Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-02T13:37:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 787578 bytes, checksum: 3703a571f0316cbb1a164d247058b0dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T13:37:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 787578 bytes, checksum: 3703a571f0316cbb1a164d247058b0dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A traça do tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) constitui-se na praga mais importante da cultura do tomate no Brasil, não existindo sistema de tomada de decisão para o seu controle. Assim, os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: determinar as melhores unidades amostrais, os níveis de dano econômico e planos de amostragem a comporem o sistema de tomada de decisão para o manejo integrado de T. absoluta na cultura do tomate. Em tomateiros, em fase vegetativa, a melhor unidade para amostragem de ovos foi composta pelas duas primeiras folhas do estrato mediano do dossel. Já em plantas na fase reprodutiva a melhor unidade para amostragem de ovos foi composta pelas duas últimas folhas do estrato apical do dossel. Em plantas na fase vegetativa a melhor unidade para amostragem de minas com lagartas foi composta pelas duas folhas centrais do estrato mediano do dossel. Já em tomateiros na fase reprodutiva a melhor unidade para amostragem de minas foi composta pelas duas últimas folhas do estrato mediano do dossel (plantas com até 19 folhas) ou pela 5a e 6a folha desse estrato (plantas com mais de 19 folhas). Para plantas com até dois cachos a melhor unidade para amostragem do broqueamento de frutos com lagartas foi o cacho mais baixeiro. Já em plantas com mais de dois cachos a melhor unidade para amostragem do broqueamento de frutos com lagartas foi composta pelo 2o e 3o cacho. O dano econômico para T. absoluta foi de 4,86% frutos broqueados em toda a planta. Os níveis de dano econômico foram: 1,39 (plantas na fase vegetativa), 0,86 (plantas com até dois cachos) e 3,03 (plantas com mais de dois cachos) ovos/unidade amostral. Os níveis de dano econômico para minas com lagartas foram: 0,70 (plantas na fase vegetativa), 0,36 (plantas com até dois cachos) e 0,74 (plantas com mais de dois cachos) minas/unidade amostral. Já os níveis de dano econômico para frutos broqueados com lagartas foram: 0,35 (plantas com até dois cachos) e 0,91 (plantas com mais de dois cachos) fruto broqueado/unidade amostral. Os planos convencionais de contagem de ovos requereram 44 (plantas em fase vegetativa) e 43 (plantas em fase reprodutiva) amostras/talhão. Os planos convencionais de contagem de minas não foram praticáveis. Os planos convencionais de contagem de frutos broqueados com lagartas requereram 115 (plantas com até dois cachos) e 38 (plantas com mais de dois cachos) amostras/talhão. Os planos de amostragem seqüencial de contagem de ovos e de frutos broqueados com lagartas foram consistentes e precisos com mais de 90% de probabilidade de tomada de decisão correta. Os números máximos de amostras dos planos seqüenciais de contagem de ovos foram: 33 (plantas em fase vegetativa), 45 (plantas com até dois cachos) e 30 (plantas com mais de dois cachos) para densidades médias de 1,19; 0,46 e 1,85 ovos/unidade amostral. Os números máximos de amostras dos planos seqüenciais de contagem de frutos broqueados com lagartas foram: 57 (plantas com até dois cachos) e 27 (plantas com mais de dois cachos) para densidades médias de 0,23 e 0,61 frutos broqueados/unidade amostral. Os planos seqüenciais de amostragem de ovos apresentaram economia de 52,27% (plantas em fase vegetativa), 43,18% (plantas com até dois cachos) e 60,47% (plantas com mais de dois cachos) no número de amostra em relação ao plano convencional em lavouras com densidade igual ao nível de dano econômico. Os planos seqüenciais de amostragem de frutos broqueados com lagartas apresentaram economia de 68,70% (plantas com até dois cachos) e 55,26% (plantas com mais de dois cachos) no número de amostra em relação ao plano convencional em lavouras com densidades iguais ao nível de dano econômico. / The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the most important insect pest of tomato crops in Brazil, without having decision- making systems for its control. So, this work aimed to determine: the sample unit that best represents the variability of eggs, mines with caterpillars and fruits bored with caterpillars; their economic injury level; and to propose conventional and sequential sampling counting plans for T. absoluta in tomatoes. In tomato plants during the vegetative phase, the best sample unit was constituted by the first two leaves of mid-canopy for sampling the eggs and by the two central leaves of mid-canopy for sampling the mines with caterpillars. In contrast, for tomato plants in the reproductive phase, the best sample unit was constituted by the last two leaves of top-canopy for sampling the eggs and by the last two leaves (plant with up to 19 total leaves) and 5o and 6o leaves (plant with more than 19 total leaves) of mid-canopy for sampling the mines with caterpillars. The best sample unit for sampling bored fruits in plants with up to two bunches was the last bunch, but for plant with more than two bunches the best unit was the of 2o and 3o bunches. The economic threshold for T. absoluta was 4.86% fruits bored. The economic injury levels for eggs are: 1.39 (plant in the vegetative phase), 0.86 (plant with op to two bunches) and 3.03 (plant with more than two bunches) eggs/sample unit. The economic injury levels for mines with caterpillars are: 0.70 (plant in the vegetative phase), 0.36 (plant with up to two