We examine the structural complexities of a 28-km long part of the Clark fault of the San Jacinto fault zone in southern California in order to better document its lateral extent and the style of deformation of its southeast end. Changes in structural style are observed as the Clark fault’s damage zone widens from ~ 1-2 km in crystalline rocks of the Peninsular Ranges southeastward to ~ 18 km in the sedimentary rocks of the San Felipe-Borrego subbasin of the Salton Trough. The Clark fault extends into the San Felipe-Borrego subbasin as the Arroyo Salada segment for ~ 11-12 km to a newly defined northeast-trending structural boundary. This structural boundary, referred to herein as the Pumpkin Crossing block, is a ~ 3-km wide and ~ 8-km long fault zone dominated by northeast-striking sinistral-normal strike-slip faults. Southeast of the Pumpkin Crossing block the newly defined San Felipe Hills segment extends the Clark fault another ~12-13 km southeast to its intersection with the Extra fault zone. The Clark fault may have nearly 14.5-18 km of right separation represented in the surface deformation of the Arroyo Salada and San Felipe Hills segments, but the total amount of strain is masked by the wide diffuse fault zone with its complex deformation patterns and geometries. The lateral change observed in microseismicity patterns across the Arroyo Salada and San Felipe Hills segment boundary supports our structural interpretations about the existence, location, and structure of this boundary. Vertical patterns in the microseismicity suggest that the Clark fault zone narrows at depth, dips steeply northeast in the subsurface, and must interact with at least one weak decollement layer(s) beneath and/or with the sedimentary basin. Structural deformation within the late Miocene to Holocene silty- and clay-rich sedimentary basin of the Salton Trough includes features characteristic of strike-slip faults, such as stepovers, conjugate faults, folds, flower structures, and fault bends, as well as many unique structures that include pooch structures, ramp-flat geometries of strike-slip faults, complex en echelon fault zones with localized shear distributed across a high frequency network of faults, and heterogeneous kinematic indicators within individual fault zones.

Abstract This study is to investigate the spatial and temporal variabilities of geochemical and carbon isotopic compositions of particles collected in the region off northeast Taiwan. Organic carbon isotopic compositions (d13Corg), total organic carbon content (TOC) and C/N ratio were determined in sediment particles collected at different water depths from three time-series sediment traps (at T12, T13, and T18 stations, respectively). The results showed abnormally high mass fluxes than those previously found. Generally they increase with water depths, implying both the transport from Lanyang-Hsi River and the resuspension from the seafloor. TOC contents range from 0.5 to 1.5wt% and decrease with depths. This can be attributed to changes in the surface productivity, lateral transport and organic preservation. The organic carbon isotopic compositions range between -21 and -25o/oo, which falls well within the d13Corg values of continental margin sediments. The lower d13Corg values at T12 station than those at T13 station can be attributed to the large terrestrial inputs. It is noted that d13Corg values decrease with depths, suggesting a significant contribution of the horizontal transport of particles to the settling process.

Abstract This study elucidates the processes that may determine the distributions of Mn and other trace metals on the slope of the southern Okinawa Trough. In addition to salinity and temperature, large-volume seawater samples were collected for analyzing dissolved manganese (DMn), particulate manganese (PMn), suspended, particulate organic carbon (POC), pH and dissolved CO2 (TCO2 ) during June-July of 1998, 1999 and 2000. Concentrations of DMn and PMn in a transect decrease generally seaward from the shelf break. However, anomalous distributions of DMn and PMn occur usually between 600 m and 900 m in many deep profiles. Such distribution patterns are probably influenced by the lateral transport of metals released from slope sediments or from the plumes of submarine venting systems. For example, dissolved manganese generally decreases with depth in the oxygenated condition, but in the study area unusual high DMn concentrations were observed commonly at depth 400 m, 600 m, 800 m and 1200 m. The unusual Mn signals become weak, in general, from the South Mien-Hua Canyon to the North Mien-Hua Canyon. The higher concentration of PMn sometimes was observed in deep stations than in shallow stations at the same depth implying that processes other than lateral transport may account for the distributions. Images obtained from EK-500 showed that submarine venting systems exist in anomalous Mn distribution areas. Anomalous distributions of PMn and Kd match DMn unusual distributions very well. Besides, the distribution of TSM is closely related to PMn distributions (R=0.433, p=0.01). Although the distribution of pH data appears to be normal, total alkalinity and total CO2 display anomalous distributions coincidently with those Mn unusual distributions. Meanwhile, the ratio (PMn/PAl) is higher for those unusual Mn distributions, and this is likely the effect of submarine venting.

