The use of short columns, higher carrier gas velocity and fast temperature programs in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Time-of- Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC x GC/TOFMS) technique is expected to increase the speed of analysis up to several orders of magnitude when compared to conventional gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A systematic evaluation of the GC x GC/TOFMS configuration for high-speed applications has received little attention in the literature. The feasibility of High Speed Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (High speed GC x GC/MS) for complex mixtures has been investigated in this thesis. A particular focus was placed on comparing conventional scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) with a newly available non-scanning time-of-flight instruments (TOFMS). Experiments were carried out using GC/qMS, GC x GC/qMS, GC/TOFMS and GC x GC/TOFMS both in normal (slow) and fast temperature rates coupled with high frequency modulation in GC x GC. Initially a complex mixture consists of 24 semivolatile compounds was used as the analyte for the above purpose. In the initial experiments parameters like acquisition rate and duty cycle for qMS were determined to evaluate the effectiveness of the instrument for fast analysis. The practical duty cycle value obtained for the qMS was only about 18 % for single ion and one compound at a dwell time of 10 ms in SIM mode. In both high-speed GC/qMS and high-speed GC x GC/qMS techniques only about 40 % of the components in the complex mixture were found to be well separated. The acquisition rate of scanning instruments like qMS is incompatible for fast eluting peaks in high speed GC. TOFMS that has an acquisition rate of several hundred spectra per second offer the potential to define the fast GC peaks accurately. The high quality spectra from TOFMS also enable deconvolution of coeluting peaks in the complex mixtures. The advantage of the automated spectral deconvolution is demonstrated for the identification of the coeluting peaks in the complex mixtures. Coelution of peaks is also observed with highspeed GC/TOFMS technique. The high-speed GC x GC/TOFMS was also tested with two different analyte system ??? A pesticide mixture and platformate (an aromatic mixture) to evaluate the suitability for high-speed analysis of complex mixtures. A poor resolution was observed for the pesticide mixture in the two-dimensional plane and it appeared, as there was nearly no orthogonal separation in the second dimension. The platformate mixture displayed a better two-dimensional separation. Chromatographic peak resolution is not really a primary requirement for locating and identifying the coeluting compounds in high-speed GC x GC/TOFMS technique. However, it was observed that the high-speed GC x GC/TOFMS too faced problem to unscramble the mass spectra of those compounds with similar structure and sharing the same unique masses.

Orientadores: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli, Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T04:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GodoyJunior_LuizAntonioFonsecade_D.pdf: 3302301 bytes, checksum: 976ce37dfd1cb2387181e2c245e3b652 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nesta tese, foram construídos modelos quimiométricos a partir de cromatogramas de diferentes amostras obtidos por cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente com detecção por ionização em chama (GC×GC-FID). Numa primeira aplicação, modelos foram desenvolvidos para identificar adulteração em gasolina. Para isso, uma amostra de gasolina não adulterada fornecida pela Agência Natural do Petróleo (ANP) foi utilizada na preparação de um conjunto de calibração e de um conjunto de validação de amostras de gasolinas adulteradas. Em seguida, o modelo construído foi utilizado para avaliar outras amostras de gasolinas e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pela ANP. Em um segundo estudo com gasolinas, 51 amostras foram fornecidas pela ANP juntamente com os resultados dos testes físico-químicos utilizados pela agência na avaliação da qualidade da gasolina. O objetivo deste estudo foi a elaboração de modelos quimiométricos utilizando dados de GC×GC-FID para a previsão de parâmetros físico-químicos de gasolina. Os métodos de seleção de variáveis siPLS e algoritmo genético foram utilizados na preparação de modelos para a previsão da temperatura de destilação a 10, 50 e 90 % v/v de destilado e no ponto final da destilação. Um modelo PLS foi construído para a previsão da densidade das amostras de gasolinas. Em um terceiro estudo, utilizando PARAFAC e GC×GC-FID, foi realizada a diferenciação entre amostras de gasolina do Brasil e da Venezuela, devido ao intenso contrabando de gasolina existente da Venezuela para o Brasil. Em uma quarta aplicação, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para seleção de intervalos em dados de ordem superior, o qual foi avaliado através da quantificação de alergênicos em perfumes. Por último, foi relatado o primeiro uso de MCR-ALS na construção de modelos quimiométricos utilizando-se dados obtidos por GC×GC-FID para quantificação de óleo essencial de alecrim em amostras complexas preparadas em laboratório / Abstract: In this thesis, some chemometric models were built using chromatograms of different kinds of samples obtained by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC×GC-FID). In the first application, models were developed to identify adulteration in commercial gasoline samples. A non-adulterated gasoline sample provided by the Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP) was used to build a calibration and a validation sample set of adulterated gasoline. Then, the built model was used to evaluate other gasoline samples and the obtained results were compared to the results obtained by ANP. In a second study with gasoline, 51 samples were supplied by ANP with the results of the physicochemical tests used by ANP to evaluate the quality of gasoline samples. The aim of this study was the elaboration of chemometric models using GC×GC-FID chromatograms to preview some of the physicochemical tests used by ANP. The variable selection siPLS and genetic algorithm methods were used to build multivariate models in order to preview the distillation temperatures of gasoline at 10, 50 and 90 % v/v of distillated and at the final point of the distillation. A PLS model was built to predict the density of the gasoline samples. In a third study, using PARAFAC and GC×GC-FID, it was performed the differentiation between Brazilian and Venezuelan gasoline, due to the intense smuggling of gasoline from Venezuela to Brazil. In a fourth application, an algorithm was developed for variable selection in multi-way data, which was evaluated by quantification of allergens in perfume. Finally, it was reported the first use of MCR-ALS algorithm to develop chemometric models using data obtained by GC×GC-FID to quantify rosemary essential oil in complex samples prepared in laboratory / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T10:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hantao_LeandroWang_M.pdf: 3862279 bytes, checksum: 7d8b474b736814564a1145814b69d5e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas metodologias para a análise de lipídios na forma de seus ésteres metílicos de ácido graxo (FAME) em diversas matrizes. Para isso foram empregadas e otimizadas de forma multivariada técnicas de derivatização dos lipídios por transesterificação por catálise básica, seu isolamento e concentração por Microextração em Fase Sólida (SPME) e análise por Cromatografia Gasosa Bidimensional Abrangente (GCxGC). A partir do perfil de extração foi escolhida a fibra comercial com revestimento de poli(dimetilsiloxano) (PDMS) com espessura de filme de 7 mm. O tempo de extração escolhido foi de 10 min pois atingiu a condição de sistema estacionário. Os parâmetros cromatográficos, tais como a programação de temperatura do forno, período de modulação e tipo de fase estacionária das colunas utilizadas no protótipo GCxGC, foram também otimizados. Além disso, durante o progresso deste trabalho, foi desenvolvido o primeiro protótipo brasileiro de GCxGC acoplado a um Espectrômetro de Massas com Analizador Quadrupolar rápido (GCxGCxqMS). Dentre os parâmetros operacionais do qMS, foram otimizados o intervalo de varredura do analizador quadrupolar e sua frequencia de aquisição. O sistema GCxGCxqMS foi empregado para a identificação dos FAME presentes nas amostras empregadas neste estudo, através do uso das informações obtidas pelos espectros de massas obtidos das amostras, com padrões analíticos e combinando o uso de índices de retenção (LTPRI) e da estrutura cromatográfica. Neste trabalho, devido ao incremento em detectabilidade e sensibilidade, foi possível observar diversos FAME comumente não detectados por Cromatografia Gasosa Convencional (GC), como FAME de comprimento ímpar de cadeia e a presença de agrupamento metila no carbono 2 (-br2). Além disso, em virtude da baixa abrangência do banco de dados disponíveis, foi possível, e necessário, criar um banco de dados com índices de retenção para análise de lipídios. Espera-se que estas metodologias desenvolvidas e os resultados apresentados possam ser empregados como ferramenta em estudos de lipidômica e aplicações correlatas / Abstract: The aim of this project was to develop alternative methodologies for lipidomic studies and related applications. A method for the analysis of lipids in different samples such as waxes, edible oils and cheek cells was developed. The isolation and concentration of the analytes was performed by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) combined with Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC). Firstly, the base-catalysed transesterification of the lipids into their respective fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was optimized according to a multivariate model. Thus, the sample prepation was optimized considering the thickness of the coating and their respective extraction profiles. The choosen commercial coating was a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with 7 mm film thickness, the extraction time was 10 min where stationary state conditions were achieved. Secondly, chromatographic parameters were also optimized, such as the temperature programming, modulation period, the identity of the first and second dimensional columns used in GCxGC prototype. During the current study, the first brazillian prototype of a GCxGC