This diploma thesis deals with the design and optimization of the device for measurement of field emission from gallium nitride (GaN) nanocrystals surface. The first part of the thesis is the topic review, which contains the introduction to the problematics of field emissio focused on GaN. Then there were designed, constructed and optimized two versions of the device for the measurement of field emission. Through the optimization phase, the first successful test has been performed with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires. Simultaneously GaN nanocrystals were fabricated on the silicon substrate Si(111) with 2 nm of silicon dioxide SiO2 and also on the copper foil covered by graphene by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In the last chapter, there are presented the results of the measurement for emission of GaN nanocrystals. Finally, this study is comparing results with the current research in the area of field emission, which displays the improved characteristics for field emission of GaN nanocrystals on the copper foil covered by graphene.

This thesis is focused on design of framework for creation an articial opponents in strategy games. We will analyze different types of strategy games and artificial intelligence systems used in these types of games. Next we will describe problems, which can occur  in these systems and why agent-based systems makes better artificial opponents. Next we will use knowledge from this research to design and implement framework, which will act as support for creating an artificial intelligence in strategy games.

The present study analyses turn-taking in spoken discourse in seminar settings of higher education. The aim of the study is two-fold, (i) to explore how teachers organize their classroom discourse in terms of turn-taking structure, discursive organization and the subject positions of teachers and students and (ii) to further explore how power asymmetry in the teacher-student relationship may be realized in institutional discourse settings such as classrooms. Through the frameworks of institutional discourse, conversation analysis (CA) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study encompasses analyses of seminar data culled from The British Academic Spoken English (BASE) corpus. The study analyses the discourse organization of two different seminars in social studies and sciences by their turn-taking structure, turn-distribution and activity types to discuss the institutional properties of the interactions and the power asymmetry between participants. The analysis shows that the discursive subject roles of “teacher” and “student” have different claims to power and that the participants are more or less restricted by both the structure of the turn-taking systems and the activity types of the seminars. The teachers of the two seminars are further shown to restrict their students’ speaking rights and discursive mobility, using different discursive strategies to achieve their goals and to exercise control over the discourse, but that some students more or less effectively resist this control by utilizing the discourse structure and its resources to their advantage.

Práce rozebírá projekt, který je základem znovupoužiteného enginu počítačové hry - tahové strategie. Celkovým cílem by mělo být vytvoření komerční série počítačových her z vojenského prostředí. Text technické zprávy rozebírá zadání projektu a rozšiřuje jeho myšlenky o nezbytné vlastnosti. Dále popisuje vytvoření samotného zdrojového kódu a jeho použití. Zmiňuje se o stávajícím stavu projektu a krocích, které je potřeba podniknout k jeho dokončení. Zpráva je v anglickém jazyce.

In the first part of this thesis is discussed of the possibilities of surface grinding. There are described various methods for grinding and describe their characteristics. Furthermore, there is shown the marking of grinding wheels and is discussed of their composition and of calculating the cutting forces. In the second part of this thesis the experiment is performed. On the samples of various materials are monitored parameters of roughness after grinding, which is used by conventional grinding BPH 300 and horizontal lathe from company TDZ Turn.