In order to understand the source, transport pathway and sink of settling particulates in the sea off northeast Taiwan, three moorings with six sediment traps (about 100 m and 300 m above bottom) were deployed on the northern slope of the Ilan ridge (T17S and T18S) and in the South Okinawa trough (T19S). The mooring deployed at T17S was lost due to a connecting ring which was rusted and broken. The duration of the mooring was 6 months (late November, 1999 to early May, 2000) with sampling intervals at 15 days each. When the moorings were recovered, seawater samples were collected for filtration near each station and a box core at T19S was also taken so that the settling particulates, suspended particulates and bottom sediments can be compared for their characteristics. The results show that higher apparent mass fluxes were observed in January, February and early April, 2000 at T18S. The apparent mass fluxes vary between 11 and 91 g/m2/d at T18S, and between 6 and 22 g/m2/d at T19S. The time-series variations of the Pb-210 activity are between 46 and 76 dpm/g at T18S, and between 79 and 122 dpm/g at T19S, the values of which are much higher than those of T18S. The temporal Po-210 variations range between 18 and 90 dpm/g at T18S, and from 65 to 193 dpm/g at T19S. The Po-210 activity and its variation are greater at T19S than at T18S. The 210Po/210Pb activity ratios are less than unity at about 0.8 at T18S, and greater than unity at about 1.3 at T19S. The total Po-210 activity in all water columns varies between 0.2 and 16 dpm/100kg while the total Pb-210 activity varies between 28 and 43 dpm/100kg. The mean total 210Po/210Pb activity ratio is about 0.3, indicating that Po-210 was easily scavenged and removed from water columns by particulate matter. The box core taken at T19S has Po-210 activity ranging from 54 to 121 dpm/g and Pb-210 activity from 51 to 90 dpm/g. The 210Po/210Pb activity ratio is greater than unity in the upper 6 cm, indicating an excess of Po-210 activity. Below 6 cm Po-210 and Pb-210 are nearly at equilibrium. The 210Po/210Pb activity ratios in the water columns observed after the first deployments were higher than those observed after the second deployments. However, the 210Po/210Pb activity ratios of the settling particulates collected from the first trap deployments were lower than those from the second trap deployments. These changes might be attributed to earthquakes which occurred mainly before the second mooring period. These earthquakes could have caused a large quantity of terrigenous particulates with higher 210Po/210Pb activity ratio to be transported out to the study area in addition to resuspended shelf and slope sediments. These settling particulates, being enriched in organic matter with higher activity ratio, could preferentially scavenge Po-210 from the water column, resulting in much higher 210Po/210Pb activity ratios.

