SABÓIA, Karlo David Alves. Estudo do desempenho de filtros acústicos-ópticos sintonizáveis como componentes biestáveis e sua utilização na criptografia em redes ópticas. 2009. 138 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-15T17:52:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_kdasaboia.pdf: 1920593 bytes, checksum: 4fd70f8b99a1d192f94bef6debcb1a7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-21T20:34:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_kdasaboia.pdf: 1920593 bytes, checksum: 4fd70f8b99a1d192f94bef6debcb1a7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-21T20:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_kdasaboia.pdf: 1920593 bytes, checksum: 4fd70f8b99a1d192f94bef6debcb1a7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The performance of acoustic-optic tunable filters (AOTF) as a bistable component, applied to cryptography in optical networks, has been studied with analytical and numerical methods. Initial investigations of such filters highlighted their main transmissions, and analyzed their behavior by nonlinear effects with formation of optical bistability when a feedback was introduced in the system. Subsequently, it was proposed the use of an AOTF device, together with simultaneous modulation of ultrashort pulses by position (PPM) and amplitude (PAM), for generation of a cryptographic system for application in optical networks. Numerical simulations were performed using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method. The results for the study of bistability showed the dependence of the hysteresis curve with respect to the product of coupling constant by the length of the device and the conversion power-coupling constant factor (G). It was shown that the range of bistability varies significantly with both G and the product of coupling constant by the length of the device. The variation of the product of coupling constant by the length of the device directly increases the size of the bistability range while the increase in G causes the bistability occurrence for initial powers to decrease. The results obtained in the study of the AOTF as a cryptographer showed that it is possible to define a pair of parameters, called PPM/PAM pair, directly related to the modulations used in the process, which will serve as key to communications between two users in an optical network. The device would be used to encode and decode data. / O Estudo do Desempenho de Filtros Acústico-Ópticos Sintonizáveis (AOTF) como Componentes Biestáveis e sua Utilização na Criptografia em Redes Ópticas apresenta, primeiramente, um estudo analítico e numérico de tais filtros destacando suas principais propriedades de transmissão e analisando seu comportamento devido aos efeitos não-lineares e o surgimento da biestabilidade óptica quando um sistema de feedback é introduzido. Em seguida, propõe o uso do AOTF, somado à modulação de pulsos ultracurtos por posição (PPM) e por amplitude (PAM), simultaneamente, para gerar um sistema criptográfico a ser utilizado em redes ópticas. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas utilizando-se o método de Runge-Kutta de Quarta Ordem. Os resultados obtidos para o estudo da biestabilidade mostraram a dependência da curva de histerese com relação ao produto da constante de acoplamento pelo comprimento do dispositivo e ao fator de conversão potência-constante de propagação (G). Mostrou-se que o intervalo da biestabilidade varia significativamente tanto com G como com produto da constante de acoplamento pelo comprimento do dispositivo, mas suas contribuições são diferentes. A variação do produto da constante de acoplamento pelo comprimento do dispositivo aumenta o tamanho do intervalo da biestabilidade, enquanto que o aumento de G faz com que a biestabilidade ocorra para potências iniciais cada vez menores. Os resultados obtidos no estudo do AOTF como criptógrafo mostraram que é possível definir um par de parâmetros, chamado par PPM/PAM, diretamente relacionado com as modulações usadas no processo, que servirá como elemento fundamental para a comunicações entre dois usuários em uma rede óptica usando um AOTF para codificar a mensagem e outro para decodificar.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Estudo do Desempenho de Filtros AcÃstico-Ãpticos SintonizÃveis (AOTF) como Componentes BiestÃveis e sua UtilizaÃÃo na Criptografia em Redes Ãpticas apresenta, primeiramente, um estudo analÃtico e numÃrico de tais filtros destacando suas principais propriedades de transmissÃo e analisando seu comportamento devido aos efeitos nÃo-lineares e o surgimento da biestabilidade Ãptica quando um sistema de feedback à introduzido. Em seguida, propÃe o uso do AOTF, somado à modulaÃÃo de pulsos ultracurtos por posiÃÃo (PPM) e por amplitude (PAM), simultaneamente, para gerar um sistema criptogrÃfico a ser utilizado em redes Ãpticas. As simulaÃÃes numÃricas foram realizadas utilizando-se o mÃtodo de Runge-Kutta de Quarta Ordem. Os resultados obtidos para o estudo da biestabilidade mostraram a dependÃncia da curva de histerese com relaÃÃo ao produto da constante de acoplamento pelo comprimento do dispositivo e ao fator de conversÃo potÃncia-constante de propagaÃÃo (G). Mostrou-se que o intervalo da biestabilidade varia significativamente tanto com G como com produto da constante de acoplamento pelo comprimento do dispositivo, mas suas contribuiÃÃes sÃo diferentes. A variaÃÃo do produto da constante de acoplamento pelo comprimento do dispositivo aumenta o tamanho do intervalo da biestabilidade, enquanto que o aumento de G faz com que a biestabilidade ocorra para potÃncias iniciais cada vez menores. Os resultados obtidos no estudo do AOTF como criptÃgrafo mostraram que à possÃvel definir um par de