bunches) and 0.74 (plant with more than two bunches) mines/sample unit. The economic injury levels for fruits bored with caterpillars are: 0.35 (plant with up to two bunches) and 0.91 (plant with more than two bunches) fruits bored/sample unit. The conventional sampling plans for counting using an error level of 25%, required 44 (plant in vegetative phase) and 43 (plant in the reproductive phase) sample unit/crop for sampling eggs; and 115 (plant with until two bunches) and 38 (plant with more than two bunches) sample unit/crop for sampling fruits bored. The conventional sampling plans for counting the mines with caterpillars were not practicable. The sequential sampling plans for counting eggs and fruits bored by caterpillars were consistent and precise with more than 90% probability of making the correct decision. The maximum numbers of sample units in the sequential sampling plans for counting eggs were: 33 (plant in the vegetative phase), 45 (plant with up to two bunches) and 30 (plant with more than two bunches) for average densities of 1.19, 0.46 and 1.85 eggs/sample unit, respectively. The maximum numbers of sample units in the sequential sampling plans for counting fruits bored by caterpillars were: 115 (plant with up to two bunches) and 38 (plant with more than two bunches) for average densities of 0.23 and 0.61 fruits bored/sample unit, respectively. The sequential sampling plans provided an economy of 52.27% (plant in the vegetative phase), 43.18% (plant with up to two hunches) and 60.47% (plant with more than two hunches) for egg counts, and 68.70% (plant with up to two hunches) and 55.26% (plant with more than two hunches) for fruit bored counts with caterpillars in the number of sample units compared with the conventional sampling plan for density equal to the economic injury level.

Desde seu descobrimento, o fenômeno de silenciamento gênico por RNA (RNAi) rapidamente se tornou uma técnica amplamente estudada e utilizada nos mais diversos aspectos da biologia molecular. Uma destas possibilidades é sua aplicação no campo da entomologia agrícola, mais especificamente para o controle de insetos-praga como uma alternativa de alta eficiência, especificidade e com impacto ambiental reduzido. Por meio da geração de plantas transgênicas expressando RNAi para genes essenciais de insetos-praga específicos, a ingestão destas moléculas de RNAi pelo inseto mediante herbivoria pode resultar no silenciamento do respectivo gene, resultando em fenótipos que podem variar entre perda de apetite, infertilidade ou até a morte. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo provar a viabilidade de aplicação desta técnica para a interação Tomateiro x Tuta absoluta, cultura de grande expressão econômica e social no mercado nacional e internacional e que é amplamente atacada por esta praga, com prejuizos que podem alcançar a ordem dos 100% da produção. Por meio da clonagem de genes ortólogos essenciais descritos na literatura e de genes altamente expressos nos primeiros estádios larvais, após a caracterização transcriptômica em escala do inseto, foram realizados ensaios de alimentação contendo moléculas de dsRNAs que possuíam estes genes como alvo. Também, foi realizado a transformação genética de tomateiro cultivar \"Micro-Tom\" com dois destes genes (V-ATPase A e Arginina kinase) para a realização de ensaios de herbivoria. Com os resultados obtidos nestes experimentos, foram mostradas sólidas evidências da viabilidade da técnica de RNAi para o controle de Tuta absoluta, evidenciado pelo silenciamento gênico específico observado no inseto e consequentemente os efeitos nocivos deste silenciamento. / Since their discovery, the phenomenon of gene silencing by RNA ( RNAi ) has rapidly become a widely studied and used technique in the molecular biological field. One of these possible applications is in the entomology field, more specifically for the control of insect pests, as a high efficiency, specificity and with reduced environmental impact alternative. Through the generation of transgenic plants expressing dsRNA targeting essential insect genes, their ingestion by the insect and consequently the uptake of the silencing RNA, may result in specific gene silencing, resulting in a variety of phenotypes that can range from loss of appetite, infertility to death. In this context, this study aimed to prove the feasibility of this technique to control tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in tomatoes plant, a major crop worldwide and seriously attacked by this pest, with losses that can reach 100%. For the present work, orthologous genes from successfully cases of insect gene silence described in the literature, was selected together with highly expressed genes in the early larval stages of T. absoluta, chosen after the insect molecular characterization and used in feeding assays with dsRNAs molecules to targeted these genes. Also, genetic transformation of the \"Micro-Tom\" tomato cultivar with two of these genes (V-ATPase and Arginine kinase) was conducted for testing in an herbivore assay. With these two approaches was possible to get solid evidences of the feasibility of the RNAi technique to control this insect, evidenced by specific gene silencing observed and its consequent effect on pest phenotype.