<p>An effective Integration policy is important in Sweden while our government has decided and committed to be a country where everybody will be given the same opportunities. There is a greater awareness in today’s society of integration policy goals such as equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for all. In a number of areas, however, the disparities between immigrants and Swedish-born citizens are still too large.</p><p>The Swedish Riksdag decided on integration policy in 1997. The main task for this thesis will be to examine the motive behind the Government's decision to revoke immigrations policy and introduce integration policy. This task will be completed with two questions at issue;</p><p>• Which were the obvious pronounced and underlying, extern- and intern sectorial motives and which immigrant policies could be identified during the three periods; 1, 2 and 3?</p><p>• In what way have the extern- and intern sectorial motives, that where expressed in 1997, affected the douting in 2006 years integrationspolicy?</p><p>The questions will be examined by using Lindbloms muddling through theory and Dahlströms “eigth faces of immigration politics” and for identifying motives a model inspired by Hadenius will be used.</p><p>The empirical material has brought forward that the decision to introduce integrationpolicy was based on the central motive that earlier immigration policy produced assimilationpolitics. Which futher on caused the “perverse effect” – segregationpolitics.</p><p>The adjustments have been clarifying of words sooner than improvement of concrete measures. The Swedish government has applied seven different immigrationpolitics during the periods 1, 2 and 3. Becides Dahlströms “eight faces of immigration politics” two more have been identified; “demanding politics and condition politics”. Seven of the ten different types have been noticed; assimilation-, segregation-, diversity-, demanding, condition-, residual-, universial politics.</p><p>The motives that where observed during period 2 didn´t improve the conditions for the immigrant which were discriminated in society especially on the labourmarket. The motives from period 2 have therefore affected the motives for period 3. The recently appointed government will during it´s runningperiod try to leave the muddling through theory by the motives in creating conditions for a “self earned living” and participation. By doing this the esscense of diversity and integration policy will hopefully be reached.</p>

There are approximately 4000 railway bridges in Sweden and a common construction type is the short span concrete trough bridge. With the current standards the load distribution through ballast is assumed to be uniformly distributed with a distribution slope of 2:1 according to the Swedish Administration of Transport or 4:1 according to Eurocode 1. Previous research shows that there are a lot of factors that affects the load distribution through the ballast and that the distribution rarely is uniform. Different load patterns on bridges can result in different responses in the structure and it is possible that a more optimized evaluation of the loads could reduce the internal stresses in the bridge. There are gaps in the current literature regarding the structural response to different load patterns on reinforced concretetrough bridges and this master thesis aims to further the research in this area. This report will consist of a literature study where load distribution in ballast is researched in order to find what different load distributions are common and how different parameters affects the load distribution through the ballast. Further, a non-linear FE-model of a typical trough bridge in Sweden that was located in Lautajokki will be developed using ATENA Science. The model will be complete with ballast, sleepers and rails and will be calibrated using the results from a previous full-scale test on the Lautajokki bridge. Four more models will be developed without ballast, sleepers and ballast where the load distribution instead is modelled directly on top of the slab of the bridge. These models will be compared to the model with ballast, sleepers and rail (called the Full model) to see what load distribution that is the closest to reality and how the behavior of the bridge changes depending on the assumed load distribution. The parameters that will be tested and compared during this master thesis is the maximum load capacity, the stiffness, the crack patterns, the stresses in the reinforcement, the moments and shear forces. The load distributions that are tested in this thesis is the Swedish standard, TDOK 2013:0267 (Trafikverket, 2019), the European standard Eurocode 1 (CEN-1991, 2003), a load distribution that is theoretical according to research done by Andersson (2020) (called Realistic load case), and one where the load is assumed to be partially uniformly distributed under the rail seats under a sleeper according to AREMA (2010) (called Partially distributed). The results showed that the realistic load case was the one that was the closest to the Full model since it was the closest load distribution to the Full model for the stiffness of the bridge, the maximum load capacity, the max stress in the reinforcement and the average shear force in the