parÃmetros, chamado par PPM/PAM, diretamente relacionado com as modulaÃÃes usadas no processo, que servirà como elemento fundamental para a comunicaÃÃes entre dois usuÃrios em uma rede Ãptica usando um AOTF para codificar a mensagem e outro para decodificar. / The performance of acoustic-optic tunable filters (AOTF) as a bistable component, applied to cryptography in optical networks, has been studied with analytical and numerical methods. Initial investigations of such filters highlighted their main transmissions, and analyzed their behavior by nonlinear effects with formation of optical bistability when a feedback was introduced in the system. Subsequently, it was proposed the use of an AOTF device, together with simultaneous modulation of ultrashort pulses by position (PPM) and amplitude (PAM), for generation of a cryptographic system for application in optical networks. Numerical simulations were performed using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method. The results for the study of bistability showed the dependence of the hysteresis curve with respect to the product of coupling constant by the length of the device and the conversion power-coupling constant factor (G). It was shown that the range of bistability varies significantly with both G and the product of coupling constant by the length of the device. The variation of the product of coupling constant by the length of the device directly increases the size of the bistability range while the increase in G causes the bistability occurrence for initial powers to decrease. The results obtained in the study of the AOTF as a cryptographer showed that it is possible to define a pair of parameters, called PPM/PAM pair, directly related to the modulations used in the process, which will serve as key to communications between two users in an optical network. The device would be used to encode and decode data.

L'importante évolution des standards de communications sans fil impose aux systèmes de télécommunication une évolution rapide de leurs architectures. Cette évolution est imposée par de nouvelles normes dont certaines sont basées sur les concepts de transmission multi-porteuses et multi-modes avec une priorité à la compacité, l'intégration, la performance et la baisse de coût. Plusieurs solutions techniques sont envisagées pour s'adapter à cette évolution, et de nouvelles architectures de têtes d’émission-réception sont envisagées en faisant appel à des composants électroniques reconfigurables. Ces dispositifs reconfigurables seront répartis sur toute la chaine d’émission-réception, et peuvent prendre différentes formes tels que des filtres accordables en fréquences, des antennes accordables, adaptateurs d'impédance ou des déphaseurs. Les composants passifs accordables présentent un réel intérêt car ils permettent de fonctionner à plusieurs bandes de fréquences pour des applications ou des standards de communication différents tout en réduisant le coût, l'encombrement et la consommation d’énergie. Deux composants passifs d’une chaine de transmission, les filtres et des antennes reconfigurables font l’objet des travaux de recherche menés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les performances des circuits et des dispositifs hyperfréquences reconfigurables sont directement liées aux propriétés des éléments d'accord utilisés pour assurer cette fonctionnalité. Dans ce but, différents éléments tels que les composants à base de semi conducteurs (varactor, diode PIN, transistor), de matériaux agiles (ferroélectriques, ferromagnétiques) sont utilisables. Le choix de ce dispositif d'accord dépend des performances et du type d’application envisagée, et les pertes, la linéarité, la vitesse de commutation, la tenue en puissance, la consommation, le coût, sont les principaux critères qui guident le choix. Au début des années 2000, d’autres solutions ont vu le jour avec le développement de la technologie RF-MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System). Ceci a incité les concepteurs de circuits RF à étudier la possibilité d’exploiter les propriétés de cette technologie. Le développement de la technologie RF MEMS peut permettre de franchir un verrou technologique et d’atteindre de bonnes performances en termes de fréquence de coupure, de facteur de qualité, perte et de linéarité. Cette nouvelle technologie à contribué au développement de nouveaux circuits accordables adaptés aux besoins actuels. Développée depuis de nombreuses années au laboratoire XLIM, la technologie RF MEMS est utilisée par les travaux de cette thèse. / The rapid growth of the telecommunications industry has led to a significant increase in the number of allocated frequency bands and a growing need for terminals providing access to an increasing number of standards while offering maximum services. The miniaturization of these devices combined with the implementation of additional functions has become a real challenge for the industry. The use of tunable microwave functions (filters, antennas, amplifiers ...) appears as a solution to this issue. In this way, three main technologies are mainly used: variable capacitors, tunable materials and RF MEMS. Within the scope of this thesis work, our investigations focused on tunable microwave devices like filter and antenna. The first part of our study focused on the realization of tunable planar filters in MEMS RF and SOI Technology. We made two tunable bandpass filters. The first one is a center frequency tunable bandpass two using RF MEMS switchers and the second one using tunable capacitor in SOI technology. In a second part, we focused on the realization of tunable Planar Inverted F Antenna PIFA in MEMS RF.  Finally, we discussed follow-up to give to this work and outlooks.