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Grisa.pdf: 353214 bytes, checksum: b948e76c99d20715f155139ba2e10473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The liquid biofertilizing usage has been one of the used process over pest and sicknesses control and in the plant mineral constitution, specially for tomato culture. On this way, this essay aimed to evaluate Supermagro biofertilizing doses effect over appearance of the tomato plant moth (tuta absoluta). The experiments were conducted in the biological control complex and protected culture Professor Mário Lopes from UNIOESTE Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, in Marechal Cândido Rondon with latitude of 24º33 S and longitude of 54º04 W and average altitude of 420 meters. The experimental delineation was constituted by casualized blocks with five repetitions, on a factorial scheme 4x5. The first factor is constituted of four ages of plant evaluation: on 30, 63, 86 and 123 days after the transplant and the second out of five biofertilizing levels: 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 t ha-1 with Supermagro biofertilizing. It was used Italian tomato type seedling cv Saladete, hybrid DRW 3410. The biofertilizing was produced in September 2006 where the process was the continued liquid composite. The experiment was accomplished in a semi-acclimatized greenhouse. The evaluated parameters were: high (cm), diameter (mm), the accumulated number of caterpillar of T. absoluta, the percentage of attached fruit by T. absoluta, soluble proteins (mm-1 of MF), free amino acids (mmol mg-1 of MF), soluble sweetness percentage, total fruit mass (grams) and production of commercial and non-commercial fruit (grams). According to the results, it could be observed that the variation sources carried out significant and exponential effect over high and stemming diameter growth. The increase observed in the accumulated number of lizards of T. absolute, as well as in the percentage of fruits attacked for this plague, confirms the existence of a positive relation enters the doses of Supermagro biofertilizing used and the incidence of this traces. The composition biochemist, relative to the levels of proteins, soluble prolina and sugars in tomateiro leves was modified, increasing in function of the increase of the doses of applied biofertilizing and throughout the cycle of the culture of the tomateiro, cv Saladete. The alterations biochemists if had shown related with the incidence of Tuta absolute in the culture / O uso de biofertilizantes líquidos tem sido um dos processos empregados no controle das pragas e doenças e na composição mineral das plantas, em especial no cultivo do tomateiro. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses do biofertilizante Supermagro na incidência da traça do tomateiro (Tuta absoluta). Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área do Complexo de controle biológico e cultivo protegido Professor Dr. Mario César Lopes pertencente a Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Unioeste, no Município de Marechal Cândido Rondon com latitude de 24º 33 S e longitude de 54º 04 W e altitude média de 420 metros. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, no esquema fatorial 4 x 5. O primeiro fator constituiu-se de quatro épocas de avaliação de plantas aos 30, 63, 86 e 123 dias após o transplantio e o segundo de cinco níveis de adubação: 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 t ha-1 com biofertilizante Supermagro. Utilizaram-se mudas de tomate tipo italiano, cv Saladete, híbrido saladete DRW 3410. O biofertilizante foi produzido em setembro 2006 e o processo utilizado foi a fermentação liquida. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação semiclimatizada. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: altura (cm), diâmetro (mm), número acumulado de lagartas de T. absoluta, porcentagem de frutos atacados por T. absoluta, proteínas solúveis (mm-1 de MF), aminoácidos livres (mmol mg-1 de MF), porcentagem de açúcares solúveis (%), massa total de frutos (gramas) e produção de frutos comerciais e não comerciais (gramas). Pelos resultados, observou-se que as fontes de variação exerceram efeito significativo sobre o crescimento em altura e diâmetro caulinar. O aumento observado no número acumulado de lagartas de T. absoluta, bem como na percentagem de frutos atacados, confirmam a existência de uma relação positiva entre as doses de biofertilizante Supermagro utilizadas e a incidência desta traça; Houve efeito significativo sobre a composição bioquímica, relativa aos níveis de proteínas, prolina e açúcares solúveis em folhas de tomateiro, aumentando em função do aumento das doses de bioferitlizante aplicado e ao longo do ciclo da cultura do tomateiro, cv Saladete. As alterações bioquímicas se mostraram relacionadas com a incidência de Tuta absoluta na cultura

Desde seu descobrimento, o fenômeno de silenciamento gênico por RNA (RNAi) rapidamente se tornou uma técnica amplamente estudada e utilizada nos mais diversos aspectos da biologia molecular. Uma destas possibilidades é sua aplicação no campo da entomologia agrícola, mais especificamente para o controle de insetos-praga como uma alternativa de alta eficiência, especificidade e com impacto ambiental reduzido. Por meio da geração de plantas transgênicas expressando RNAi para genes essenciais de insetos-praga específicos, a ingestão destas moléculas de RNAi pelo inseto mediante herbivoria pode resultar no silenciamento do respectivo gene, resultando em fenótipos que podem variar entre perda de apetite, infertilidade ou até a morte. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo provar a viabilidade de aplicação desta técnica para a interação Tomateiro x Tuta absoluta, cultura de grande expressão econômica e social no mercado nacional e internacional e que é amplamente atacada por esta praga, com prejuizos que podem alcançar a ordem dos 100% da produção. Por meio da clonagem de genes ortólogos essenciais descritos na literatura e de genes altamente expressos nos primeiros estádios larvais, após a caracterização transcriptômica em escala do inseto, foram realizados ensaios de alimentação contendo moléculas de dsRNAs que possuíam estes genes como alvo. Também, foi realizado a transformação genética de tomateiro cultivar \"Micro-Tom\" com dois destes genes (V-ATPase A e Arginina kinase) para a realização de ensaios de herbivoria. Com os resultados obtidos nestes experimentos, foram mostradas sólidas evidências da viabilidade da técnica de RNAi para o controle de Tuta absoluta, evidenciado pelo silenciamento gênico específico observado no inseto e consequentemente os efeitos nocivos deste silenciamento. / Since their discovery, the phenomenon of gene silencing by RNA ( RNAi ) has rapidly become a widely studied and used technique in the molecular biological field. One of these possible applications is in the entomology field, more specifically for the control of insect pests, as a high efficiency, specificity and with reduced environmental impact alternative. Through the generation of transgenic plants expressing dsRNA targeting essential insect genes, their ingestion by the insect and consequently the uptake of the silencing RNA, may result in specific gene silencing, resulting in a variety of phenotypes that can range from loss of appetite, infertility to death. In this context, this study aimed to prove the feasibility of this technique to control tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in tomatoes plant, a major crop worldwide and seriously attacked by this pest, with losses that can reach 100%. For the present work, orthologous genes from successfully cases of insect gene silence described in the literature, was selected together with highly expressed genes in the early larval stages of T. absoluta, chosen after the insect molecular characterization and used in feeding assays with dsRNAs molecules to targeted these genes. Also, genetic transformation of the \"Micro-Tom\" tomato cultivar with two of these genes (V-ATPase and Arginine kinase) was conducted for testing in an herbivore assay. With these two approaches was possible to get solid evidences of the feasibility of the RNAi technique to control this insect, evidenced by specific gene silencing observed and its consequent effect on pest phenotype.

Submitted by Cleber Casali (clebercasali@ufv.br) on 2017-06-01T19:44:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 168895 bytes, checksum: 7efade196ad93aa8f018ae8b2395472a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T19:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 168895 bytes, checksum: 7efade196ad93aa8f018ae8b2395472a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cinqüenta e sete acessos de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade federal de Viçosa e os cultivares ‘Moneymaker’ e ‘TOM-601’ e ‘Santa Clara’ quanto a resistência por antixenose a traça do tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) e identificar suas possíveis causas químicas. A primeira parte do experimento foi conduzida em casa de vegetação no período de abril a julho de 2003 na Horta de Pesquisa do departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições. Foram realizadas infestações semanais com adultos de T. absoluta. As avaliações foram realizadas 30, 45 e 60 dias após transplantio. As características avaliadas foram número de minas grandes (diâmetro ≥ 0,5 cm), pequenas e totais/folha e porcentagem de folhas minadas. Folíolos de tomateiro com 90 dias de idade foram coletados e levados ao laboratório onde realizou-se extração hexânica e análise cromatográfica dos extratos obtidos. Foi observada baixa infestação por T. absoluta nos primeiros 45 dias de experimento. Já aos 60 dias após transplantio verificou-se alta infestação possibilitando a discriminação dos acessos avaliados para todas as características. Nos acessos BGH-55, BGH-83, BGH-225, BGH-227, BGH-320, BGH-406, BGH- 603, BGH-674, BGH-1282, BGH-1497, BGH-1708, BGH-1532, BGH-1989, BGH- 1990, BGH-7235, BGH-7238 ocorreram os menores números de minas grandes/folha e menores porcentagens de folhas minadas, indicando que estes podem ser os acessos candidatos a resistência por antixenose a T. absoluta . Nos acessos BGH-674 e BGH-1497, não foram observados qualquer dano causado pela traça do tomateiro em nenhuma das avaliações. Foram encontrados oito picos nos extratos hexânicos dos folíolos de tomateiro, os quais foram identificados como hexadecano, heptadecano, eicosano, 2-metil-tricosano, tetracosano, hexacosano, octacosano e dotriacontano. Em dois destes identificados com índice de viisimilaridade de 94% como tetracosano e hexacosano foram observadas correlações significativas com características de suscetibilidade a T. absoluta. Em nenhum dos picos identificados foram observadas correlações significativas com resistência do tomateiro à T.absoluta. / The aims of this study were to evaluate fifty-seven tomato accesses UFV Vegetable Germoplasma Bank (BGH-UFV), and the cultivars ‘Moneymaker’ and ‘TOM-601’ and ‘Santa Clara’ to resistance to Tuta absoluta by antixenosis mechanism besides identifying possible chemical causes. The first part of this experiment was carried out in a greenhouse between April and July 2003 at Horta de Pesquisa of UFV. A completely randomized block design with three replications was used. Infestations with T. absoluta adults were made weekly and evaluations were conducted thirty, forty-five and sixty days after transplanting. The characteristics evaluated were: number of mines (large mines with diameter ≥ 0.5 cm and small mines) and total mines