coupled to a mass spectrometer with a rapid quadrupolar analyzer was developed (GCxGCxqMS). Also, the scan interval and acquisition frequency of the qMS were optimized. For the identification of the analytes similarity searches for mass spectra, analytical standards and the combination retention indexes with chromatographic structuration were used. Additionally it was possible to detected and identify FAME which couldn't be detected by conventional GC such as odd numbered chain length and branched FAME. Moreover, elution pattern of a branched FAME was reported, specifically the FAME with a methyl group in the carbon 2 (-br2). Because of the restricted content of the retention indexes and mass spectra database, the construction of a database with retention indexes for lipid analysis was built. Hence the ultimate goal of the current study is to present the potencial and applicability of SPME for lipidomic studies and related applications / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Dissertação ( mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_SoraiaCristinaGonzagaNeves_M.pdf: 1977454 bytes, checksum: fb33fc10b38aaf44e885e8b0b197c7ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A carne de porco é a proteina mais consumida no mundo. Para ser consumida a carne necessita de um padrão de qualidade e um dos problemas que afeta esta qualidade é o surgimento de odores desagradáveis. Estes odores, conhecidos como boar taint, são causados principalmente pela presença de androstenona e escatol em níveis maiores que 1,00 mg g e 0,25 mg g, respectivamente, em gordura suína. Os métodos existentes para determinação destes compostos são dispendiosos e não geram resultados em tempos satisfatórios para análise de rotina. Neste trabalho foi proposto um novo método para determinação de androstenona e escatol em gordura suína que se baseia na utilização de microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC xGC). Para isso foi realizada uma otimização univariada do tipo de fibra e agente saponificante e posteriormente uma otimização multivariada, envolvendo concentração de saponificante, tempo de saponificação, temperatura e tempo de extração. O método otimizado foi validado sob os parâmetros de limites de detecção e quantificação, linearidade, precisão e exatidão. Para o escatol é possível a quantificação de amostras com quantidades menores que as detectadas sensorialmente (0,25 mg g), com precisão e exatidão, mas para a androstenona, é possível apenas detectar a presença ou não deste analito. Após todo o desenvolvimento e validação do método, este foi aplicado em sete amostras de toucinho cedidas pelo ITAL / Abstract: Pork is the must consumed protein the world. For consumpted, the meat needs a quality standard and one of the problems concerning the quality of pork meat are off-flavours. These off-flavores, called boar taint are caused by the presence of two compounds, skatole and androstenone, in levels superior to 1.00 and 0.25 mg g, respectively in pig fat. In order to determine these flavors is necessary to know the concentrations of androstenone and skatole in pig fat. There are specific methods to analyse these compounds, but they spend a lot of time and require a great number of clean-up steps process. In this work, a faster and cleaner method was proposed to determine the presence of androstenone and skatole in pig fat, based in the solid phase microextraction (SPME) and comprehensive bidimensional gas chromatography (GC xGC). A univariate optimization considering the kind of fibre coating and hydrolysis agent was performed. Later a multivariate optimization was developed to determine the concentration of hydrolysis agent, time of saponification and temperature and time of extraction. The best conditions found for the method were used for its validation. The quantification and detection limits, linearity, accuracy and precision were determined. For skatole it is possible to quantify samples at smaller quantities than those found sensorially (0.25 mg g), with precision and accuracy, but for androstenone the method only detects its presence or absence in the analyte. After all the development and validation of the method, it was implemented with seven samples of pig fat, courtesy of ITAL (Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos) / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestra em Química

This thesis is focused on the possibility of analysis of volatile organic compounds produced by monocytes during sepsis. Method of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was chosen for this purpose. Content of the first part was the optimization of the method of two-dimensional gas chromatography for the determination of volatile organic compounds. In this part were gradually adjusted parameters of the gas chromatography method to achieve the maximum efficiency. Further were adjusted conditions of samples preparation. Content of the second part was the usage of already optimized method for the analysis of the samples set of monocytes. Samples were subjected to the action of different inhibitors of the immune system and stimulators simulating bacterial or yeast infection. Based on this analysis were identified some compounds, which are produced by monocytes under condition simulating the infection.