bridge. The only parameters where it was not the closest was for the maximum strain in the concrete and for the average moment in the bridge. This load distribution is however not realistic to use for designing bridges since the pressure distribution is so unnecessarily complex. When it comes to the Swedish standard it also followed the behavior of the Full model closely, it had capacities that were generally larger compared to the Full model, the only exception was the max axle load where it had 1.5% lower capacity. The Swedish standard was also the second closest to the Full model in all tested parameters except for the stiffness. Furthest from the Full model was the load distribution after Eurocode 1 which had the furthest values from the Full model in every tested parameter except for the average moment distribution in the bridge. Eurocode 1 also had lower capacities compared to the Full model for every tested parameterwhich means that this model probably underestimates the capacity of the bridge. The stiffness of this model was however one of the closest to the Full model. The Partially distributed load case had higher capacities compared to the Full model in every measurement. It also had a stiffness that was the stiffest for every measuring point compared to any other load case. This model can probably overestimate the capacity of the bridge. Since non-linear analyses takes a long time to perform linear analyses are more often used to design structures. To test how big the differences are between non-linear and linear analyses all load distribution models will also be run with linear elastic materials to compare the two FEM methods. The comparison between the non-linear analysis and the linear analysis showed that the linear elastic analyses give larger extreme values for both the moments and shear forces which is reassuring since this means that these values are on the safe side. The one exception is the transversal moments for the slab were the moments at the connection to the beam was greater for the non-linear analyses compared to the linear one

The topic of the submitted thesis is to carry out revitalization of a selected section of a watercourse. At first, the actual conditions of the riverbed and its surroundings are described. In the following part of the thesis the description of the newly designed watercourse section is focused. The main goal of the new design is to improve the life conditions both in and around the watercourse as well as to support its self-cleaning process.

A novel type of parabolic trough collector was characterised using a very basic theoretical model. This model looked at an ideal case and provided a basic expectation that was compared to actual measurements. The model showed that greater improvements can be achieved if heat losses to the environment are limited or omitted. This can be achieved by using a glass shield to insulate the receiver in a vacuum to limit the effect wind has and therefore limit convective losses. The experimental characterisation of the PTC consisted of taking six different temperature measurements to better understand the energy balances taking place. Four different configurations were tested, using two different types of concentrator and in each case a receiver that was either unpainted or painted with a semi matte black paint. The different types of concentrator were either stainless steel sheet metal or discretised glass mirror strips, similar to a linear Fresnel collector. Experimental runs were conducted on cloudless days for an hour and 15 minutes. This allowed for three runs to be performed on a single day. Using the theoretical model and comparing it to the experimental data, an efficiency was calculated. This efficiency averaged 14 % when the receiver was unpainted and 13 % when the receiver was painted for the metal sheets. The glass mirror strips had average efficiencies of 54 % and 45 % for an unpainted and painted receiver respectively. The model is very basic and can be improved upon if more variables are taken into consideration, such as convective heat losses. It was also recommended that wind measurements are taken in future tests. A property looked at to evaluate the effectiveness of each type of configuration was the average energy supplied to the thermal heating fluid over the course of an experimental run. For this the averaged values over all the experimental runs conducted for stainless steel sheet metal were 258 W and 332 W for an unpainted and painted pipe respectively. When using the glass mirrors an average energy value of 1049 W was supplied when the pipe was unpainted and an average of 1181 W was gained in the runs conducted after the pipe had been painted. Painting the receiver had little to no effect. The surface temperature of the receiver after painting the pipe was not higher and a slight increase in the energy gained by water was observed. This was explained by inaccuracies during testing as scattered light may have caused an interference on some of the measurements. There were also human inaccuracies in testing which should be omitted in future tests by implementing, for one, a functional tracking system. Future tests should be designed in such a way to completely omit irradiance affecting the thermocouple taking the measurement. Glass