per leaf and percentage of mined leaves. At ninety days, tomato leaflets were collected, transported to the laboratory, extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS.) A lower infestation was observed in the first forty-five days after transplanting. Sixty days after transplanting, a higher infestation was observed allowing the discrimination of the accesses evaluated. Accesses, BGH-55, BGH-83, BGH-225, BGH-227, BGH-320, BGH-406, BGH-603, BGH-674, BGH-1282, BGH-1497, BGH- 1708, BGH-1532, BGH-1989, BGH-1990, BGH-7235, BGH-7238 showed a lower number of large mines and lower percentage of mined leaves, indicating possible existence of antixenosis mechanism to T. absoluta. In BGH-674 and BGH-1497 accesses, no damage was by tomato pinworm. Eight peaks were observed in all the hexane extracts of tomatoes leaflets on GC/MS analysis, which were identified by the database as hexadecane, heptadecane, eicosane, tetracosane, hexacosane, octacosane and dotriacontane. 2-methyl-tricosane, Two of the peaks, identified with a similarity index of 94%, as tetracosane and hexacosane showed ixsignificant correlations with susceptibility characteristics of T. absoluta. None of peaks showed significant correlation with resistance characteristics.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-30T11:29:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Shenia Santos Silva.pdf: 344038 bytes, checksum: 508c2ab377afd0196d74635e41168915 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T11:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shenia Santos Silva.pdf: 344038 bytes, checksum: 508c2ab377afd0196d74635e41168915 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the major tomato pest in Brazil. Mass trapping technique was tested as an alternative control of this pest, and although it provided a reduction of male population, no control below the economic injury level was attained. Therefore, this work tested the potential effect of reproductive and behavior factors on the low performance of T. absoluta mass trapping. A decrease in the fecundity and fertility, as well as an increment in the female longevity was observed after female mating delays. Calling activities changed with mating delays depending on the weight and feeding. Upon feeding, light females showed an increase in the calling intensity. Unlike these, heavy females showed a higher intensity and maintenance of calling. Apparently, females are still able of keeping the population growth, despite of the reproductive potential reduction. Males of tomato leafminer are polygynic and can mate up to 12 consecutive times, but they mated 6.5 times intheir lifespan on average. Males that mates consecutively and many times cause not only a reduction in the fecundity and fertility but also an increase of longevity of their females. Females of T. absoluta are, on minor scale, polyandric and this contributed only to increase the females longevity. In general, there is an asymmetry of multiple mating potential between males and females of T. absoluta, and males are more promiscuous than females. Males that escape the masstrapping may compensate part of the trapped male population and upon waiting; the females may mate with these males with almost no loss of reproductive potential. In conclusion, success of pheromone use depends on the capacity of competition among traps to eliminate as many males as possible, hence reducing the mating chance of this species in the field. / A traça-do-tomateiro, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) é a principal praga da cultura do tomate nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil e várias táticas de controle foram usadas com resultados variados. A técnica da coleta massal foi uma das táticas utilizadas, e apesar da redução da população dos machos, não se obteve controle abaixo do nível de dano econômico. Deste modo este estudo foi realizado para esclarecer se aspectos da reprodução deste inseto podem contribuir para o baixo desempenho da coleta massal. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que quando ocorre o retardo do acasalamento das fêmeas, há redução da sua fecundidade e fertilidade, e incremento da sua longevidade. O chamamento das fêmeas altera-se ao longo do retardo dos acasalamentos de acordo com o peso e alimentação. A alimentação para as fêmeas leves influencia no aumento da intensidade de chamamento. As fêmeas pesadas são superiores em termos de intensidade e manutenção do chamamento. Desta forma, as fêmeas da T. absoluta reduzem seu potencial reprodutivo, mas ainda continuam capazes de promover o crescimento populacional. Os machos são poligínicos, sendo capazes de realizar até 12 cópulas consecutivas, apresentando em média 6,5 acasalamentos durante sua vida. Machos que realizam acasalamentos múltiplos e consecutivos promovem reduções de fecundidade, fertilidade e aumento de longevidade das suas fêmeas. As fêmeas desta espécie são em pequena escala poliândricas e a sua ocorrência promove apenas aumento da sua longevidade. Existe uma assimetria do potencial de acasalamentos múltiplos entre machos e fêmeas em T. absoluta, sendo os machos mais promíscuos. Os machos que sobrevivem à ação da coleta massal podem compensar parte da população masculina que é aniquilada nas armadilhas, sendo as fêmeas capazes de esperar pelos sobreviventes com pequena perda do seu potencial reprodutivo. Neste contexto, para o sucesso do emprego do feromônio, alterações da capacidade de competição das armadilhas devem ser visadas para eliminar o maior número possível de machos, reduzindo as chances da ocorrência do acasalamento deste inseto em campo.

