilation on stratosphere. Showing the added value of the increased horizontal resolution in the UTLS assimilated fields and the synergistic effects of limb and nadir assimilation were the main objectives of this work. Development in the assimilation system have been made in the assimilation system with the nested domain. Data assimilation in the global domain is now taken in account and the boundary condition from the assimilated fields show significant impacts on the regional domain. Firstly, we assimilate stratospheric ozone profiles from MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) to investigate two Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange (STE) case studies. .