mirrors fared far better than the stainless steel sheet metal counterpart. It was recommended that they are used as the concentrator of choice. Higher efficiencies were achieved and in some cases almost four times the energy was supplied to the water in the pipe. This was attributed to a much lower concentrator temperature, on average 11 °C lower than the temperature of the metal sheets, as well as a much better ability to concentrate sunlight onto a single focal point. However, the glass mirror strips were proven to be very fragile and as such, require protection from the elements. While the strips were lighter and caused less of a load during windy conditions, they were susceptible to oscillations from gusty wind. This led to a number of strips breaking and needed to be replaced. By discretising the strips into individual pieces, they had the benefit of only needing to replace the strips that were damaged. This is also true for all future runs. It is still recommended that a tarp be used to protect the glass mirrors. Using glass mirror strips as a concentrator combined LFC technology with PTC technology and a novel PTC design was achieved. The design still required the installation area of a PTC. The novel design was compared to Industrial Solar’s industrial LFC module, LF-11, as it shares many similarities to LFC technology. The peak thermal output of the rig was significantly lower at 346 W/m2 compared to the industrial value of 562 W/m2. However, the noteworthy differences in design and optimisation between the two modules meant the results achieved were comparable. It is expected that better and more comparable results can be realised once the inherent flaws in the design, such as tracking the sun, aperture size and adding a vacuum absorber, are addressed. It is recommended that more research and emphasis is put into this field as an alternative energy power plant for South Africa. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Chemical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

A prototype solar desalination system (SODESAL) with a parabolic-trough solar concentrator (PTSC) and evacuated tube was designed and analyzed to determine the solar thermal capabilities for small-scale distillation and energy generation. A proof-of-concept study verified that distillation is possible with the system as designed, however a rupture occurred in the copper heat-pipe heat exchanger due to overheating. The internal temperatures of an aluminum heat transfer fin were measured inside an evacuated tube typically used in solar water heater systems to understand the lateral heat distribution and identify possible causes of the rupture. Solar radiation was measured for both the summer and winter solstices to understand the relationship between incident solar radiation and the potential freshwater yield of the system. The lateral heat distribution of the AHTF is dependent upon the PTSC’s solar incident angle. A consistent lateral heat distribution occurred across the AHTF approximately 40 mins after solar noon. The temperature difference between each end of the AHTF can exceed over 225 °C leading up to and following solar noon when the PTSC was set at a static slope. The SODESAL system’s future applications, system improvements and additional research are also discussed along with the capability of small-scale CSP systems.

Thesis (M.A. Agricultural Management (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2023 / Okra is an indigenous vegetable consumed in Southern Africa. Its growth and yield are negatively affected by water and nutrient deficit. There is insufficient scientific information on the growth and yield attributes of underutilised indigenous vegetables such as okra. The information on enhancement and evaluation of growth, yield, nutrients, and phytochemical compositions of okra using the climate-smart OMET growing technique has not been documented. The Organic Medium Enclosed Trough (OMET) system was developed as a non-drainable growing technique which improves crop yield by reducing water and nutrient seepage. The aim of this study was to develop scientific information on the effects of the OMET growing technique and growing environment on growth and yield, nutritional composition and phytochemical composition in okra. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the effect of the OMET growing technique and growing environment on growth and yield attributes, (2) nutritional composition and (3) the phytochemical composition of okra grown under greenhouse and micro-plots conditions. To achieve the objectives, four-week-old okra seedlings were transplanted on the established OMET and non-OMET growing technique concurrently in both the growing environment (greenhouse and micro-plot) following a randomised complete block design (RCBD) for a period of 110 days, with three replications and twelve plants per replicate. The amount of irrigation water used in both experiments was recorded until harvest and computed as cumulative irrigation water. The mean separation was done using a parametric T-test at the significance level of 5% using the Genstat version 18.0 statistical package. The growth attributes which included plant height and stem diameter (n=9) were taken on a weekly basis. At harvest, yield components including