Despite the fact that speech-language pathologists do not develop the theories underlying the principles and procedures used in the clinic, speech and language clinicians are ethically obliged to apply the "best" possible theory in their practice. Recently phonologists have been developing a theory of nonlinear phonology. Application of this theory to cross-linguistic data and to child language data has shown that what appeared to be idiosyncratic or difficult to account for using previous theoretical formulations can be neatly explained using a nonlinear phonological explanation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of further extending the application of nonlinear phonological principles to the field of speech-language pathology. Two levels defined by the theory, segmental and prosodic, were investigated in a six-month-long intervention programme with a set of phonologically delayed twins (aged 5;6 at the outset of the project). Each twin was assigned to an experimental condition motivated by one of these levels, or tiers. In each condition, intervention goals were determined by parameters of the theory; the segmental condition contrasted features "higher" versus "lower" in the feature hierarchy, while the prosodic condition contrasted moraic with onset-rime descriptions of syllable/word shape. Using twins as subjects also allowed the twin aspect of language acquisition and speech-language intervention to be explored. Results of the phonological intervention study revealed that nonlinear phonology provides a viable framework for assessing and determining goals for phonological remediation. A comparison of progress in therapy indicated that one twin acquired therapy goals faster than the other. An investigation of the differential progress of the twins allowed conclusions to be drawn regarding social awareness and success in phonological therapy. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

Title: Selective respiratory parameters and training of female tennis players Objectives: The focus of this essay was to gather information on the respiratory parameters of twin female tennis players and compare them with the general population and elite female players; both in the field and in controlled environment. Furthermore, we used results from the field and the controlled environment to create respiratory training for our twin players. Methods: We used analysis, comparison and conversation methods. The analysis method was applied to respiratory parameters of our twin players and the comparison method was then used to compare the results with the general population and elite players. With the structured conversation method, gathered data from our twin players for individual experience during the training with POWERbreathe. Results: The respiratory parameters of our twin players were average compared to the general population and below average compared to elite players. Laboratory and field results showed different results of VO2max. Training with POWERbreathe, with increasing resistance, helped our player N with breathing Keywords: twins, respiratory, training, tennis

The Fecal Fermentation Profile of Twins and Infants with Opioid Exposure Dawson Brown-Ezell Michelle Johnson PhD, RD, LDN W. Andrew Clark PhD, RD Amy Wahlquist, PhD Introduction: The gut microbiome is believed to have a significant impact on health throughout the lifespan, and the influence of infant nutrition and other environmental factors are of particular interest in its development. The aim of this research project was to learn more about the microbiome and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) composition of toddlers of differing weights, considering birth history, environment, and diet. In East Tennessee, opioid misuse is a growing issue, and a number of participants in this study were exposed in utero. We also hoped to identify related effects on infant’s SCFA composition. Finally, it has been concluded that twins share a variety of traits, but much about their microbiome is unknown. With several pairs of twins in the sample, we aimed to identify any associations with SCFAs in this group. Methods: With informed consent, the child’s history was obtained, including age, birth length and weight, delivery type (C-section or vaginal), and feeding method (breast, bottle fed, or both). The child’s current weight, height, and BMI %ile were determined. Caregivers completed the 90-question Block Questionnaire for Ages 2-7 Kids food frequency questionnaire, and results were analyzed by Berkeley Analytics Inc (dba NutritionQuest). Participant-provided stool samples were freeze-dried and ground, and SCFAs were extracted and analyzed by content and concentration. Data analysis was generated using SAS software, Version 9.4 of the SAS System, Copyright © 2013 SAS Institute Inc. Results: Nine SCFAs were measured in duplicate, and the concentrations averaged. Statistical analysis included comparisons of SCFAs related to factors including weight status, infant feeding modality, twin status, and intrauterine drug exposure, and significance determined with a p value < 0.05. Results did not identify significant differences in individual SCFA concentrations between obese and non-obese toddlers, however concentrations of isobutyrate, isovaleric acid, and octanoic acid were greater in toddlers who were formula fed as infants versus toddlers who were breastfed, and those fed a combination of breastmilk, and formula. Analysis further revealed a higher mean concentration of caproic and propionic acid in twin subjects. Of particular interest, toddlers with a history of opioid exposure had higher mean concentrations of isovaleric and octanoic acids, but less isocaproic acid when compared to those who were not drug exposed. Further analysis will help determine if these findings may be related to nutrient intake, in particular dietary fiber intake.

Conjoined twinning has always been a phenomenon of great interest to the medical community because of its rarity and complexity. Each additional documented case bolsters our knowledge of embryologic development, anatomic anomalies, and strategic approaches to surgical challenges. Twins conjoined at the head, that is, craniopagi, are the rarest subtype of conjoined twins, and rates of survival to birth and through surgical separation are low. Those that do survive usually require multiple intensive procedures and often face lifelong developmental challenges due to shared brain tissue that must be parsed at time of separation. Here we present a case study of partial angular frontal craniopagus twin females with a soft-tissue-only conjuncture currently unrepresented in medical literature. Documentation of this case, in which a one-stage surgical separation occurred at day of life 1 without complication or any long-term disability, helps inform those that provide care for conjoined twins alongside their expectant parents of the wide possible range of clinical presentations and prognosis for craniopagi. A 28-year follow-up investigates how the anatomic configuration of the craniopagi and mechanical forces in utero impacted craniofacial development and their phenotypic characteristics as adults. Using clinical examination, CT imaging with 3D reconstruction, and Vectra® H1 stereophotogrammetry, overall symmetry and congenital deformities of both women’s external features and underlying craniofacial skeleton were characterized. Both twins exhibit near-identical skull deformities including right frontal bone flattening, ipsilateral parietal and occipital bossing, flattened malar eminence, and curvature of sagittal plane through the skull. Reported right anterolateral displacement of anterior fontanelles directly under the twins’ junctional area during infancy is reflected by asymmetry of the coronal suture withanterior displacement on the right side in both cases. In addition, Twin B has a persistent metopic suture that also shows lateral displacement toward site of junction. Soft tissue deformities include minor cosmetic asymmetries such as a sharp hairline irregularity below previous site of conjuncture, misaligned ears, sparse right eyebrow growth and weakened movement of this brow, and deviation of nasal tip in one twin. Both twins also sport a 5cm by 1.5-2cm surgical scar. Overall symmetry is good and most of these irregularities go unnoticed by laypeople; the women manage most of them with cosmetics and side-parting of the hair. Though some minor plastic surgery procedures could be offered to optimize symmetry, none are recommended or desired by the patients at this time. Through careful evaluation of their adult state, we conclude that minimally conjoined craniopagus twins sharing only soft tissue of the scalp at time of birth can still exhibit a number of lifelong cranial deformities and asymmetry of facial landmarks.

This thesis deals with the interdisciplinary challenges of creating a digital twin. The goal of a digital twin is to map real processes as a virtual construct and to use this mapping to obtain suggestions for the real implementation. The department of geodesy and the department of computer science have to work together to achieve this goal. Specifically, the work deals with the creation of a digital twin of the city of Leipzig, which allows placing lanterns, dynamically adjust the time and create a screenshot to have a reference for the real implementation. To verify the implementation, an expert interview is conducted, asking professionals in urban lighting whether the implementation based on the developed methodology is suitable for permanent use. At the end, it is summarized that the way of implementation still needs improvement. In addition to urban lighting, this paper also discusses the differences of data formats such as CityJSON with GLTF or gray-level elevation maps with quadmeshes, and presents an approach of conversion pipelines to automate the conversion of these data formats. The result is a program, written in Godot and playable in VR, with which the user can place, select and delete streetlamps in a virtual representation of the Große Fleischergasse of Leipzig's city center, as well as change the time and change the light properties of individual or multiple lanterns. Also, screenshots can be created. In the paper, the theoretical approaches to this application are broken down.:Abstract Glossar Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Quelltextverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Ziele und Anforderungen 2.1 Unterscheidung von Datenstrukturen 2.1.1 Raster basierte Datenstrukturen 2.1.2 Vektorbasierte Datenstrukturen 2.2 Erarbeiten der Architektur 2.3 Verallgemeinerung zu einer Pipeline 2.4 Integration synthetischer Daten 2.5 Benutzung in VR und Sammeln von Benutzererfahrung 2.6 Evaliueren von Marktanforderungen 3 3D Daten 3.1 Level of Detail 3.2 Datenherkunft 3.3 Datenkompatibilität 3.3.1 Geodaten Häuser und Straßen 3.3.2 Shape 3.3.3 OpenStreetMap 3.3.4 CityGML 3.4 Konvertierung als Datenbank 3.5 Geodaten Oberflächendaten 3.5.1 XYZ Daten 3.5.2 LAZ und LAS 3.6 Mesh Daten 3.7 Punktdaten 3.8 Liniendaten 3.9 Physical based Rendering 3.10 Prozedurale Generierung 3.11 Fotogrammetrie 3.12 Re-Rendering of Outdoor Scene for Foto Extrapolation 3.13 Punktwolken 3.14 Synthetische Daten 3.15 Zieldatenformate 3.15.1 FBX 3.15.2 GLTF 3.15.3 CAD 3.15.4 USD 3.16 Mesh 3.17 Höhenkarten 3.18 Bibliotheken und Hilfsprogramme 3.18.1 GDAL 3.19 Anforderungen 3.20 Chunksystem 3.20.1 Umrechnung von Gradsysteme 3.21 Quadtree 3.21.1 Konvertierungspipelines 3.21.2 Engine unabhängiger Ansatz 3.22 Prozessmodellierung 4 Engine Vergleich 4.1 Übersicht 4.2 Unreal Engine 4.3 Unity Engine 4.4 Godot 4.4.1 Godot Addons 5 Virtual Reality 5.1 VR 5.2 CAVE Systeme 6 Umsetzung 6.1 Projektstruktur und Aufbau Programm 6.2 Programmfunktionsweise 6.2.1 Finale Szene 7 Marktanforderung 7.1 Qualitative Befragung 7.1.1 Thema 7.1.2 Tätigkeit 7.1.3 Erkenntnisinteressen 7.1.4 Forschungsfragen 7.1.5 Forschungsethik und Datenschutz 7.1.6 Vorführung 7.1.7 Befragung 7.1.8 Auswertung der Befragung 7.1.9 Auswertung 7.1.10 Marktanalyse 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 8.1 Zusammenfassung 8.2 Ausblick A Anhang A.1 Quelltext Literaturverzeichnis A.1 Selbstständigkeitserklärung / Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem interdisziplinären Zusammenhang beim Erstellen eines Digitalen Zwillings. Ziel bei einem Digitalen Zwilling ist es, reale Prozesse als virtuelles Konstrukt abzubilden und die Abbildung zu nutzen, um Vorschläge für die reelle Umsetzung erhalten. Es müssen Fachbereiche der Geodäsie und der Informatik zusammenarbeiten, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Konkret beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit der Erstellung eines digitalen Zwillings der Stadt Leipzig, welcher es ermöglicht Laternen zu platzieren, die Zeit dynamisch einzustellen und ein Bildschirmfoto zu erstellen, um eine Referenz für die reale Umsetzung zu haben. Um die Idee zu verifizieren wird ein Experteninterview vorgenommen, welches Fachpersonal in der Stadtbeleuchtung befragt, ob die Methodik sich für einen dauerhaften Einsatz eignet. Am Schluss wird zusammengefasst, dass die Art der Umsetzung noch Verbesserungsbedarf hat. Neben der Stadtbeleuchtung wird in dieser Arbeit auch auf die Unterschiede von Datenformaten wie CityJSON mit GLTF oder grau stufige Höhenkarten mit Quadmeshes eingegangen sowie ein Ansatz von Konvertierungspipelines vorgestellt, um die Konvertierung dieser Datenformate zu automatisieren. Das Ergebnis ist ein Programm, geschrieben in Godot und spielbar in VR, mit welchem der Benutzer in einer virtuellen Darstellung der Großen Fleischergasse der Leipziger Innenstadt, Straßenlaternen platzieren, auswählen und löschen kann, sowie die Zeit ändern und die Lichteigenschaften einzelner oder mehrerer Laternen ändern kann. Ebenfalls können Bildschirmfotos erstellt werden. In der Arbeit werden die theoretischen Ansätze zu dieser Anwendung aufgeschlüsselt.:Abstract Glossar Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Quelltextverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Ziele und Anforderungen 2.1 Unterscheidung von Datenstrukturen 2.1.1 Raster basierte Datenstrukturen 2.1.2 Vektorbasierte Datenstrukturen 2.2 Erarbeiten der Architektur 2.3 Verallgemeinerung zu einer Pipeline 2.4 Integration synthetischer Daten 2.5 Benutzung in VR und Sammeln von Benutzererfahrung 2.6 Evaliueren von Marktanforderungen 3 3D Daten 3.1 Level of Detail 3.2 Datenherkunft 3.3 Datenkompatibilität 3.3.1 Geodaten Häuser und Straßen 3.3.2 Shape 3.3.3 OpenStreetMap 3.3.4 CityGML 3.4 Konvertierung als Datenbank 3.5 Geodaten Oberflächendaten 3.5.1 XYZ Daten 3.5.2 LAZ und LAS 3.6 Mesh Daten 3.7 Punktdaten 3.8 Liniendaten 3.9 Physical based Rendering 3.10 Prozedurale Generierung 3.11 Fotogrammetrie 3.12 Re-Rendering of Outdoor Scene for Foto Extrapolation 3.13 Punktwolken 3.14 Synthetische Daten 3.15 Zieldatenformate 3.15.1 FBX 3.15.2 GLTF 3.15.3 CAD 3.15.4 USD 3.16 Mesh 3.17 Höhenkarten 3.18 Bibliotheken und Hilfsprogramme 3.18.1 GDAL 3.19 Anforderungen 3.20 Chunksystem 3.20.1 Umrechnung von Gradsysteme 3.21 Quadtree 3.21.1 Konvertierungspipelines 3.21.2 Engine unabhängiger Ansatz 3.22 Prozessmodellierung 4 Engine Vergleich 4.1 Übersicht 4.2 Unreal Engine 4.3 Unity Engine 4.4 Godot 4.4.1 Godot Addons 5 Virtual Reality 5.1 VR 5.2 CAVE Systeme 6 Umsetzung 6.1 Projektstruktur und Aufbau Programm 6.2 Programmfunktionsweise 6.2.1 Finale Szene 7 Marktanforderung 7.1 Qualitative Befragung 7.1.1 Thema 7.1.2 Tätigkeit 7.1.3 Erkenntnisinteressen 7.1.4 Forschungsfragen 7.1.5 Forschungsethik und Datenschutz 7.1.6 Vorführung 7.1.7 Befragung 7.1.8 Auswertung der Befragung 7.1.9 Auswertung 7.1.10 Marktanalyse 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 8.1 Zusammenfassung 8.2 Ausblick A Anhang A.1 Quelltext Literaturverzeichnis A.1 Selbstständigkeitserklärung

The essay touches upon the topic of identity within dizygotic twins. The complexity of how the twins see themselves. There is a shared identity and there is a united identity. This paper touches upon the topic to be able to give teachers awareness of an identity problem that dizygotic twins may have; in hope of being able to accurately help students develop in the best way possible. The essay question is what is the relation between religion and the creating of a dizygotic twins identity?Female dizygotic twins and a researcher in genetics was interviewed to be able to give results from an inside perspective as well as an outer perspective. This qualitative study used the snowball effect method and gave results of dizygotic twins feeling different about their identity relation depending on how old they presently were. The subjects found that society were responsible for creating their shared twin identity. Just as preconceived notions label and group people, dizygotic twins are no different, and therefore also forced into having to battle with these notions.

Although twins have always been of great Interest the only early data available are upon conjoined twins. The first record of such twins, which 18 known, 1s of the Bid-dendent Maids in the year 1100 A. D. From that date to the year 1824 when the Siamese Twins were born and later made famous by Barnum and Bailey's Circus, there have been many Interesting accounts of conjoined twins, but the nature of the present work and the probable unreliability of these accounts would make any discussion on the subject of these early conjoined twins not worth while.

Automotive magnesium sheets typically exhibit poor room temperature ductility which makes them unsuitable for room temperature sheet stamping applications. This research involved aspects of re-processing and forming of AZ31 automotive magnesium sheet to improve its room temperature ductility and bendability (and, more generally, formability). The sheet re-processing studies for formability improvement were carried out by two different methods, (i) cyclic bending-unbending and annealing (or CBUA) and (ii) wire brushing and annealing (or WBA). These two processing methods led to a complex stress and strain distribution through the thickness and a multi-layered microstructure after annealing. The grain structure, micro-texture, and micro-hardness of each of the layers were studied by optical microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and indentation measurements, respectively. The through-thickness grain structure study indicated grain refinement and texture randomization in the surface layers for both CBUA and WBA processed materials. In addition, the as-received (and fully annealed) sheet as well as processed materials were subsequently deformed in uniaxial tension and bending by a process referred to in the literature as pre-strain annealing (or PSA). The PSA process was studied as a single step as well as multi-step process to assess its effect on formability improvement, underlying changes in microstructural and mechanical behavior, and to explore practical limitations and advantages of the process. The results from single-step PSA process were also used to develop a microstructure-based constitutive material model to capture and predict the observed mechanical and microstructural response of AZ31 sheet to PSA variables. This model explicitly considered the effect of recovery on recrystallization kinetics, and non-constant nucleation and growth rate. The model was extended to predict the grain size at the end of recrystallization and within the grain growth stage as well as post-PSA yield and work hardening characteristics. The mechanical property prediction was based on considering the microstructure as a composite of un-recrystallized, recrystallized and coarsened grain structure and by employing a rule of mixture. The processing and forming methods led to significantly increased cumulative uniaxial tensile ductility and plane strain cumulative bendability of AZ31 sheet at room temperature depending upon PSA process parameters. The experimental and modeling studies collectively helped correlate mechanical properties from various processing conditions and forming methods with microstructural parameters, and to explain the improvement in room temperature formability based on microstructural and textural considerations. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This study examined the relationship between parental negative talk, child aggression, and child assertiveness. Disruptive behaviors, such as aggression, have been studied multiple times, however, there is still more to learn about aggression. Few studies have examined assertive and aggressive behavior together with preschool children. Additionally, parenting is a substantial component of a child’s development and can impact their health and behaviors. One form of parenting is negative parenting. The current study focuses on a concept similar to negative parenting called parental negative talk. Currently, there is a lack of studies that examine parental negative talk. The current study included a twin sample of 290 5-year-old children and their parents from the Southern Illinois Twins/Triplets and Siblings Study (SITSS). The children and their parents participated in a 10-minute interactive puzzle task that was taped and later used to assess parental negative talk and observed child aggression. Additional measures used were personality and behavior assessments. No sex differences were found between parental negative talk, child aggression, and child assertiveness. There were no direct relationships between child aggression and parental negative talk or between parental negative talk and child assertive behavior. However, within family differences between parental behaviors and child behaviors revealed a significant positive correlation between parental negative talk and child aggression. Within a family, there was no relationship found between parental negative talk and child assertive behavior. The results from the current study indicated assertiveness was not significantly heritable. Overall, the results from the present study can assist in augmenting the current parent management training resources.

Digital Twins are softwarized mirrors of physical systems. They can represent their corresponding physical counterparts in real-world applications and reflect the behavior of the latter under different scenarios with decent accuracy. In this thesis, we consider the case where an application requests data from multiple digital twins, each representing a physical system. The digital twins are hosted on execution servers located between the application and the set of physical devices. Each digital twin has to be periodically updated by its physical system and uses a portion of the execution server’s computing resource to refresh itself. Due to the scarcity of computation resources of the execution servers, in this thesis, we have tackled the problem of optimal digital twin placement onto a limited set of execution servers. We are aiming at minimizing the latency of the digital twins’ responses to the application’s requests while keeping the age of information of served data below a certain threshold. We first formulate the problem as an integer quadratic program (IQP) and then transform it into a semidefinite program (SDP). We prove that the problem is NP-complete and propose polynomial-time approximation algorithms that solve the problem with different trade-offs between the accommodation of the application’s request latency and the achievement of data age targets. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)