L’objectif de notre travail est de comprendre comment la relation gémellaire se développe au cours de la période 3 à 5 ans, tout en appréciant les pratiques éducatives parentales. Nous avons mené une approche méthodologique mixte. Pour l’approche quantitative, 66 familles ont participé. La qualité des relations gémellaires et les pratiques éducatives parentales ont été appréhendées par les parents à l’aide du questionnaire des « Pratiques Educatives et Relations Gémellaires » (Lamarque, Troupel & Zaouche Gaudron, 2014) et de l’ « Échelle des Compétences Educatives Parentales » (Terrisse & Larose, 2009). Pour évaluer le tempérament, le questionnaire « Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability Temperament Survey » (Buss & Plomin, 1984) a été utilisé. Grâce au « Sibling Inventory of Behavior-Expanded Version » (Anderson & Rice, 1992) et à la sous-échelle de la différenciation du « Questionnaire des Relations Fraternelles » (Troupel, 2006), nous avons évalué la qualité des relations gémellaires selon les enfants. Enfin, le « Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience » (Daniels & Plomin, 1985) a permis d’examiner le traitement différentiel parental. L’approche qualitative a été menée auprès de cinq familles, rencontrées à trois temps au cours de la même année. Les mères et les pères ont été interrogés à partir d’un entretien semi-directif et les enfants par le « Systemic Analysis of Group Affiliation » (Compagnone, 2009). Les résultats indiquent que les relations entretenues par les enfants jumeaux se composent de relations chaleureuses et conflictuelles. La différenciation à l’autre est abordée en termes de fragilité ou de continuum. Concernant les pratiques éducatives parentales, les parents utilisent majoritairement des pratiques « gémellisantes », qui sont soit imposées par le contexte, soit impulsées par les enfants. Il ressort également à partir de 4 ans de nouvelles pratiques éducatives originales qui s’élaborent autour d’un principe d’équité. De manière inattendue, le type de gémellité et le sexe des enfants ne semblent que très peu influencer l’ensemble de nos variables contrairement au tempérament. / The aim of this research is to understand how the twin relationship is developed at the age between 3 and 5 years old as well as to evaluate the parental educational. We raised a mixed approach. 66 families have participated at the quantitative approach. The quality of relationship and the parental educational practices have been evaluated by the parents and they have filled « Pratiques Educatives Parentales et Relations Gémellaires » (Lamarque, Troupel & Zaouche Gaudron, 2014) and the « Echelle des Compétences Educatives Parentales » (Terrisse & Larose, 2009). In order to evaluate the children’s temperament, parents have filled « Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability Temperament Survey » (Buss & Plomin, 1984). Through « Sibling Inventory of Behavior-Expanded Version » (Anderson & Rice, 1992) and the subscale of « Questionnaire des Relations Fraternelles » (Troupel, 2006) we could evaluate the children’s representations of the quality of the twin relationship. Also, the « Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience » (Daniels & Plomin, 1985) abled us to examine the differential parental treatment. The sample of the qualitative approach consists in 5 families met 3 times at the same year. We conducted interview with mothers and fathers. The « Systemic Analysis of Group Affiliation » (Compagnone, 2009) has been used with the children. The results show that twin relationships are composed by warm and conflict. The differentiation between the children can be understood as fragility or as a continuum. Parents use mostly « gémellisantes » practices imposed by the context or promoted by their children. We can observe a break in the educational practices of the parents by the age of 4 years as well as new original practices based on equity. Unexpectedly, it seems that monozygotic and dizygotic twins and genders are not involved in twin relationship and educational practices of their parents. On the contrary, our research reveals the importance of the temperament.

