Yes / A two-dimensional model based on OpenTidalFarm is applied to simulate tidal stream flow around turbines. The model is governed by shallow water equations and is able to optimize the layout of the deployed turbine array in terms of maximizing the energy outputs. Three turbine array layouts including two structured layouts (regular and staggered) and one unstructured layout (optimized) are simulated to investigate the effect of turbine layouts on energy extraction. The present study shows that more energy could be extracted when lateral spacing decreases and longitudinal spacing increases within the same domain, namely the effective turbine layout is to deploy more turbines in the first row to extract energy from undisturbed tidal stream, while larger longitudinal spacing will make it possible for tidal stream to recover more before reaching the next turbines row. Taking the tidal stream turbines array around Zhoushan Islands as a case study, results show that the optimized layout can extract 106.8% energy of that extracted by the regular and staggered layout for a full tide in the same marine area. Additionally, the turbine array has a great influence on tidal stream velocities immediately behind the array and has little effect on far-field wake flow. / National Natural Science Foundation Council of China (51879098), and the Marine Renewable Energy Research Project of State Oceanic Administration (GHME2015GC01).

Des projets d'installation de parcs de plusieurs hydroliennes rapprochées en rivières ou dans les océans ont été récemment démarrés, afin de développer cette source d'énergie renouvelable. Dans ces parcs, les interactions de sillage entre les hydroliennes doivent être calculées puisqu'elles peuvent affecter leur puissance produite. Un modèle CFD stationnaire de type disque d'action couplé aux équations RANS est développé dans ce travail pour calculer la puissance produite et l'écoulement au sein d'un parc d'hydroliennes Darrieus. Ce modèle utilise des répartitions détaillées de force dont l'intensité dépend de la position sur la turbine. Elles sont obtenues par des calculs préliminaires URANS de l'écoulement sur la géométrie de la turbine en rotation. De nouvelles lois sont obtenues pour les coefficients de puissance et de force en utilisant la vitesse locale (vitesse au niveau de la turbine) au lieu de la vitesse amont dans leur définition. Ces coefficients deviennent alors indépendants du confinement de la turbine. Ces lois servent à construire un modèle qui calcule les distributions de force représentant chaque turbine du parc en fonction de la vitesse locale du fluide, pour simuler chaque turbine fonctionnant proche de son point de maximum d'efficacité. Une validation du modèle est réalisée par comparaison à de nouvelles expériences d'une turbine Darrieus à échelle réduite. Différentes configurations de parcs sont ensuite simulées par le modèle 3D, ainsi que par une version 2D du modèle. Les distances entre turbines qui permettent d'obtenir une puissance produite par le parc maximale sont notamment recherchées. / New projects have recently been launched to build farms of several tidal or river turbines, which are part of the renewable energy systems. The turbine wake interactions in the farm must be considered, as they can affect the power production of the turbines. A steady-state Actuator force model using the RANS equations is developed in the present work to calculate the power production and the flow through arrays of tidal or river Darrieus turbines. It uses detailed three dimensional force distributions depending on the position on the turbine, obtained beforehand by a set of blade-resolved URANS simulations of the turbine. New power coefficient and force coefficient laws depending on the local velocity (flow velocity at the machine position) instead of the upstream velocity are established and appear to be independent from the local turbine blockage in an array. Those laws are used to construct a model that adapt the Actuator force distributions to the local velocity of the flow reaching each turbine, in order to simulate each turbine functioning close to its maximum efficiency point. The model is validated against experimental measurements on a reduced-scale Darrieus turbine. Different farm configurations are simulated and compared to results of the same model adapted in two dimensions. The distances between turbines that are optimizing the farm power production are especially investigated.