Improved analytical methods using novel cleanup techniques and inexpensive instrumentation for the determination of residue estrogens in municipal wastewater and swine lagoon wastewater have been developed. Presented approaches are less expensive, less time consuming, yet produce comparable detection limits and extraction efficiencies to existing methods. Chapter I provides an overview on environmental estrogens. Chapter II describes a novel method to quantify five estrogens including estriol, estrone, 17alpha-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol, and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol in influent and effluent municipal wastewater. The method includes sample preparation using solid-phase extraction followed by a “QuEChERS” cleanup, dansylation and LC/MS/MS detection. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample preconcentration and the extract was cleaned up using a dispersive SPE method using MgSO4, PSA and C-18. The resulting extract was then derivatized with dansyl chloride. Separation was achieved on a C-18 column and quantification was accomplished in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The method is capable of detecting below 1 ng/L. Chapter III describes improved approaches to quantify five estrogens and two conjugates, Estrone 3-glucuronide and beta-Estradiol 3-sulfate, in swine lagoon wastewater and storm water runoff. A considerable residue was collected when lagoon wastewater samples were centrifuged therefore both resulting residues and aqueous portions were analyzed separately. Analysis of the aqueous portions was carried out using a similar approach to the method described in Chapter II. However, a simple test-tube liquid-liquid extraction was used as an additional sample clean-up step. A modified QuEChERS method was utilized to efficiently extract the target analytes in the residue. Methods have 0.9 – 2 ng/L detection limits. Chapter IV describes an approach to quantify residue estrogens in municipal wastewater using a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph (GCxGC). This method requires no further cleanups after SPE and has detection limits ranging from 1.4 – 22.2 ng/L. All presented methods use relatively small initial sample volumes and produce negligible matrix interferences. The developed methods were validated by performing mini surveys on the estrogen levels in environmental aqueous matrices in north Mississippi.

Cette thèse a été conduite afin d’explorer le potentiel d’une nouvelle méthodologie utilisant la pyrolyse, la chromatographie gazeuse et la spectrométrie de masse pour la caractérisation et l’identification des fibres papetières utilisées dans la fabrication des papiers asiatiques traditionnels à partir de la caractérisation des métabolites de ces fibres. Cette méthodologie utilise un processus d’échantillonnage facilité nécessitant une très petite quantité d’échantillons (de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de µg). Après la pyrolyse des échantillons de papiers et la séparation chromatographique des composés formés, des distributions caractéristiques pour les métabolites des fibres papetières (considérant leur présence et leur intensité) ont été observées dans une région définie comme région d’intérêt dans les chromatogrammes: ces distributions se sont révélées spécifiques pour la caractérisation des papiers fabriqués à partir de différents types de fibres et ont été utilisées pour distinguer l’origine des différentes fibres papetières couramment utilisées dans la fabrication de papiers asiatiques traditionnels. Premièrement, les problèmes rencontrés dans l’étude des papiers faits à la main ont été présentés, comme l’origine de la fabrication du papier, l’incohérence de certains résultats dans l’identification des fibres (reportés dans différentes études scientifiques), les limites de la microscopie pour l’identification des fibres papetières d’origines botaniques similaires et les risques d’imprécision dans le référencement des échantillons. Tous ces problèmes montrent la nécessité d’explorer de nouvelles méthodes pour (1) améliorer la fiabilité de l’identification des fibres papetières des papiers asiatiques traditionnels, (2) valider et confirmer les résultats obtenus par l’analyse microscopique. À cette fin, dans un premier temps, des papiers asiatiques de référence ont été étudiés. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les différentes fibres papetières utilisées pour la fabrication des papiers étudiés montraient des différences dans les distributions de leurs marqueurs spécifiques : par exemple, les fibres d’origine de la famille Moraceae montrent une distribution caractéristiques de composés triterpèniques alors que les fibres d’origine de la famille Thymelaeaceae montrent une distribution caractéristiques de composés de type stigmastanes. De leur côté, les fibres des plantes appartenant au groupe Ma montrent peu de métabolites caractéristiques. Les différences observées dans la distribution de ces métabolites ont été attestées par la comparaison entre distributions obtenues à partir des fibres végétales et celles des papiers faits à la main attestant de l’origine commune de ces métabolites issus des tissus végétaux d’origine. Ainsi, la méthodologie étudiée se révèle prometteuse en tant que