Introduction The paradigm shift in manufacturing that Industry 4.0 brings forth with new advanced technologies and the rapid growth of sensing and controlling technologies enable further visualization and optimization that can contribute to achievingimproved decision-making in manufacturing. A significant new capability is the ability to construct a Digital Twinthat connects the physical and virtual space. However, there are still confusion and obscurity regarding what Digital Twinis and how it can becreated and then used to create value for the company. Therefor the purpose of the thesis is to examine how manufacturing companies can utilize the implementation of Digital Twinand assess Digital Twinin a shop-floor. ➢RQ1: How can DT be beneficial to increase business value in a manufacturing company? ➢RQ2: What changes need to be done in the shop-floor to implement Digital Twin? Methodology A literature review was conducted to provide previous researchand contextwithin the area of Digital Twin. A multiple-case studywas performed at three case companies to gain meaningful insight from a real-world perspective, semi-structured interviews, dialogs, and observations were conductedat the case companies. The analysis was then performed by examining similarities, and dissimilarities between theoretical and empirical data, as well as opportunities in theoretical findings that correspond with challenges in empirical findings. Frame of Reference The literature review increased the authors’ understanding of the research topic and gave context to the concept of Digital Twin. The review is mainly focused on the Digital Twintechnologyand how it is constructed, as well as the applicationsareas. Empirical Findings The empirical findings provide an overview of boththe current and future state of the case companies in relation to organizational, operational, and technological factors. Additionally, it provides a deeper understanding of how shop-floor management is designed at one of the case companies. Analysis The combination of the Frame of Reference and Empirical Findings contributewith important insight on the potential benefits that can be created through the utilizationof Digital Twin, as well as what is requiredin the shop-floor to enable implementation ofDigital Twin. Conclusions The value that can be created utilizing Digital Twinis outlinedand a clearer definition is proposed to avoid misunderstandings and confusion. Requirements that need to be achieved for a successful implementation arecovered as well. A future recommendation is measuring resources and effort in relation to the created value of a Digital Twin.

No description available.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pulsating vibration on the sliding resistance between orthodontic brackets and stainless steel wires. Brackets were placed at two different angulations (0° and 5°) to simulate leveling of a tipped tooth during tooth movement. Pulsating vibration was delivered via the AcceleDent device. Background: Friction is defined as a force that retards or resists the relative motion of two objects in contact, and its direction is tangential to the common boundary of the two surfaces in contact. This has been of interest to the orthodontist since the mid-20th century. Since the time of Stoner’s paper in 1960, the orthodontic literature has been full of studies done on friction in orthodontics including: friction with different ligation methods, friction among different arch wire materials, friction and different bracket materials, and friction with various slot designs. Understanding friction has led to the emergence of new technologies in orthodontics. One of the most popular is the self-ligating bracket. This popularity arose from claims that they reduce friction during treatment. Other innovations have been introduced in the field of orthodontics to help accelerate tooth movement. Among these innovations is the application of a pulsating vibration during active orthodontic treatment. Such pulsating vibration can be delivered during orthodontic treatment by AcceleDent, which is a hands- free device designed by OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc., Bellaire, TX. The company claims the output force helps accelerate bone turnover. The following study investigated whether it could decrease treatment time via a different mechanism: decreasing frictional resistance to tooth movement along the arch wire. Methods: A paper template was made of a typodont tooth with a bracket window cut out. The bracket cut out was made with the bracket window angulated 0° and 5°. 0.022” x 0.028” standard prescription edgewise brackets (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) of ceramic, twin and self-ligating design were bonded to 3 maxillary 1st premolar typodont teeth using the template. The teeth were leveled with a 0.019” x 0.025” SS arch wire and placed in a metal scaffold. They were held in place with Aquasil Ultra XLV wash material PVS (DENTSPLY Caulk, Milford, DE.). Only the middle bracket was adjusted for angulation and accuracy was checked with the iPhone 6 level. The AcceleDent Aura device (OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc., Bellaire, TX). was attached to the occlusal surface of the teeth via cable ties. The AcceleDent Aura device provided 30 Hz of pulsating vibration. All tests were performed with a 0.019” x 0.025” SS arch wire pulled through the brackets via a Universal Testing Machine (Instron, Grove City, PA) at a crosshead speed of 2.5mm/min for 30 seconds. Frictional resistance was measured by averaging 6 recordings every 5 seconds. Results: The pulsating vibration provided by the AcceleDent device significantly reduced the resistance to sliding for each bracket type at both 0° and 5° (p<0.05). Ceramic brackets had the highest resistance to sliding of all bracket types. Conclusions: Pulsating vibration via the AcceleDent Aura device reduces the resistance to sliding between a bracket and arch wire in vitro. This may potentially decrease overall treatment time but more in vivo studies need to be done to evaluate this.

Twin to twin transfusion syndrome is a rare complication that can develop in monochorionic twin pregnancies where abnormal placental connections lead to hemodynamic imbalance between the two fetuses. The twin receiving the surplus of blood experiences polyhydramnios whereas the twin donating their blood experiences oligohydramnios. Diagnosis of this syndrome is done based off of the Quintero Staging scale, which consists of five categories of criteria ranging from non-critical diagnoses to diagnoses involving demise of one or two fetuses. The gold standard for treatment involves ablating abnormal vessel connections via a laser therapy. This therapy has shown to reduced short term and long term complications within the twins, and be most efficient at ceasing the disproportionate blood supply between the fetuses. Long term outcomes of twin to twin transfusion syndrome mainly involve neurodevelopmental impairment, but cardiovascular and renal complications can also be present. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes should be the ones to most closely monitor postnatally in all TTTS survivors. For recipient twin survivors, cardiovascular outcomes should be most closely watched via blood pressure monitoring and routine echocardiograms. For donor twin survivors, creatinine levels should be routinely checked in order to detect signs of chronic kidney disease in early childhood. Long term outcomes of twin to twin transfusion syndrome still need further investigating due to the difficulty of gathering information postnatally. Limitations that further increase the complexity of this research include lack of education and decreased opportunities for underserved communities to access the advanced medical care required to treat and monitor this disease. Shedding light on this disparity can lead mothers to be more aware of the signs and symptoms of this disease, leading to early detection and more positive outcomes.

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a complication of blood flow among fetuses sharing a single placenta. TTTS is associated with high mortality rates; however there is treatment available which significantly increases the rate of survival. The treatment procedure is although far from perfect. Limited by a narrow field of view, it is a challenging task for the surgeon to mentally visualize the vascular structures of the placenta while trying to navigate across the areas of interest. Previous research within both medical imaging and tracking technologies has been conducted but there is no perfect solution on how to solve these issues. This paper is part of a two-part project attempting to provide an application which can make the surgical procedure easier. The two parts are image stitching and real-time tracking, this paper focusing on the latter. This is done by choosing an appropriate tracking method which can provide location and orientation of a small sensor. The 3D data gathered from the sensor is processed by various transformations so that the bounding box of the camera movement can be mapped directly onto the image generated by the stitching process. The same transformations are applied to data collected from the sensor at a rate of 60 Hz, resulting in a responsive system. By comparing the x-value and y-value of a calculated point to the bounding box, this point can be converted to its corresponding pixel in the image. The system is responsive and by visually comparing the digital position in the image to its corresponding real world position it seems accurate enough, even though a few pixels misalignment will occur. / Tvillingstransfusionssyndrom (TTTS) är en komplikation av blodflöde som kan uppstå hos foster som delar placenta. TTTS associeras medhöga dödstal, emellertid finns det behandlingar som signifikant ökar chanserna för fostrens överlevnad. Behandlingsprocessen är docklångt ifrån perfekt. Begränsad av ett smalt synfält är det en utmanande uppgift för kirurgen att mentalt föreställa sig placentansvaskulärsystem samtidigt som denne försöker att navigera mellan alla intresseområden. Forskning inom både bildbehandling ochspårningsteknologier är inget främmande men det finns ännu ingen självklar lösning på dessa problem. Den här rapporten är en del av etttvåstegsprojekt vars mål är att framställa en applikation som kan underlätta behandlingen. De två delarna är image stitching ochrealtidsspårning, där den här rapporten fokuserar på det sistnämnda. Detta görs genom att välja en lämplig spårningsmetod som kan mätabåde position samt orientering av en sensor. 3D-datan från sensorn behandlas av olika matematiska transformationer så att denomskrivande rektangeln av kamerans rörelser kan placeras på bilden erhållen från stitchingprocessen. På samma sätt behandlas deninformation som hämtas från sensorn i realtid med en frekvens på 60 Hz, vilket resulterar i ett snabbreagerande system. Genom att jämförax-värde och y-värde från en beräknad punkt med den omskrivande rektangeln, kan den här punkten översättas till sin motsvarande pixel ibilden. Systemet reagerar snabbt på indata och genom att visuellt jämföra den digitala positionen i bilden mot den motsvarande positionen iden riktiga världen ger systemet ett tillfredställande resultat, även om punkten kommer att ha ett par pixlars felmarginal.

Yes / Wave-seabed-pipelines interaction is of critical importance in the design of submarine pipelines. Previous studies mainly focus on investigating the characteristics of flow fields and hydrodynamics around a single pipeline. In this study, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have been performed to examine the effect of burial depth and space between the centers of twin pipelines on the wave-seabed-twin pipelines interaction subject to waves. In the mathematical model, the Volume-Averaged Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (VARANS) equations are used to describe the wave motion in the fluid domain, while the seabed domain is described by using the Biot's poro-elastic theory. Numerical models are validated using these experimental measurements and available relevant experimental data. Experimental and numerical results indicate that the burial depth and relative position of twin pipelines can significantly affect the wave-averaged flow velocity field and the pore-water pressure distribution as well as effective stress.

L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de comprendre la place de la vie intra utérine dans le cas de la gémellité compliquée d’un syndrome transfuseur-transfusé (STT). Le second objectif concerne la singularité du deuil périnatal d’un jumeau et son devenir pour les parents et pour le jumeau vivant. Une méthodologie a été construite afin de mettre en perspective le vécu de la grossesse à travers le discours des parents (entretien semi-directif de recherche) et le développement psychique de l’enfant à 6 ans, à travers le bilan psychologique (WISC IV, dessin du bonhomme, dessin de la famille et CAT). Le recueil des données s’est fait à partir de 60 familles. Au sein de cette population, une analyse singulière a été faite à partir du matériel recueilli pour 10 enfants du groupe jumeaux et 10 enfants du groupe singletons. Une analyse transversale a été effectuée pour chacun des groupes et pour la totalité de la population. Mes résultats montrent que l’on retrouve chez l’enfant des traces agissantes d’inscriptions traumatiques pré-psychiques. Au WISC IV, les résultats indiquent que 73% des enfants ont un QI total dans la moyenne. Il existe un état de sidération des processus de pensée et un faible investissement dans les apprentissages. Au CAT, on observe des défenses narcissiques liées à une difficulté de l’élaboration de la position dépressive ainsi qu’une inhibition importante. La confusion et l’indifférenciation des espaces psychiques sont présentes. Dans le dessin de la famille et le CAT, les processus d’identifications se retrouvent d’un jumeau vers l’autre-jumeau, aboutissant à des limites du moi aux contours mal définis. Les identifications aux imagos parentales apparaissent comme secondaires. Cette recherche a montré que la présence du STT contient une potentialité traumatique dans les chaines générationnelles parents/enfants qui s’organise en trois temps. La relation d’objet gémellaire a été décrite comme « le nid prénatal » des relations objectales ultérieures, formées par le trio et le quartet. Ce type de relation inaugure une triadification primaire. Le complexe gémellaire a été décrit selon trois versants : archaïque, oedipianisé et selon l’effet du couple dans la gémellité. Pour les parents qui ont perdu un jumeau durant la grossesse, la perte d’un fœtus jumeau peut devenir un objet de survivance, liée au fonctionnement psychique des parents et au statut du fœtus-jumeau. Chez l’enfant, la place qu’occupe le jumeau décédé pour le vivant est fonction de l’élaboration du deuil des parents. La perte du jumeau peut devenir un objet de survivance, compte tenu de la nature narcissique et pré objectale de la gémellité. Le syndrome du survivant peut se retrouver chez l’enfant. / This thesis explores the phenomenon of twins who develop Twin to twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS), and the subsequent metaphyschological effects on both the perinatal and future development of children. The objective of this research is to understand intrauterine life using the context of afterward. Therefore, this research is focused on the link between parents’ experiences of afterward during their pregnancy, and the physical development of 6 year old twins. The second objective of this research concerns the perinatal death of one twin and how life develops in the future for the parents and for the living twin. The methods used are the psychoanalytic and the test method, in a psychodynamic approach. The tools used are the semi-direct research interview and the psychological evaluation of the child. (WISC IV, the drawing of man, the drawing of family and the projective test of the CAT). The collection of data is conducted with more than 60 families who have 6 year old children. At the heart of the population, a single analysis was made from material received for 10 children from a group of twins and 10 single children. A cross sectional analysis was done for each group and for the total of the population. My results show that we can find traces of registered pre-psychic trauma. From the WISC IV test, the results indicate that 73% of children have an average IQ. There is a state of paralysis in thought processes, and little interest in learning. The CAT showed narcissistic defenses related to difficulty in developing the depressive position, as well as significant inhibition. Confusion and lack of differentiation of psychic spaces are present. In the drawing of the family and in the CAT, the identification of one twin with the other twin can be found, resulting in poorly defined boundaries of self. Identification with parental images appears to be secondary. The presence of TTTS has the potential to cause trauma through the generational chain of parent/ child that is organised in three stages. Twin object relations have been described as “the prenatal nest” of subsequent object relations, formed by the trio and the quartet. This type of relationship introduces a primary triadification. Three aspects of the twin complex have been described: archaic, oedipianized and according to the effect of the couple in the twinning. For those parents who have lost a twin during pregnancy, the loss of a twin foetus can become an object of survival, or an object of trauma, linked to the psychic functioning of the parents and the status of the twin foetus. The place the living twin takes, in place of the dead twin, is dependent on the grieving process of the parents. Based on this, the loss of a twin can become an object of survival, taking into account the narcissistic and pre objectal nature of the twinning. Survival Syndrome can be found in children.

The debates on whether or not to regulate micro lending have shifted to finding the appropriate regulatory models. This is because countries are in agreement that being part of the greater financial services sector, micro lending plays an important role in the economic and social development of the citizens as it enables the poor to have access to credit and better their lives. To this end, Botswana has not fallen short of this global trend. Micro lending regulation plays an important role in maintaining the financial safety and soundness of any country’s financial sector. If not properly regulated, the micro lending industry can lead to undesirable incidents like financial crisis and suicide cases as it was the case in the State of Andhra Pradesh of India where borrowers were over-indebted leading them to commit suicide. Since there is not a perfect regulatory model, countries have over the years formulated regulatory frameworks for micro lending. Some of the laws failed and created more problems than they were in fact intended to solve like the 2010 financial crisis in India. In 2008 Parliament of Botswana enacted the Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority Act in order to regulate (NBFIs), including micro lenders. The primary purpose of this study is to scrutinize the mechanisms in place for the regulation and supervision of micro lenders in Botswana in light of those set internationally and subsequently deducing their effectiveness or lack thereof. The comparative analysis will focus on South Africa and India’s State of Andhra Pradesh. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The debates on whether or not to regulate micro lending have shifted to finding the appropriate regulatory models. This is because countries are in agreement that being part of the greater financial services sector, micro lending plays an important role in the economic and social development of the citizens as it enables the poor to have access to credit and better their lives. To this end, Botswana has not fallen short of this global trend. Micro lending regulation plays an important role in maintaining the financial safety and soundness of any country’s financial sector. If not properly regulated, the micro lending industry can lead to undesirable incidents like financial crisis and suicide cases as it was the case in the State of Andhra Pradesh of India where borrowers were over-indebted leading them to commit suicide. Since there is not a perfect regulatory model, countries have over the years formulated regulatory frameworks for micro lending. Some of the laws failed and created more problems than they were in fact intended to solve like the 2010 financial crisis in India. In 2008 Parliament of Botswana enacted the Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority Act in order to regulate (NBFIs), including micro lenders. The primary purpose of this study is to scrutinize the mechanisms in place for the regulation and supervision of micro lenders in Botswana in light of those set internationally and subsequently deducing their effectiveness or lack thereof. The comparative analysis will focus on South Africa and India’s State of Andhra Pradesh. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015