Si les neurosciences connaissent d’importants progrès dans l’imagerie et le génotypage, le phénotypage repose encore largement sur des échelles visuelles. Le phénotype chez l’homme repose principalement sur son style perceptivo-moteur qui donne une empreinte à la marche, la posture, l’équilibre, l’habilité des membres supérieurs, les mouvements oculaires etc. La marche, fonction complexe et fondamentale de l’être humain, implique l’ensemble du système musculo-squelettique, le système nerveux central et périphérique ainsi que les organes sensoriels. Elle est le produit d’un patron de marche automatique et inconscient modulé par le tronc cérébral, les noyaux gris centraux et par des retours sensitifs (visuels, proprioceptives, vestibulaires et épicritiques). Enfin, la marche est aussi sous contrôle volontaire. Le phénotypage quantitatif de la marche suppose la construction préalable de bases de données de signaux de marche d’un nombre élevé (centaines) de sujets et de patients. Ceci peut être mené à bien grâce à des outils de mesure simples d’utilisation et adaptés à la pratique médicale de routine. Il existe plusieurs moyens pour phénotyper la marche mais le capteur inertiel, en raison de son prix, de sa souplesse d’utilisation et de l’accès aux données brutes est un outil particulièrement adapté pour l’étude de la marche en consultation de routine. Les capteurs inertiels permettent le calcul de nombreux paramètres. L’exercice de marche de 10 m aller/retour à vitesse de confort départ arrêté donne accès aux différentes phases de la marche (initiation, croisière, demi-tour) dans des conditions de consultation de routine. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail est d’approcher les mécanismes d’adaptation des personnes à des perturbations à différents niveaux anatomiques des structures impliquées dans la marche. Nous abordons cette question par un phénotypage quantitatif à partir du signal de capteurs inertiels recueilli sur des patients au cours d’un exercice de marche de 10 m aller/retour en consultation clinique de routine. Nous avons étudié successivement la marche de patients atteints d’arthrose du membre inférieur comme modèle d’adaptation de la marche à la douleur, puis la marche dans la maladie de Parkinson comme modèle d’atteinte du système de la mise en place des procédures motrices, enfin, la locomotion des patients hémiparétiques à la suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral hémisphérique comme modèle d’atteinte de la commande volontaire. Nous montrons que la douleur dans l’arthrose du membre inférieur mène à une rigidification globale de la cinématique corporelle. Cette rigidification est prépondérante sur le membre atteint. Elle traduit la perte des synergies musculaires par la mise en place de boucle-réflexe anti-douleur. Nous démontrons que ces modifications sont corrélées à la sévérité clinique de l’arthrose. Pour analyser la régularité de la marche dans la maladie de Parkinson indépendamment des variabilités inter-individuelles du patron de marche nous avons développé un outil de visualisation de l’exercice de marche. La maladie de Parkinson affecte en particulier la régularité de la marche. Notre travail apporte la preuve que cette irrégularité est corrélée à la sévérité des symptômes chez les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson. Nous montrons enfin qu’une lésion du cortex dans l’accident vasculaire hémisphérique provoque un changement de stratégie dans le demi-tour. Comme d’autres, nous faisons l’hypothèse que les stratégies de demi-tours sont en partie stockées dans le cortex frontal et que les hémisphères droit et gauche ne jouent pas un rôle symétrique. Nous montrons que le choix de stratégie de demi-tour est corrélé avec la survenue de chutes à 6 mois et pourrait constituer un nouvel élément pour orienter la rééducation. (...) / In the field of neurosciences, significant improvement has been made in the last decades in imaging and genotyping. However, phenotyping remains stagnant at the state of visual observation or visual grading scales. The human phenotype is made up of locomotion (gait, posture and displacement of daily living), upper-limb fine and rough movements, eye movements, language, cognition and complex social behaviors. Gait is a central function in humans, implying volitional, emotional and automatic processes. It involves the whole musculoskeletal system as well as the central and the peripheral nervous system including sensory organs. Building a gait phenotyping system implies setting up a database of gait signals of many (hundreds) of subjects and patients. This goal can be achieved with user-friendly devices deployed in routine medical practice. For instance, inertial measurement units (IMUs) are a valid tool to measure spatio-temporal gait parameters and are adapted to routine medical use. The 10-meter walking test forward and back at self-selected walking speed is adapted to routine testing at the doctor’s office. It allows for measuring gait initiation, gait cruise, gait termination and a 180° turn. In that context, beyond technical challenges, the aim of this work was to address the question How does the central nervous system adapt to an external alteration on various levels in the command chain of gait? To answer this question, we studied sequentially the IMU signal of gait spatio-temporal kinematics in lower-limb osteoarthritis as a model of gait affected by pain, in Parkinson disease as a model of a lesion of the central nervous system muscle tone regulator and finally, in post-hemispheric stroke as a model of lesions of brain structures responsible for volitional locomotion. Secondary clinical questions were How can the severity of a disease be objectively graded with gait kinematics? and How can locomotion kinematics participate in the fall risk prediction in frail populations? In osteoarthritis, we showed that pain in lower-limb osteoarthritis led to a global stiffness of the body during locomotion. This stiffness was preponderant on the affected limbs and led to the loss of muscular synergies by the establishment of anti-pain reflexes as a reaction to pain. This change was correlated with the severity of lower-limb osteoarthritis. In Parkinson disease, to analyze gait regularity independently from inter-individual gait signature, we constructed a novel gait visualization tool and show that a lesion of the muscle tone regulator in Parkinson disease affects gait regularity. This regularity was associated with disease symptoms. Finally, in stroke, we showed that a lesion in the cortex implied a change in the 180° turning stepping, a volitional task. In line with other authors, we hypothesized that locomotion patterns could be generated in the frontal cortex and that the right and left frontal cortex did not have a symmetric role. We showed specific stepping patterns associated more with risk of fall, which could constitute a new argument to orientate rehabilitation. Altogether then, this work suggests that simple measuring hardware (here IMUs), with appropriate signal processing, allowed for decomposing and quantifying complex behavioral tasks (here locomotion) in daily hospital settings.