the number of branches per plant, plant biomass, fresh pod weight, number of pods per plant, fresh pod length and fresh pod diameter width were recorded. The harvested leaves and pods were then used for nutritional and phytochemical composition analysis. The OMET growing technique significantly (p≤0.05) affected the growth and yield attributes of okra regardless of the growing condition. At termination (110 days after transplanting), the OMET growing technique had significantly increased the stem diameter by 40 and 37%, while the plant height was increased by 68 and 48% under greenhouse and micro-plot experiments respectively. When evaluating the yield attributes, a similar trend was observed where the OMET system significantly increased the yield attributes of okra as follows: biomass by 64 and 50%, number of branches by 67 and 50%, number of pods per plant by 60 and 49%, fresh pod weight by 75 and 53%, pod length by 64 and 51% in both the growing environment, while the pod diameter width was increased by 68% in the greenhouse environment and there was no significant difference on the micro-plot trial. The OMET growing technique significantly affected the nutritional composition of okra leaves and pods (p≤0.05). Both the essential and non-essential amino acids were determined and quantified in the leaves and pods of okra grown under OMET and Non-OMET growing techniques. The OMET growing technique significantly improved the essential amino acid composition of okra leaves with Thr (0.57 mg/kg), Val (0.70 mg/kg) Leu (0.90 mg/kg) and Phe (1.03 mg/kg) being higher than the non-OMET grown okra leaves. The pods showed that the OMET growing technique also significantly improved the accumulation of all the tested non-essential amino acids with Lys being the highest (p≤0.05). It was observed that the micro-plot experiment resulted in the OMET growing technique significantly enhancing the accumulation of all the tested essential amino acids in both the leaves and pods with Phe and Lys (1.53 and 0.70 mg/kg) being the highest in the leaves and pods respectively. The non-essential amino acid composition was also significantly improved using the OMET growing technique in both the leaves and pod with Glu.. The non-essential amino acid composition was also significantly improved using the OMET growing technique in both the leaves and pod of okra grown under micro-plot with Glu (2.73 mg/kg and 4.05 mg/kg) being the highest respectively. The OMET growing technique showed the ability to maintain a daily recommended amino acids ratio coefficient equal to 1 by consuming 100g of the tested okra. The nutritional composition which includes proteins, mineral elements and amino acids of the tested okra leaves and pods grown using the OMET system regardless of the growing condition has resulted in an increase in the % protein content compared to the non-OMET grown okra. Nutritional elements Ca, K, P, Mg and Na were predominant in okra leaves and pods irrespective of the growing environment and growing technique (OMET). The results generated showed that the OMET system significantly (p≤0.05) improved the nutritional composition in okra leaves and pods regardless of the growing condition, though the micro-plot experiment resulted in higher nutritional composition as compared to the greenhouse experiment. Untargeted metabolites, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity were also determined and compared for both the okra leaves and pods extract grown using the OMET and non-OMET growing techniques in both the growing conditions. For untargeted metabolites, methanol extracts were analysed using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The UPLC-MS untargeted metabolites profile detected 161 polar analytes classified within the glucuronic acid, tricarboxylic acids, O-glycosyl derivatives, flavonoid-O-glycosides, iridoid o-glycosides and terpene glycosides. Explorative principle component analysis demonstrated three main clusters according to metabolites heterogeneity in plant tissue (pods and leaves) and growing conditions (greenhouse or mirco-plot). There was major heterogeneity in the metabolome profile of leaves tissue along the vertical PC1 suggesting their metabolic moiety. Okra leaves grown under micro-plot were highly predominated by the 2-O-caffeoylglucaric acid (286.13 mg/kg) and 2-(E)-O-feruloyl-D-galactaric acid (111.69 mg/kg). Leaves samples grown in non-OMET were predominated by citroside A (412.04 mg/kg). Okra pods grown under OMET micro-plot enhanced the accumulation of quercetin 3-galactoside (87.83 mg/kg) and quercetin 3-galactoside-7-glucoside (150.00 mg/kg). The OMET under greenhouse conditions encouraged the accumulation of icariside F2 and benzyl beta-D-apiofuranosy (49.21 mg/kg). The results generated showed that flavonoids were the major contributors to the total antioxidant activity and OMET enhanced the accumulation of the majority of the metabolites. Phytochemical analysis showed that the OMET growing technique significantly increased the concentration of total phenolics and flavonoids in both the growing environment (p≤0.05). The OMET growing technique significantly affected the antioxidant activity in both growing conditions. / Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and National Research Foundation (NRF)