Silicon photonics is a very promising technology for future low-cost high-bandwidth optical telecommunication applications down to the chip level. This is due to the high degree of integration, high optical bandwidth and large speed coupled with the development of a wide range of integrated optical functions. Silicon-based microring resonators are a key building block that can be used to realize many optical functions such as switching, multiplexing, demultiplaxing and detection of optical wave. The ability to tune the resonances of the microring resonators is highly desirable in many of their applications. In this work, the study and application of a thermally wavelength-tunable photonic switch based on silicon microring resonator is presented. Devices with 10µm diameter were systematically studied and used in the design. Its resonance wavelength was tuned by thermally induced refractive index change using a designed local micro-heater. While thermo-optic tuning has moderate speed compared with electro-optic and all-optic tuning, with silicon’s high thermo-optic coefficient, a much wider wavelength tunable range can be realized. The device design was verified and optimized by optical and thermal simulations. The fabrication and characterization of the device was also implemented. The microring resonator has a measured FSR of ~18 nm, FWHM in the range 0.1-0.2 nm and Q around 10,000. A wide tunable range (>6.4 nm) was achieved with the switch, which enables dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) with a channel space of 0.2nm. The time response of the switch was tested on the order of 10 us with a low power consumption of ~11.9mW/nm. The measured results are in agreement with the simulations. Important applications using the tunable photonic switch were demonstrated in this work. 1×4 and 4×4 reconfigurable photonic switch were implemented by using multiple switches with a common bus waveguide. The results suggest the feasibility of on-chip DWDM for the development of large-scale integrated photonics. Using the tunable switch for output wavelength control, a fiber laser was demonstrated with Erbium-doped fiber amplifier as the gain media. For the first time, this approach integrated on-chip silicon photonic wavelength control.

As wireless devices and radar systems become more ubiquitous, there is a growing need for wideband multi-standard RF-SOCs. To enable the advantages of multi-standard systems, reconfigurable RF front ends are needed. Because of the large number of RF signals in wideband systems, tunability and linearity become important parameters. Prior work has shown tunable LC filters to be advantageous in the microwave regime. A balanced-to-unbalanced (balun) transformation circuit is required to support the differential nature of a tunable LC filter. An active balun that also performs as a transconductor to drive the LC tank would relax the design requirement for the LNA and remove a passive balun that would have to precede the LNA. This thesis discusses the linearization of active baluns and presents a comparison between two 4 to 7 GHz tunable BPF designs with active baluns implemented in 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Fourth order filtering is achieved by subtracting two 2nd order LC-tanks. This approach allows 3-dB bandwidth to be tunable from 10% to 20%. In each design, a linearized input active balun is employed to drive the LC-tanks from a single-ended input while preserving noise figure and IIP3 performance. Two different linearization techniques are applied for the balun designs. Simulated NF ranges from 7.5 to 13 dB and IIP3 averages about 5 dBm with the peak value of 21 dBm. / Master of Science / As wireless devices and radar systems become more ubiquitous, there is a growing need for Radio Frequency (RF) integrated circuits that can support multiple frequency bands and standards. Because of the large number of RF signals, robust tunability and power handling of the electronics become important parameters. Power handling is important because the amplifier and the filter can generate distortions if the power going through them becomes too high. Prior work has shown integrated tunable inductor-capacitor (LC) resonance based filters to be advantageous in the microwave frequency regime compared to integrated switched capacitor based filters. A balancedto-unbalanced (balun) conversion of the RF signals is needed to support the differential nature of the LC resonators. This thesis discusses transistor-based balun designs that can be integrated into front-end LC filter chips. The goal is to reduce distortion in the filter under the present of large number of RF signals and to keep noise of the circuit in reasonable range. The designs are implemented in 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS integrated circuit technology and simulated in commercial computer aided design software; predicted performance is competitive with the state of the art. The fabricated chips will be characterized in future work.