méthode de chimiotaxonomie pour l’identification des fibres inconnues de papiers faits à la main. Avec les exemples d'applications fournies au cours du travail expérimental, le couplage de la pyrolyse, de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse et de la spectrométrie de masse (avec l’utilisation de la Py-GC/MS et de la Py-GCxGC/MS) a montré sa capacité à distinguer les fibres d'une même famille (qui peuvent présenter des caractéristiques similaires en microscopie) et peut ainsi constituer une méthode efficace d'identification des fibres et de validation des résultats d'identification obtenus par l'observation microscopique. Dans la présente thèse, les caractéristiques de la chromatographie gazeuse intégralement bidimensionnelle GCxGC, ses avantages pour les applications dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel et son apport potentiel pour le traitement des données 1D ont été discutées (...) / This study was conducted to explore a new methodology for handmade fiber characterizationand identification using pyrolysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It employseasy sampling process with minor quantity of samples required. After pyrolysis of handmadepapers, a featured metabolites distribution patterns (presence plus intensity) eluting in the defined region of interest (ROI) was observed to be characteristic for handmade papers of different material origins. The method utilizes these metabolites distribution patterns as markers to discriminate different fiber origins. Firstly, the problems encountered in the investigation of handmade papers were introduced such as the origin of papermaking, the inconsistency in the fiber identification results sometimes gained by different scholars, the limits of microscopy in identifying fibers from similar species and the likely imprecision of the reference sample labeling. All these problems showed the necessity to explore a new method in order to (i) make precise fiber identification of handmade papers and (ii) to validate or confirm the identification results obtained by microscopy. Then, modern reference handmade papers were firstly studied. The result revealed that different plant fibers used for papermaking have different marker distributions in the ROI, forinstance, the Moraceae family with a featured distribution of terpene compounds and theThymelaeaceae family with a featured distribution of stigmasta compounds. The fibers fromthe ma group usually revealed few compounds in the ROI. This metabolites difference in theROI was attested from the plant tissues with their similar distribution in handmade papers and plant raw fibers. Thus, the chosen methodology offers promise as a method of chemotaxonomy for unknown handmade paper fiber identification. With the examples ofapplications provided during the experimental work, the coupling of pyrolysis, gaschromatography and mass spectrometry (through the use of Py-GC/MS and Py-GCxGC/MS)showed its ability to distinguish fibers from the same plant family (that may present similar microscopic features) and thus, can constitutes an effective method for fiber identification as well as to validate the identification results of the microscopic observation. In the present thesis, the features of GCxGC and the benefits for cultural heritage applications and its help for the ID data treatment were discussed. The tested Py-GCxGC/MS methodology has been for the first time proposed in the cultural heritage field and it harbors the potential to promote the research in this domain, enhancing our capacity to handle small quantities of complex samples while providing an exhaustive response on its composition.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:02:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula C S Barbosa.pdf: 2096071 bytes, checksum: 806dcd37f1a3dcf13e97a1623194db6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As árvores do gênero Copaifera (Leguminosae), conhecidas popularmente como copaibeiras, exsudam um óleo-resina extensamente utilizado na medicina popular e por indústrias farmacêuticas e de cosméticos, devido às suas atividades cicatrizante e anti-inflamatória. Quimicamente, esses óleos se caracterizam pela presença de hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos, sesquiterpenos oxigenados e ácidos diterpênicos. No entanto, a composição química desses óleos-resina é variável e ainda não se tem conhecimento dos fatores que as determinam, embora vários fatores bióticos e abióticos sejam considerados fontes dessa variação. Essa variação dificulta a padronização da composição química desses óleos, comprometendo seu controle de qualidade e consequentemente a qualidade dos produtos a que darão origem, fato que tem causado um grande entrave à sua maior aplicação e comercialização. Essa variabilidade em sua composição química já é bastante conhecida e relatada na literatura, mas a maioria dos estudos realizados têm se restringido a caracterizar quimicamente o óleo-resina e poucos tem se preocupado em estudar as causas dessas variações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar a composição química dos óleos de copaíba por meio de técnicas de cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à detectores de ionização de chama (CG-DIC) e espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e