Tuta absoluta, a member of the moth family, causes devastating yield loss to tomato farmers around the world. Its recent migration into the tomato fields of Nepal puts tomato farmers at a high risk of yield loss. In response, chemical pesticide use by Nepali farmers is increasing. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been implemented in hopes of reducing the frequency of chemical pesticide use while controlling yield risks. This study examines the extent and determinants of Tuta absoluta IPM adoption and its effect on the frequency of pesticide use for Nepali tomato farmers. Primary data was collected from four-hundred and one households in four districts throughout Nepal. Two levels of IPM practices were assessed, simple and complex, based on the need for additional knowledge and tools. An instrumental variable probit analysis was used to analyze the determinants of IPM adoption. Household distance to nearest agricultural extension office was a significant factor decreasing the likelihood of the adoption of complex practices. Amount of land dedicated to tomato production, membership status of the primary decision maker, IPM training regarding Tuta absoluta practices and severity of Tuta absoluta were found to increase the likelihood of the adoption of complex practices. In order to analyze pesticide use, a simple linear regression was used. Primary decision maker's age, gender, and education level were significant determinates to decrease the amount of expenditures spent on chemical pesticides to control for Tuta absoluta. IPM adoption level, amount of land dedicated to tomato production and severity of Tuta absoluta damage were significant determinates to increase the amount of expenditures spent on chemical pesticides to control for Tuta absoluta. / Master of Science / Tuta absoluta, a member of the moth family, causes devastating yield loss to tomato farmers around the world. Its recent migration into the tomato fields of Nepal puts tomato farmers at a high risk of yield loss. In response, chemical pesticide use by Nepali farmers is increasing. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been implemented in hopes of reducing the frequency of chemical pesticide use while controlling yield risks. This study examines the extent and determinants of Tuta absoluta IPM adoption and its effect on the frequency of pesticide use for Nepali tomato farmers. Data was collected from four-hundred and one households in four districts throughout Nepal. Different economic tools were used to conduct the analyses. Results show the farther a household is to the near agricultural extension office, the less likely a household is to adopt complex practices. An increased amount of land dedicated to tomato production, the primary decision maker being a member of a marketing or community organization, the primary decision maker having attended IPM training regarding Tuta absoluta practices and the greater the severity of Tuta absoluta in the household tomato fields, the more likely a household is to adopt complex practices. Contrary to one of the goals of IPM practices, this study shows complex adopters use more chemical pesticides than simple adopters. Results this study shows a need for further education of the relationship between IPM practices and the use of chemical pesticides.

Evolution has provided vast genetic diversity, enabling plants to surmount many biotic pressures. Plants have evolved various morphological and biochemical adaptations to cope with herbivores attacks. Despite that, yearly, around 40 % of worldwide crop production is lost due to pests and pathogens, with 13 % due to insects. Tuta absoluta has become a major pest threatening tomato crops worldwide and without the appropriated management it can cause production losses between 80 to 100 %. To cope with this threat, we need to strengthen plant defense arsenals. The incorporation to plants of defensive genes like proteinase inhibitors by means of genetic engineering is a promising alternative. In the first chapter of this work we investigated the inhibitory activity of two trypsin inhibitors from barley; BTI-CMe and BTI-CMc. Besides, we succeeded to increase the BTI-CMc in vitro inhibitory activity by introducing a single mutation in its putative reactive site. In the second chapter, we investigated the in vivo effect of (a serine proteinase inhibitor) BTI-CMe and a (cysteine proteinase inhibitor) Hv-CPI2 isolated from barley on Tuta absoluta and we examined the effect of their expression on the tomato defensive response. We found that larvae fed on the double transgenic plants showed a notable reduction in weight. Moreover, only 56% of the larvae reached the adult stage. The emerged adults showed wings deformities and reduced fertility. We also investigated the effect of proteinase inhibitors ingestion on the insect digestive enzymes. Our results showed a decrease in larval trypsin activity. Proteinase inhibitors had no harmful effect on Nesidiocoris tenuis; a predator of Tuta absoluta, despite transgenic tomato plants attracted the mirid. We investigated whether or not plant defensive mechanisms were activated in the transgenic tomato plants and found that, interestingly, the expression of the barley cysteine proteinase inhibitor promoted plant defense, inducing the tomato endogenous wound inducible proteinase inhibitor 2 (Pin2) gene. Moreover, glandular trichomes production was increased and the emission of volatile organic compounds was altered. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the co-expression of different proteinase inhibitors for the enhancement of plant resistance to pests. / La evolución ha proporcionado una gran diversidad genética, permitiendo a las plantas superar muchas presiones bióticas. Las plantas han desarrollado diversas adaptaciones morfológicas y bioquímicas para hacer frente a los ataques de los herbívoros. A pesar de ello, anualmente, alrededor del 40 % de la producción mundial de cultivos se pierde debido a plagas y patógenos, siendo un 13 % debido a insectos. Tuta absoluta se ha convertido en una de las principales plagas que amenazan los cultivos de tomate en todo el mundo y sin la gestión adecuada puede causar pérdidas de producción entre el 80 y el 100 %. Para hacer frente a esta amenaza, necesitamos fortalecer los arsenales de defensa de las plantas. La incorporación a las plantas, mediante ingeniería genética, de genes defensivos como los inhibidores de proteinasas es una alternativa prometedora. En el primer capítulo de este trabajo se investigó la actividad inhibitoria de dos inhibidores de tripsina procedentes de cebada; BTI-CMe y BTI-CMc. Además, se logró aumentar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de BTI-CMc mediante la introducción de una única mutación en su putativo centro reactivo. En el segundo capítulo, se investigó el efecto in vivo de un inhibidor de serin proteinasa (BTI-CMe) y un inhibidor de cisteín proteinasa (Hv-CPI2) aislado de cebada en Tuta absoluta y se examinó el efecto de su expresión en la respuesta defensiva del tomate. Se encontró que las larvas alimentadas con las plantas transgénicas dobles mostraron una notable reducción de peso. Además, sólo el 56 % de las larvas alcanzó la etapa adulta. Los adultos emergentes mostraron deformidades de las alas y reducción de la fertilidad. También se investigó el efecto de la ingesta de inhibidores de proteinasa en las enzimas digestivas de los insectos. Nuestros resultados mostraron una disminución en la actividad tripsina larvaria. Los inhibidores de proteinasas no tuvieron efectos nocivos sobre Nesidiocoris tenuis(depredador de Tuta absoluta) a pesar de que las plantas transgénicas de tomate atrajeron al mirido. Se investigó si los mecanismos defensivos de las plantas se activaban en las plantas de tomate transgénico y se encontró que, curiosamente, la expresión de la cistatina de cebada promovía la defensa de la planta, induciendo el gen del inhibidor de proteasa 2 endógeno del tomate, inducible por herida (Pin2). Además, aumentó la producción de tricomas glandulares y se alteró la emisión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles. Nuestros resultados demuestran la utilidad de la co-expresión de diferentes inhibidores de proteinasas para el aumento de la resistencia de las plantas a plagas. / L'evolució ha proporcionat una gran diversitat genètica, permetent a les plantes superar moltes pressions biòtiques. Les plantes han desenvolupat diverses adaptacions morfològiques i bioquímiques per fer front als atacs dels herbívors. Tot i això, anualment, al voltant del 40 % de la producció mundial de cultius es perd a causa de plagues i patògens, amb un 13 % a causa de insectes. Tuta absoluta s'ha convertit en una de les principals plagues que amenacen els cultius de tomaca a tot el món i sense la gestió adequada pot causar pèrdues de producció entre el 80 i el 100 %. Per fer front a aquesta amenaça, necessitem enfortir els arsenals de defensa de les plantes. La incorporació a les plantes de gens defensius com els inhibidors de proteïnases per mitjà de l'enginyeria genètica és una alternativa prometedora. En el primer capítol d'aquest treball es va investigar l'activitat inhibitòria de dos inhibidors de tripsina aïllats a partir d'ordi; BTI-CMe i BTI-CMC. A més, es va aconseguir augmentar l'activitat inhibitòria in vitro de BTI-CMC mitjançant la introducció d'una única mutació en el seu lloc reactiu putatiu. En el segon capítol, es va investigar l'efecte in vivo d'un inhibidor de serin proteinasa (BTI-CMe) i un inhibidor de cisteïn proteinasa (Hv-CPI2) aïllats d'ordi en Tuta absoluta i es va examinar l'efecte de la seva expressió en la resposta defensiva del tomaca. Es va trobar que les larves alimentades amb les plantes transgèniques dobles van mostrar una notable reducció de pes. A més, només el 56 % de les larves va aconseguir l'etapa adulta. Els adults emergents van mostrar deformitats de les ales i reducció de la fertilitat. També es va investigar l'efecte de la ingesta d'inhibidors de proteinasa en els enzims digestius dels insectes. Els nostres resultats van mostrar una disminució en l'activitat tripsina larvària. Els inhibidors de proteïnases no van tenir efectes nocius sobre Nesidiocoris tenuis, un depredador de Tuta absoluta, tot i les plantes transgèniques de tomaca van atreure al mirid. Es va investigar si els mecanismes defensius de les plantes s'activaven a les plantes de tomaca transgènic i es va trobar que, curiosament, l'expressió de cistatina d'ordi promovia la defensa de la planta, induint el gen de l'inhibidor de proteasa 2 endogen de la tomaca, induïble per ferida (Pin2). A més, va augmentar la producció de tricomes glandulars i es va alterar l'emissió de compostos orgànics volàtils. Els nostres resultats demostren la utilitat de la co-expressió de diferents inhibidors de proteïnases per a l'augment de la resistència de les plantes a plagues. / Hamza, R. (2017). Enhancement of tomato resistance to Tuta absoluta by the expression of two barley proteinase inhibitors [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/92723