Jana Cermanová Prague sculpture exhibitions 1898 - 1916 A contribution to the theme of gallery sculpture presentation Dissertation synopsis Sculpture as an artistic discipline experienced a dynamic rise in the Czech lands at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This followed the much admired example of France, where Charles Morice, referencing Rodin and his pupils, asserted the dominance of modern sculpture over painting in 1910. Thanks in large part to major art world figure and educator J. V. Myslbek, the Czech lands also saw the development of a highly ambitious group of sculptors poised to address a growing social demand for monumental works (particularly memorials) that recaptured the city's public space. Sculptors worked on architectural commissions for decorative sculptures and on orders for funerary objects, which guaranteed them an income and enabled them to pursue their own creative work. However, it was chiefly this "flood of monuments" that attracted public attention to sculptors and garnered them social prestige. Sculptors became more deeply involved in art events and played a major role in addressing contemporary art world issues. The public boom enjoyed by sculpture carried over into exhibition halls, where ...

„Während über das Geschichtsbewusstsein einer Nation die chronologisch geordneten Geschichtsbücher Aufschluß geben, findet das Gedächtnis einer Nation seinen Niederschlag in der Gedächtnislandschaft seiner Erinnerungsorte.“ schreibt Aleida Assmann in Erinnerungsräume. Formen und Wandlungen des kulturellen Gedächtnisses (München: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, 1999. S. 337.). In der vorliegenden Masterarbeit wird auf Basis dieser Definition eine Anwendung auf den Bereich der Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften, im Sinne einer Fokussierung auf literarische Erinnerungsorte, vollzogen, die als Grundlage des kulturellen Gedächtnisses angesehen werden und demzufolge zur Identitätsstiftung einer Region beitragen. Hierbei steht die Vernetzung ausgewählter literarischer Erinnerungsorte, bestehend aus Literaturmuseen und literarischen Gedenkstätten der Region Sachsen, im Vordergrund. Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist einerseits die literaturwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Schriftstellern, die in Sachsen gelebt und/ oder gewirkt haben und andererseits die Darstellung des kulturellen Einflusses der bestehenden literarischen Gedenkstätten und Literaturmuseen in der ‚Region’ Sachsen. Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit wurde eine Bestandsaufnahme von 231 Schriftstellern angefertigt, die im heutigen Gebiet des Freistaates Sachsen gelebt und/ oder gewirkt haben, aber auch alle Museen, Denkmäler, Grabmäler, Gedenktafeln und Büsten, die an den jeweiligen Schriftsteller erinnern. Hieraus wurden für die vorliegende Masterarbeit 15 Schriftsteller nach spezifischen Kriterien ausgewählt und diese, ebenso wie die zugehörigen Literaturmuseen und literarischen Gedenkstätten, vorgestellt.