Modern and future communication and radar systems require highly reconfigurable RF front-ends to realize the vision of Software-Defined Radio (SDR), where a single digitally-enabled radio is able to cover multiple bands and multiple operating standards. However, in the increasingly hostile RF environment, filtering becomes a bottleneck for SDRs as the traditional off-chip filters are fixed frequency and bulky. Therefore, tunable filtering is a critical building block for the reconfigurable RF front-ends and on-chip implementations are needed to meet size and weight constraints. On-chip passive components are lossy, especially inductors, and to fulfill the tunability requirements a number of active circuit techniques, e.g. N-path, Q-enhanced, discrete-time filters etc., have been developed. Most of these active filtering techniques, however, are limited to RF frequency range of few GHz and below. Additionally, these techniques lack or have very limited bandwidth tunability. On the other hand, Q-enhanced tunable LC filtering has the potential to be implemented at Microwave frequencies from 4~20 GHz and beyond. In this dissertation, a number of Q-enhanced parallel synthesis techniques have been proposed and implemented to achieve high-order, frequency tunable, and wide bandwidth tunable filters. First, a tunable 4th-order BPF was proposed and implemented in Silicon Germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS technology. Along with center frequency tuning, the filter achieves first ever reported 3-dB bandwidth tuning from 2% to 25%, representing 120 MHz to 1.5 GHz of bandwidth at 6 GHz. A new set of design equations were developed for the 4th-order parallel synthesis of BPF. A practical switched varactor control scheme is proposed for large tuning ratio varactors to reduce the nonlinear contribution from the varactor substantially which improves the tunable LC BPF filter linearity. Second, parallel addition and subtraction techniques were proposed to realize tunable dual-band filters. The subtraction technique is implemented in SiGe BiCMOS technology at X and Ku bands with more than 50 dB of out-of-band attenuation. Finally, a true wideband band-reject filter technique was proposed for microwave frequencies using parallel synthesis of two band-pass filters and an all-pass path. The proposed band-reject scheme is tunable and wide 20 dB attenuation bandwidths on the order of 10s of MHz to 100s of MHz can be achieved using this scheme. The implementation of the proposed parallel synthesis techniques in silicon technology along with measured results demonstrate that Q-enhanced filtering is favorable at higher microwave frequencies. Therefore, such implementations are suitable for future wireless communication and radar systems particularly wide bandwidth systems on the order of 100s of MHz to GHz. Future research includes, high-order reconfigurable band-pass and band-reject filters, automatic tuning control, and exploring the parallel synthesis techniques in Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology for high RF power applications. / PHD / The year is 2017 and the current state of the art smartphone can do amazing things using its wireless technologies including LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, FM, GPS etc. Each of these wireless standards requires a hardware receiver and a transmitter, also called radio, so as to receive and transmit the signals over air using their designated frequencies. Often more than a single radio is needed to cover different frequency bands, e.g., LTE requires multiple radios to enable operation with different cellular providers and to be used in different countries in cases where the designated frequencies for LTE differs. In order to further reduce the size and cost of communication devices, including but not limited to smartphone, it is desired to implement a single software controlled hardware radio which can cover all of the aforementioned wireless standards. In doing so, the single radio has to distinguish between the desired signal and unwanted signals, also called interference, from other radios using filters that are needed to be reconfigurable to accommodate different wireless standards and bands. The same reconfigurable requirement is valid for radars as well. Therefore, there is a need for the research and development of cost effective and small size dynamic filters which can be controlled from software to adapt to different wireless standards. In this dissertation, a number of filtering techniques are presented to make the radio tunable and agile in terms of operating frequency and bandwidth. The proposed techniques employs very large frequency and bandwidth tuning and are implemented in on-chip integrated circuit (IC) silicon technology. By doing so, the proposed on-chip integrated filters become tens to hundreds of times smaller than traditional off-chip filters which occupies majority of the space in small form factor devices. Therefore, the proposed tunable filters implementations are suitable for future wireless communication and radar systems particularly wide bandwidth systems to increase the data rate and radar detection accuracy.

No description available.