The underlying mathematical model of many simulation models is graph dynamical systems (GDS). This dynamical system, its implementation, and analyses on each will be the focus of this paper. When using a simulation model to answer a research question, it is important to describe this underlying mathematical model in which we are operating for verification and validation. In this paper we discuss analyses commonly used in simulation models. These include sensitivity analyses and uncertainty quantification, which provide motivation for stability and structure-to-function research in GDS. We review various results in these areas, which contribute toward validation and computationally tractable analyses of our simulation model. We then present two new areas of research - stability of transient structure with respect to update order permutations, and an application of GDS in which a time-varying generalized cellular automata is implemented as a simulation model. / Master of Science / There are many systems in our society which are vital, and require quantitative analysis. These include population dynamics, transportation, and energy. To answer research questions about these systems, one may construct a mathematical model of the system and conduct simulations. It is important to define both the mathematical model and the simulation model in order to better understand the source of errors, or to be confident in the validity of the models. One source of error may be in parameters of our simulation model. It can be difficult to gather reliable and precise data, especially in massively interacting systems. Thus we would like to know that there is a range of values which will result in similar outcomes. Stability results can give us this assurance. This paper mainly focuses on stability results in graph dynamical systems (GDS), which is the underlying mathematical model of many simulation models, especially ones with a networked structure.

Les interactions multi-trophiques jouent un rôle clé dans la structuration des agrosystèmes et régissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. L’objectif de cette thèse fut (i) d’étudier la perturbation des interactions liée à une espèce invasive (Tuta absoluta) dans les cultures de tomates européennes, (ii) de rechercher de nouveaux auxiliaires autochtones, puis (iii) d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces auxiliaires lorsqu’ils sont intégrés dans l’agrosystème. Nous avons montré que de nouvelles interactions sont apparues suite à l’invasion, notamment la compétition apparente entre les aleurodes et T. absoluta en présence du prédateur généraliste et omnivore M. pygmaeus. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché de nouveaux auxiliaires, en se focalisant d’abord sur les trichogrammes, Trichogramma achaeae étant déjà commercialisé contre T. absoluta en France. Les expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un trichogramme plus intéressant que celui déjà commercialisé. De plus, nous avons observé une prédation intra-guilde de M. pygmaeus sur les trichogrammes juvéniles i.e. œufs parasités, et nous avons montré que T. absoluta n’était pas un hôte approprié pour ces parasitoïdes. Les trichogrammes ne s’installant pas sur la culture, les études concernant les parasitoïdes oophages se sont arrêtées là et nous nous sommes intéressés aux parasitoïdes larvaires. La biologie de deux parasitoïdes larvaires a été étudiée et a souligné l’intérêt de Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) en tant que potentiel agent de lutte biologique contre T. absoluta. Malgré les interactions négatives subies par le parasitoïde, des expérimentations sous serre en conditions réalistes ont montré que le prédateur et le parasitoïde larvaire pouvaient coexister pendant plusieurs mois. Cela a été montré y compris en présence d’une proie alternative pour le prédateur omnivore. / Multi-trophic interactions play a key role in structuring agro-ecosystems and regulating arthropod population dynamics. The objective of the PhD was (i) to study the possible disruptions of biotic interactions owing to the recent invasion by T. absoluta in European tomato crops, (ii) to identify local natural enemies attacking T. absoluta, (iii) to evaluate their effectiveness against T. absoluta when integrated into the agro-ecosystem. We showed that new interactions occurred after the arrival of T. absoluta, mainly apparent competition between whiteflies and T. absoluta, in presence of the omnivorous and generalist predator M. pygmaeus. We recorded possible new biocontrol agents and focused first on Trichogramma parasitoids, as Trichogramma achaeae was promptly commercialized against T. absoluta in France. Laboratory and field experiments failed to detect promising Trichogramma strains. In addition, intraguild predation of M. pygmaeus on parasitoid juveniles i.e. parasitized eggs, was observed and we demonstrated that T. absoluta was not a suitable host for Trichogramma parasitoids. Therefore, further studies switched on parasitoids of larval stages of T. absoluta. We demonstrated the importance of Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) as a possible biological control agent against T. absoluta. The parasitoid was able to reproduce on T. absoluta over several generations under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Despite negative interactions between the predator and the larval parasitoid, further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that two competitors can coexist for several months. Moreover, the presence of an alternative prey for the omnivorous predator (whitefly) in the agro-ecosystem did not prompt larval parasitoid exclusion, and the parasitoid remained in the crop even in the presence of other prey for the predator.