This project added to the sparse body of research on the neural underpinnings of turn-taking with an electroencephalography (EEG) investigation of spontaneous conversation. Eighteen participants (3 male, 15 female, mean age 29.79), recruited and participating in pairs, underwent EEG hyperscanning as they conversed on a freely chosen topic for 45 minutes. In line with previous research, it was predicted that a time-frequency analysis of the EEG might reveal either increased power at around 10 Hz (the location of one of two components of the mu rhythm, an oscillation possibly involved in motor preparation for speech), or reduced alpha (8-12 Hz) power (reflecting non-motor aspects of turn preparation) prior to taking one’s turn. Increased power between 8-12 Hz was observed around 1.5 and 1 second preceding turn-taking, but similar power increases also occurred prior to turn-yielding and the conversation partner continuing after a pause, and a reduction in alpha power was found in turn-taking relative to listening to the other speaker continue after a pause. It is unclear whether this activity reflected motor or non-motor aspects of turn preparation, but the spontaneous conversation paradigm proved feasible for investigating brain activity coupled to turn-taking despite the methodological obstacles. / Detta forskningsprojekt bedrar till ett ämne där relativt få studier har genomförts med en elektroencefalografi- (EEG-) undersökning av hjärnaktivitet som är kopplad till turtagning i spontant samtal. Arton deltagare (3 män, 15 kvinnor, medelålder 29,79) som rekryterades och deltog i par, genomgick EEG-hyperscanning medan de pratade om ett fritt valt ämne i 45 minuter. Det förutsades att en tidsfrekvensanalys av EEG kan avslöja antingen ökad effekt vid cirka 10 Hz (vilket motsvarar en av två komponenter i mu-rytmen, en oscillation som eventuellt är involverad i motoriska förberedelser för tal) eller reducerad alfaeffekt (8 -12 Hz) (vilket möjligen återspeglar icke-motoriska aspekter av turtagningsförberedelser) innan man tar sin tur. Ökad effekt mellan 8-12 Hz observerades ungefär 1,5 och 1 sekund före turtagning, men liknande ökningar inträffade också innan samtalspartnern tog sin tur eller fortsatte efter en paus, och en minskning av alfaeffekt observerades när turtagning jämfördes till kontexter där försökspersonerna lyssnade när den andra talaren fortsatte efter en paus. Det är oklart om denna aktivitet återspeglade motoriska eller icke-motoriska aspekter av turtagningsförberedelser, men det visar sig vara möjligt att undersöka hjärnaktivitet kopplad till spontant samtal på ett rimligt sätt trots paradigmens metodologiska svårigheter. / Hidden events in turn-taking

Conversation is the primary mode of language use. A key feature of conversation is turn-taking, during which interlocutors rapidly switch between speaker and listener roles without conscious effort. As previous neuroimaging studies have investigated language comprehension in isolated contexts, little is known regarding the neurocognitive bases of language use in reciprocal interaction. The present fMRI study investigates turn-taking, production, and comprehension processes, by utilizing existing conversational data between participants (N = 23) and a confederate outside the scanner. Turn initiations were associated with regions (the medial prefrontal cortex and the middle frontal gyrus) outside of the perisylvian core language network. Production and comprehension were both associated with core language regions in the temporal lobes, but activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus was mainly associated with production. Activation in the fusiform face area was linked to comprehension. The current findings suggest that (1) the coordination of speaker change is dependent on pragmatic processes that have been relatively overlooked in models of speech preparation, and (2) listeners are aided by their interlocutor's facial gestures when processing speech input during conversation. In addition, the results indicate that production and comprehension processes may differ (e.g., on the syntactic level), even in conversation. / Konversation är en central aspekt av språkanvändning. Något som kännetecknar konversation är turtagning, där samtalsdeltagare snabbt och utan ansträngning växlar mellan lyssnar- och talarroller. Eftersom tidigare neurolingvistiska studier huvudsakligen har undersökt språkförståelse i isolerade kontexter så är förståelsen för de underliggande neurokognitiva funktionerna som möjliggör mänsklig konversation fortfarande liten. Den här studien ämnade att undersöka vilka hjärnregioner som aktiveras under turtagning, språkproduktion och språkförståelse, genom att använda data från funktionell magnetresonanstomografi (fMRT), när deltagare (N = 23) ingick i samtal med en samtalspartner utanför skannern. Turinitieringar associerades med regioner (mediala prefrontala cortex och mellersta frontala gyrusen) utanför det klassiska språknätverket. Det här indikerar att koordinering av talarbyte involverar pragmatiska processer, vilka fått relativt lite uppmärksamhet i tidigare modeller för planering av språkproduktion. Produktion och förståelse aktiverade områden inom språknätverket, men aktivering i den inferiora frontala gyrusen var huvudsakligen associerad med produktion. En möjlig tolkning av det fyndet är att produktion och förståelse i konversation involverar distinkta processer på syntaktisk nivå. Aktivering i det fusiforma ansiktsområdet var huvudsakligen relaterad till förståelse, vilket indikerar att lyssnare använder information i deras samtalspartners ansiktsuttryck medan de tolkar ett yttrande.