L'exploitation de l'énergie cinétique des courants marins ou fluviaux est une source d'énergie prometteuse et renouvelable. Les performances hydrodynamiques des hydroliennes sont à ce jour bien connues et l'attention se porte sur la compréhension des phénomènes de parc et l'interaction entre machines. Ce document présente la construction d'un modèle simplifié (ou méthode d'équivalence) pour les turbines à axe de rotation vertical. Une étape préliminaire consiste à valider l'utilisation de la méthode de maillage rotatif proposée par Code_Saturne (solveur CFD open source). La simulation de la turbine Darrieus/Achard A10 en 2D met en évidence une bonne concordance des mesures expérimentales (PIV). Cet outil sert dans une seconde étape à mettre au point un modèle simplifié de ces mêmes turbines. Celui-ci consiste à représenter la turbine dans l'écoulement par son équivalent en termes sources de quantité de mouvement sur la base d'une paramétrisation efficace des données empiriques. La méthode est validée pour une large plage de vitesses de rotation et de confinements, et sur plusieurs machines. La représentation du sillage par par les deux méthode de simulation est ensuite étudiée en détail. Des mesures par la technique de LDV dans le sillage proche d'un modèle réduit sont effectuées et établissent une référence expérimentale nécessaire pour ce type de machine. La dépendance forte des deux méthodes de simulation aux paramètres et aux modèles de turbulence est constatée. Deux phénomènes principaux sont relevés : la diffusion turbulente et les instabilités à grandes échelles. Des calculs de rendement sur des dispositions de machines variables illustrent l'applicabilité du modèle. Ils mettent notamment en avant l'effet positif de l'intensité turbulente ambiante sur le rendement dans un parc. / Harnessing kinetic energy from oceans or rivers is a promising source of renewable energy. The hydrodynamical performance of water turbines is well known and the focus is now on array optimization and turbine interaction. The present document aims to introduce a new modeling solution for vertical axis water current turbine of Darrieus/Achard type and its construction methodology. A preliminary stage consists in the validation of the new sliding mesh method available in Code_Saturne, EDF CFD open source solver. The good results obtained by comparison with PIV measurements on the Achard type turbine allow the use of this method as a reference tool. The second stage sees the construction of an equivalence model for the Darrieus turbine using momentum source terms. These terms are calculated thanks to an efficient parametrization of empirical data. The comparison of the model with full geometry calculation shows a good agreement in terms of power for a wide range of rotational velocity and blocking ratio. LDV measurements in the near wake of a small scale Achard turbine give a necessary reference set of data. The wake given by both simulations is strongly dependent of turbulence parameters or models, with the cohabitation of two main phenomena : momentum turbulent diffusion, and large scale fluctuations. To conclude, a calculation of the power output for several turbine distributions in an array illustrates the model capability.

Previous simulations have shown that wind farms have an impact on the near-surface atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) as turbulent wakes generated by the turbines enhance vertical mixing of momentum, heat and moisture. These changes alter downstream atmospheric properties. With the exception of a few observational data sets that focus on the impact to near-surface temperature within wind farms, little to no observational evidence exists with respect to vertical mixing. These few experimental studies also lack high spatial resolution due to their use of a limited number of meteorological sensors or remote sensing techniques. This study utilizes an instrumented small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) to gather high resolution in-situ field measurements from two state-of-the-art Midwest wind farms in order to differentially map downstream changes to relative humidity. These measurements are complemented by numerical experiments conducted using large eddy simulation (LES). Observations and numerical predictions are in good general agreement around a single wind turbine and show that downstream relative humidity is altered in the vertical, lateral, and downstream directions. A suite of LES is then performed to determine the effect of a turbine array on the relative humidity distribution in compounding wakes. In stable and neutral conditions, and in the presence of a positive relative humidity lapse rate, it is found that the humidity decreases below the turbine hub height and increases above the hub height. As the array is transitioned, the magnitude of change increases, differentially grows on the left-hand and right-hand side of the wake, and move slightly upward with downstream distance. In unstable conditions, the magnitude of near-surface decrease in relative humidity is a full order of magnitude smaller than that observed in a stable atmospheric regime.

It is well known that the layout of a large wind turbine cluster aects the energyoutput of the wind farm. The individual placement and distances betweenturbines will in uence the wake spreading and the wind velocity decit. Manyanalytical models and simulations have been made trying to calculate this, butstill there is a lack of experimental data to conrm the models. This thesis isdescribing the preparations and the execution of an experiment that has beenconducted using about 250 small rotating turbine models in a wind tunnel. Theturbine models were developed before the experiment and the characteristicswere investigated. The main focus was laid on special eects occurring in largewind turbine clusters, which were named Global Turbine Array Eects.It was shown that the upstream wind was little aected by a large windfarm downstream, even though there existed a small dierence in wind speedbetween the undisturbed free stream and the wind that arrived to the rstturbines in the wind farm. The dierence in wind speed was shown to beunder 1% of the undisturbed free stream. It was also shown that the densityof the wind farm was related to the reduced wind velocity, with a more densefarm the reduction could get up to 2.5% of the undisturbed free stream at theupstream center turbine. Less velocity decit was observed at the upstreamcorner turbines in the wind farm.When using small rotating turbine models some scaling requirements hadto be considered to make the experiment adaptable to reality. It was concludedthat the thrust coecient of the turbine models was the most important parameterwhen analysing the eects. One problem discussed was the low Reynoldsnumber, an eect always present in wind tunnel studies on small wind turbinemodels.A preliminary investigation of a photo measuring technique was also performed,but the technique was not fully developed. The idea was to take oneor a few photos instantaneously and then calculate the individual rotationalspeed of all the turbine models. It was dicult to apply the technique becauseof uctuations in rotational speed during the experiment, therefore thecalculated values could not represent the mean value over a longer time period.