This dissertation reports, for the first time, on the design and implementation of tunable micromachined bandpass filters in the ultra high frequency (UHF) range that are fully integrated on CMOS-grade (resistivity=10-20 ohm.cm) silicon. Filters, which are designed in the Elliptic and coupled-resonator configuration, are electrostatically tuned using tunable microelectromechanical (MEM) capacitors with laterally movable interdigitated fingers. Tunable filters and high-quality factor (Q) integrated passives are made in silver (Ag), which has the highest conductivity of all materials in nature, to reduce the ohmic loss. The loss of the silicon substrate is eliminated by using micromachining techniques. The combination of the highest-conductivity metal and a low-loss substrate significantly improves the performance of lumped components at radio frequencies (RF), resulting in an insertion loss of 6 dB for a tunable lumped bandpass filter at 1075 MHz with a 3 dB-bandwidth of 63 MHz and tuning range of 123 MHz. The bandpass filters are encapsulated at the wafer level using a low-temperature, thermally released, polymer packaging process. This thesis details the design, fabrication, and measurement results of the filters and provides strategies to improve their performance. The performance of filter components, including the tunable capacitors and inductors, is characterized and compared to the state-of-the-art micromachined passive components. The silver inductors reported in this thesis exhibit the record high Q, and the silver bandpass filters show the minimum insertion loss that has been achieved on a CMOS-grade silicon substrate, to the best of our knowledge. Alternatively, tunable capacitors can be made in the bulk of silicon using a modified version of the high-aspect-ratio polysilicon and single crystal silicon (HARPSS) fabrication technique to obtain a larger capacitance density at the expense of a higher conductive loss. Using this process, a 15 pF two-port tunable capacitor is fabricated and tuned by 240% with the application of 3.5 V to the isolated actuator. Silver inductors can be post integrated with HARPSS tunable capacitors to obtain tunable filters in the very high frequency (VHF) range. The reported bandpass filters can be monolithically integrated with CMOS and have the potential to replace several transmit and receive acoustic filters currently used in cellular phones.

Neste trabalho, propomos um novo mÃtodo de modulaÃÃo Ãptica usando um filtro acÃstoÃptico sintonizÃvel (AOTF) convencional e um filtro acÃsto-Ãptico com polarizaÃÃo sintonizÃvel (AOTPF) baseado em fibra de cristal fotÃnico (PCF), onde portas lÃgicas Ãpticas E e OU sÃo obtidas pela operaÃÃo simultÃnea da modulaÃÃo em dupla banda lateral Ãptica (ODSB) e da modulaÃÃo por posiÃÃo de pulso no domÃnio da frequÃncia (PPFDM). Estes dispositivos sÃo operados com pulsos sÃlitons ultracurtos de 100 ps e 55,5 fs para o AOTF convencional e para o AOTPF baseado em PCF, respectivamente. Desta forma, um pulso leva dois bits de informaÃÃo apÃs ser criptografado pela modulaÃÃo proposta aqui. Em seguida, analisamos a modulaÃÃo ODSB-PPFDM para os pulsos de entrada, polarizados nos dois modos de entrada, permitindo uma variaÃÃo no parÃmetro de codificaÃÃo εcod para cada pulso de entrada. Para o AOTF convencional, consideramos uma diferenÃa de fase de dfi = pi rad entre ambos os pulsos de entrada. Como resultado, obtivemos vÃrios valores do parÃmetro de codificaÃÃo |εcod| onde as operaÃÃes lÃgicas E e OU foram possÃveis. JÃ para o AOTPF baseado em PCF, consideramos uma diferenÃa de fase de dfi = 1,28pi rad entre ambos os pulsos de entrada para obtermos valores do parÃmetro de codificaÃÃo |εcod| onde as operaÃÃes lÃgicas E e OU foram possÃveis. / We propose a new method of optical modulation using a conventional Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) and an Acoustic Optic Tunable Polarization Filter (AOTPF) based on Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). In both devices the all-optical logic gates, namely AND and OR, are obtained by simultaneously operation of Optical Double Sideband (ODSB) modulation and a Pulse Position Frequency Domain Modulation (PPFDM). These devices shall operate with ultrashort soliton light pulses 100 ps and 55.5 fs for conventional AOTF and all-fiber AOTPF based on PCF, respectively. In this way, a pulse will carry two bits of information after been encoded by the modulation proposed here. We then analyze the modulation ODSB - PPFDM for input pulses, polarized in the two input modes, allowing a variation in the modulation parameter εcod for each input pulse. For conventional AOTF, a phase difference dfi = pi rad was considered between both input pulses, obtaining various values of the coding parameter offset |εcod| where the AND and OR logic operations were possible. For the all-fiber AOTPF based on PCF, a phase difference of dfi = 1,28pi rad was necessary between both input pulses to generate values of coding parameter offset |εcod|, for which AND and OR logic operations were possible.

Orientador: Celio Pasquini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T01:48:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzaga_FabianoBarbieri_D.pdf: 2179229 bytes, checksum: 3032668f50c4141f4589cdc9b2ceda23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências