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Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T04:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_ErnestoCorrea_D.pdf: 36489922 bytes, checksum: 9b605fb584ecc9282bdf80a2c328096d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A Cromatografia Gasosa Bidimensional Abrangente (GCxGC) é uma técnica analítica capaz de separar e detectar centenas de picos, sendo aplicada a diferentes amostras petroquímicas, ambientais e biológicas. Esta técnica se diferencia da Cromatografia Gasosa (GC) pela utilização de duas colunas cromatográficas de composições e dimensões diferentes conectadas em série e de uma interface para a coleta das frações da primeira coluna e para a reinjeção na segunda em períodos regulares, denominada modulador. Além disso, por apresentar picos mais estreitos (wb 500ms), a frequência de aquisição utilizada é maior ( 100Hz), gerando arquivos que ultrapassam a capacidade de aplicativos comerciais. Assim, no desenvolvimento de sistemas próprios GcxGC, tem-se a necessidade de criar programas ou softwares para controle e tratamento de dados. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos dois sistemas de controle distintos para sistemas GCxGC montados neste laboratório. O primeiro, denominado CROMATOGRAFIA, foi criado baseando-se no conceito de desenvolvimento de software da Fundação do Software Livre, ou seja, utilizou-se recursos de programação e de rede do sistema operacional Linux para realizar o controle e tratamento dos dados cromatográficos em um microcomputador e conversor A/D. Por outro lado, o segundo sistema, denominado LABVIEW, foi criado baseando-se no conceito de otimização de hardware, ou seja, utilizou-se um microcomputador e conversor A/D de médio desempenho em conjunto com uma linguagem de programação de alto nível específica para a automação de instrumentos. Ambos os sistemas de controle foram aplicados e validados em relação ao sinal monitorado, exatidão temporal e controle do modulador, verificando-se que o sistema LABVIEW apresentou resultados mais exatos para as análises qualitativa e quantitativa. Apesar de suas limitações iniciais, o sistema CROMATOGRAFIA com kernel soft real-time também foi aplicado com precisão e exatidão para controle dos sistemas GCxGC, salientando-se que seus módulos de tratamento e representação gráficas apresentaram melhor desempenho que aplicativos comerciais utilizados / Abstract: Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) is an analytical technique used to separate hundreads of peaks and applied on different samples, like petrochemical products, enviromental and biological materials. This technique differs from convencional Gas Chromatography (GC) by use of two serial connected cappilary columns with different stationary phases and dimensions and a modulator, an interface that collects first column eluate fractions and reinjects them on second at regular time. Futhermore, data acquisition frequency must be higher ( 100Hz), because peak width acquired on GCxGC systems (wb 500ms), is narrow than conventional GC, resulting large data files to process with commercial softwares. On GCxGC system developments is necessary to create softwares for controlling and evaluating chromatographic data parameters. At this research two different control system were developed and applied to automate two home-made GCxGC systems. First control system, called CROMATOGRAFIA, was developed based on Free Software Foudation concept, i.e., it was developped on low level programming language and TCP/IP protocols within Linux O.S to control microcomputer and A/D conversor. On the other hand, second system, called LABVIEW, was developed on hardware optimize, i.e., it was developped with medium performance microcomputer and A/D conversor, using a commercial high-level visual programming language which is specific for automating instrument (NI Labview). Both control systems were checked performance by signal and real-time studies and applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis. LABVIEW system had better accuracy and precise results and, although its initial limits, CROMATOGRAFIA system with soft real-time kernel could be applied to accuracy and precise control GCxGC system with better 3D graphic representation and chromatographic data treatment than used commercial graphic softwares / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedroso_MarcioPozzobon_D.pdf: 8593602 bytes, checksum: ef9b8a25b7ff1f1f8fdec875ceb02e0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi projetar e avaliar um modulador criogênico para cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC×GC). O modulador projetado foi baseado no modulador de quatro jatos (dois jatos quentes e dois jatos frios); N2 (g) resfriado em N2 (l) foi utilizado como fluido criogênico e N2 (g) aquecido foi utilizado como gás quente. O modulador foi instalado em um cromatógrafo a gás com detector por ionização em chama (GC-FID). O controle das válvulas solenóides e a digitalização do sinal analógico do FID foram realizados por software escrito em ambiente LabVIEW. Os resultados obtidos com o protótipo GC×GC-FID foram comparados com dados obtidos em um GC×GC-FID comercial. O desempenho de ambos os sistemas pode ser considerado equivalente, levando em consideração eficiência cromatográfica e repetibilidade. O protótipo GC×GC-FID foi empregado na análise de diversas amostras, em especial a fração volátil de polpa de abacaxi fresco e desidratado. Os voláteis foram extraídos por microextração em fase sólida através da extração dinâmica do headspace (DHS-SPME). A identificação dos compostos foi feita por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) e avaliação dos índices de retenção. A identificação dos picos no cromatograma GC×GC foi feita através da comparação dos índices de retenção e dos perfis cromatográficos previamente obtidos por GC-MS. Como esperado, a análise por GC×GC-FID apresentou maior detectabilidade e poder de separação quando comparada com GC-FID. Por fim, alguns compostos não identificados por GC-MS foram identificados através de informação obtida pela estruturação cromatográfica da GC×GC. / Abstract: The aim of this project was to develop and evaluate a cryogenic modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The design of the modulator was based on a cryogenic quad jet modulator; N2 (g) cooled with N2 (l) was used as the cryogenic fluid and heated N2 (g) was used as the hot gas. The modulator was fitted into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The control of the solenoid valves and digitalization of the analogic FID signal were performed by software written in the LabVIEW platform. Results obtained with the GC×GC-FID prototype were compared with data from a commercial GC×GC-FID system. The performance of both systems was similar regarding chromatographic efficiency and repeatibility. The GC×GC-FID was employed for analysis of several samples, specially volatile organic compounds of fresh and dried pineapple pulp. The analytes were isolated by dynamic headspace solid phase microextraction (D-HSSPME); identification of the compounds was performed by conventional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluation of retention indexes. The identification of the peaks on the GC×GC chromatograms was carried out by comparison of retention indexes and chromatographic profiles previously obtained by GC-MS. As expected, the detectivity and separation power of the GC×GC-FID analysis was significantly better than that of GC-FID. Moreover, the identity of some compounds not identified by GC-MS was assigned after information obtained from GC×GC chromatographic structure. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hantao_LeandroWang_D.pdf: 43243215 bytes, checksum: 64816c43abccdd0dc00de5b11a91371c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho é dedicado à aplicação de técnicas cromatográficas multidimensionais à problemas complexos de separação. No primeiro conjunto de estudos foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos para investigação do metaboloma de plantas de interesse comercial. Para isso, foram utilizadas a cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC×GC-MS) e a cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPLC-MS) acopladas à espectrometria de massas para aquisição do perfil metabólico de folhas de eucalipto. Logo, foram desenvolvidos modelos quimiométricos para interpretação dos dados e determinação de marcadores biológicos associados ao estresse biótico e ao fenômeno de resistência. Estes estudos permitiram aprimorar o entendimento do mecanismo de defesa de eucaliptos contra fitopatógenos. Em segundo plano, foram desenvolvidas fases estacionárias derivadas de líquidos iônicos (IL) para separação de compostos apolares por GC×GC. Para isso, foram sintetizados diversos IL derivados de fosfônio e imidazólio. A partir destes materiais foram preparadas colunas capilares pelo método estático de revestimento. Estas colunas de GC foram utilizadas na separação de analitos modelo (i.e., hidrocarbonetos alifáticos) por GC×GC. Estes ensaios visaram aprimorar o entendimento da relação entre as características estruturais dos IL e os mecanismos que governam a retenção de compostos apolares pelas fases derivadas de IL / Abstract: In the present dissertation, we discuss the application of multidimensional chromatographic techniques to solve complex problems. In the first chapter it is presented the development of chemometric strategies for data processing of metabolic data ¿ the current bottleneck of a metabolomics workflow. The case studies examined investigate the metabolome of eucalyptus leaves to address several growing concern in plant pathology, namely, prospection of orthogonal methods for early diagnosis diseases and selection of hybrids with specific phenotypes in genetic enhancement programs. To accomplish these goals, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) were examined to generate unbiased and reliable metabolic profiles. From these experiments, it was possible to improve our understanding of the defense mechanism of plants. The second chapter addresses the limited availability of stationary phases for multidimensional gas chromatography. In this work, we evaluated ionic liquids as stationary phases for gas-liquid chromatography. The model analytes were nonpolar aliphatic hydrocarbons due to the aggravated lack of highly selective and thermally stable GC columns for their separation. From these experiments, we ascertained the structure-selectivity relationship of ILs and were able to improve our understanding on the retention of nonpolar analytes by IL-based GC columns / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

This master thesis deals with the potential influence of the waste dump Hrádek u Pacova and the wastewater treatment plant Brno – Modřice on surroundings using the optimized non-target screening method of organic pollutants in water and sediments. The experimental part is focused on the identification of organic compounds in samples of ground water from monitoring wells, the surface water from stream and pond and in sediment samples collected from streams in the vicinity of municipal waste dump. Organic compounds were also identified in water and sediment samples from the river Svratka near the municipal waste water treatment plant Modřice. The sequential liquid – liquid extraction was used for the isolation of organic compounds in water samples. Organic compounds in sediment samples were isolated by pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) with subsequent fractionation of the extract using column chromatography. Final analysis determination was performed using comprehensive orthogonal two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GCxGC-TOF MS).

This work deals with the using and application of separation techniques for analysis of polymers degradation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thereby this work is separated to two special parts. In the first part, the degradation properties of synthetic biopolymers based on lactic acid, gylcolic acid and poly(ethyleneglycol) PLGA-PEG-PLGA and ITA-PLGA-PEG-PLGA-ITA (modified by itaconic acid) were studied. These copolymers (firstly their thermosensitive hydrogels) should be used for therapy of fractures in orthopedy (as adhesives). Therefore, the sol-gel and gel-sol phase diagrams were determinated for selected samples of copolymers. The samples forming gel at 37 C was used for other study. Polymer samples were depredated in phosphate buffer at 37°C. The degradation process of physical hydrogels was described by the decrease of molecular weight and the increase of concentration lactic acid and glycolic acid in phosphate buffer. The obtained results confirmed that the degradation of polymer modified by itaconic acid is faster process than no modified polymer and polymers with lower ratio PLGA/PEG degrade also faster than lower ration PLGA/PEG. The influence of pH it was also tested. The rate of degradation of polymers was follow pH 4,0

South American plant Clusia blattophila, growing on Nouraghes of French Guiana, produces relatively large amounts of volatile substances in the fragrance of its flowers. C. blattophila is dioecious plant with different flowering time of monosex flowers Male flowers bloom for one night, while female flowers bloom two nights. The volatiles were adsorbed to the adsorbent and washed out with hexane with internal standard. Analysis was performed by two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The aim of my thesis was to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flower scents of both sexes. I also studied, whether there are differences in production of the major fragrance component, acetoin, during the first night of blooming. The flower fragrance is complex blend of volatiles. In total, 43 different chemicals were identified. Among them were monoterpenes (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, camphor) sesquiterpenes (α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, cis-α-bergamotene, trans-α-bergamotene, aromadendrene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, δ-cadinene), aldehydes (1-pentanal, 1-hexanal, 1-octanal, n-decanal), also four ketones (acetoin and its dimer, 2,5-hexanedione, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one), alcohol butane-2,3-diol, carboxylic acid 2-methylpropanoic,...

Males of South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus form leks and release sex pheromone to attract females during the reproductive behavior. The aim of my diploma thesis was to collect samples of volatiles released by variously old males, subsequently to analyze and to determine the changes in the quantitative composition of the sex pheromone depending on age. The volatiles were trapped on adsorbent, eluted with hexane containing internal standard and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass detection. Males release twenty volatiles, including fourteen terpenes: α-pinene, camphene, -pinene, myrcene, Δ3-carene, limonene, (Z)--ocimene, (E)--ocimene, aromadendrene, trans-α-bergamotene, (Z)-β-farnesene, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, germacrene D, (E,E)-α-farnesene; one aldehyde: nonanal; two alcohols: (3Z)-non-3-en-1-ol, (3Z,6Z)-nona-3,6-dien-1-ol and three lactones: suspensolide, anastrephin a epianastrephin. From the list of named compounds there were proved antenal activity of six compounds in previous work, namely trans-α-bergamotene, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (3Z)-non-3-en-1-ol, (3Z,6Z)-nona-3,6-dien-1-ol and epianastrephin.

The processing of bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) produces extensive volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) and tailings, which are stored within tailings ponds and settling basins to promote the consolidation of solids and the recycling of water. Oil sands operators are actively investigating dry and wet reclamation strategies in order to reduce their inventory of tailings and return disturbed land back to its original state. An important component of the reclamation of tailings is understanding the environmental fate of naphthenic acids (NAs), which are considered the most toxic constituents of OSPW and tailings. However, since NAs exist as a complex mixture comprised of thousands of compounds from dozens of chemical classes, the characterization of NAs within environmental samples poses significant challenges to analytical chemists. This dissertation is focused on the characterization of naphthenic acids by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC×GC/MS). GC×GC/MS offers unparalleled chromatographic separation and peak capacity and has been used in recent years to resolve individual constituents within complex mixtures, including structural isomers. Since the biodegradation and toxicity of NAs is structure-specific and can vary between structural isomers, the profiling of individual NAs by GC×GC/MS is expected to enhance the monitoring of NAs within environmental samples impacted by oil sands activity. In this thesis, GC×GC coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) was used to structurally elucidate a number of ‘unknown’ classical and sulfur-containing naphthenic acids by interpretation of their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra and, if available, confirmed by comparison with the spectra of references standards. GC×GC/TOFMS was also utilized as a fingerprinting tool to assess the temporal and spatial variability at two reclamation sites in the AOSR: Syncrude’s Sandhill Fen reclamation site and Base Mine Lake. Lastly, a methodology was developed which coupled GC×GC with a high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QTOFMS) for the improved profiling of NAs. GC×GC/QTOFMS is advantageous for the monitoring of NAs since it can provide useful fingerprints via isomer distributions, differentiate NAs from several chemical classes, and provide a global overview of the elemental compositions (assigned by mass accuracy) within NA mixtures. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

As determinações, em níveis de traços, de fármacos em fluidos biológicos e de multirresíduos (contaminantes) em amostras alimentícias são de extrema importância, pois geram valiosos dados para fins, respectivamente, de monitorização terapêutica (individualização do regime de dosagem) e controle de qualidade (segurança alimentar). A demanda por métodos analíticos de alta resolução e com baixos limites de quantificação, para análises de amostras complexas, tem impulsionado a química analítica para o desenvolvimento de soluções inovadoras, destacando-se aquelas voltadas ao desenvolvimento ou avaliação de novos sistemas analíticos. Neste contexto, na primeira etapa desta tese, o sistema automatizado de microextração em fase sólida no capilar de polipirrol (in-tube PPY SPME) acoplado à cromatografia líquida com detecção fluorimétrica foi desenvolvido (lab-made) para a determinação enantiosseletiva de fluoxetina e de seu metabólito norfluoxetina em amostras de plasma, para fins de monitorização terapêutica. Na segunda etapa, o método cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente acoplada à espectrometria de massas com analisador quadrupolo (GC x GC / qMS) foi padronizado e validado para análise de multirresíduos de agrotóxicos em tomates frescos, para fins de controle de qualidade. Dentre os resultados obtidos podemos destacar: na primeira etapa o ganho de seletividade da fase extratora de polipirrol, em sistema miniaturizado e automatizado de preparo de amostra, hifenado à separação cromatográfica (LC) com detecção fluorimétrica; e na segunda etapa, o incremento da resolução cromatográfica e detectabilidade do sistema de cromatografia gasosa bidimensional com detecção espectrométrica com analisador quadrupolo. As análises de amostras de plasma de pacientes em terapia com fluoxetina e de amostras de tomates comerciais comprovaram a aplicabilidade dos métodos propostos, padronizados e validados, em níveis de concentrações que incluem o intervalo terapêutico preconizado para a fluoxetina em plasma e os limites máximos de resíduos de agrotóxicos estabelecidos para a cultura de tomate. / Determination of trace levels of drugs in biological fluids and multiresidue (contaminants) in food samples is extremely important because this generates valuable data for therapeutic drug monitoring (individualization of dosage regimen) and quality control (food safety), respectively. Because of the demand for analytical methods with high resolution and low limits of quantification for analysis of complex samples, analytical chemistry has stimulated the development of innovative approaches, especially those aimed at developing or evaluating new analytical systems. In this context, in the first stage of this thesis the automated solid-phase microextraction capillary polypyrrole (in-tube \"PPY SPME) coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection was developed (lab-made) for enantioselective determination of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. In the second stage of this work, the GC x GC / qMS method was developed for multiresidues analysis of pesticides in fresh tomatoes for the purpose of quality control. In the first stage of the research the gain in terms of the selectivity of the polypyrrole extraction phase in hyphenated and automated system for sample preparation and chromatographic separation (LC) with fluorimetric detection is worthy of note. As for the second step, the highlight is the improvement in chromatographic resolution as well as in the detectability system of the system consisting of two-dimensional gas chromatography and spectrometric detection with quadrupole analyzer. Analyses of plasma samples from patients undergoing therapy with fluoxetine and of samples of commercially available tomatoes proved the applicability of the proposed methods, which were optimized and validated at concentrations levels that include the therapeutic range for the analyzed drugs in plasma and the maximum residue limits of pesticides for growing tomatoes.