cromatografia em fase gasosa bidimensional abrangente (CGXCG); analisar estatisticamente a influência de fatores abióticos como sazonalidade, tipo de solo e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), além da infestação por cupins, sobre a composição química desses óleos. Além disso, foram comparados 5 métodos de esterificação dos ácidos diterpênicos presentes nos óleos de copaíba envolvendo catálise ácida, que utilizam BF3/MeOH, H2SO4/MeOH e HCl/MeOH, levando-se em consideração suas eficiências e frequências analíticas, além do consumo e toxicidade dos reagentes utilizados, relação custo benefício e, principalmente, a possibilidade de alteração/degradação da estrutura dos constituintes quando aplicados em óleos de copaíba. Para isso foram obtidos óleos de copaíba de 3 coletas: em novembro de 2004 e novembro de 2005 (épocas consideradas secas) e em maio de 2005 (época considerada chuvosa). No total, 43 amostras de óleo-resina de copaíba foram coletadas na Reserva Ducke (Manaus-AM), de 33 espécimes diferentes, que possuíam diferentes DAP s e se encontravam em diferentes tipos de solo. As análises por CG-DIC e CG-EM permitiram a identificação de 35 constituintes: sendo 22 hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos, 9 sesquiterpenos oxigenados e 4 ácidos diterpênicos. Enquanto a análise por CGxCG permitiu a identificação de outros 13 sesquiterpenos, além de 7 monoterpenos, inéditos em óleos-resina de copaíba. O β-cariofileno e seu óxido foram os constituintes majoritários em 29 e 11 amostras, respectivamente. As análises hierárquica por agrupamento (HCA) e de componentes principais (PCA) evidenciaram a existência de dois grupos distintos com diferentes perfis cromatográficos, em que foi comprovada apenas a influência do tipo de solo, sobre a composição química desses óleos. Outros fatores analisados como sazonalidade, DAP e infestação por cupins, não tiveram influência sobre a composição química dos óleos-resina de copaíba. Quanto aos métodos de esterificação, as análises das 5 metodologias testadas, apesar de terem sido reprodutíveis, não se mostraram eficientes, ao passo que não permitiram a identificação dos constituintes formados e levaram à formação de artefatos.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), two groups of struc-turally related chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, generally referred to as “dioxins” are of great concern due to their extreme toxicity and presence in all compartments of the environment. Since they occur at very low levels, their analysis is complex and challenging, and there is a need for cost-efficient, reliable and rapid analytical alternatives to the expensive methods in-volving use of gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). It is im-portant to routinely monitor food and feed items to detect contaminations at an early stage. For the regulation of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed according to current legis-lation, large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Furthermore, soils at many industrial sites are also contaminated with dioxins and need remediation. In order to optimize the cost-efficiency of reclamation activities it is important to acquire information about the levels and distribution of dioxins in the contaminated areas. The aim of the studies underlying this thesis was to investigate the potential of comprehen-sive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a micro-electron capture detector (GC × GC-µECD) as a cost-effective method for analysing dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food, feed, fly ash and contaminated soils. Quantification studies of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs were con-ducted and results were compared with GC-HRMS reference data. Generally, there was good agreement between both the congener-specific results and data expressed as total toxic equiva-lents (TEQs). The developed GC × GC-µECD method meets the European Community (EC) requirements for screening methods for control of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed. The presented results also indicate that GC × GC-µECD has potential to be used as a routine method for the congener-specific analysis of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in matrices such as food and feed, fly ash and soil. However, to fully exploit the potential of the GC × GC-µECD technique, it should be combined with a fast and cost-efficient sample preparation procedure. Therefore, a number of certified reference materials (CRMs) were extracted using a new shape-selective pressurized liquid extraction technique with integrated carbon fractionation (PLE-C), and the purified extracts were analysed for PCDD/Fs using GC × GC-µECD. The results compared well with the certified values of a fly ash and a sandy soil CRM, but they were much too high for a com-plex clay soil CRM. It was concluded that this combination of techniques was very promising for screening ash and highly permeable soils. Further assessments and method revisions are still required before GC × GC-µECD can be used on a routine basis, and available software packages need to be refined in order to accelerate the data-handling procedures, which currently restrict the sample throughput.

No description available.