Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T09:14:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Varon_MauricioPardo_M.pdf: 5247609 bytes, checksum: ddfee289e17057b479b10f2913e86805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Bombeio Centrífugo Submerso (BCS) é um dos métodos mais importantes de elevação artificial de petróleo, no Brasil e no mundo. A bomba de BCS é acionada por um motor elétrico acoplado diretamente ao eixo da bomba. Comumente, possui também um conjunto de sensores que fazem o monitoramento da operação do motor, além de outras variáveis próprias como, por exemplo, o ganho de pressão gerado pela BCS. Por outro lado, a operação remota do motor na superfície se dá através de um inversor de frequência que fornece, além da rotação, o consumo elétrico da BCS. A medição da vazão de líquido produzida por cada poço é tradicionalmente realizada com instrumentação especializada de alto custo. Dado que o sensor do motor da BCS e o inversor de frequência que a opera já fornecem informações utilizadas para o monitoramento do equipamento e para o gerenciamento do poço, a vazão de líquido local na BCS poderia ser determinada com base em curvas de desempenho previamente levantadas nas condições de operação esperadas. O ganho de pressão gerado pela BCS e a potência elétrica consumida pelo motor que a aciona são as variáveis de desempenho consideradas neste estudo para avaliar a incerteza da vazão de líquido local estimada através da bomba em diversas condições de operação (incluindo escoamento bifásico e viscoso). A avaliação é feita com base na norma API RP 11S2, que estabelece as práticas recomendadas para testes de BCS / Abstract: ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump) is one the most important artificial lift methods for oil in Brazil and worldwide. The centrifugal pump is driven by an electric motor directly coupled to the pump shaft. Commonly, also has a set of sensors that monitor the electric motor operation, and other variables themselves, for example, the pressure gain generated by the ESP. Moreover, the remote operation of the equipment at the surface is performed via a frequency inverter that provides, in addition to the rotation, the power consumption of the ESP. Measurement of liquid flow rate produced by each well is traditionally performed with specialized instrumentation costly. As the motor sensor and the frequency inverter that drives the ESP already provide information used for monitoring equipment and for managing the well, the local liquid flow rate in the ESP could be determined based on correlations with these data. The pressure gain generated by the ESP and electrical power consumed by the motor are the considered variables for this study to correlate with the flow rate of fluid produced and to assess the quality of the results by analyzing uncertainties. To achieve this, a series of performance curves are obtained at different operating conditions (including two-phase flow and viscous) to observe how the uncertainty of the results are affected by correlated variables. The assessment is based on the standard API RP 11S2, which establishes best practices for testing BCS / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Les accidents graves résultant de la fusion d’un coeur de réacteur nucléaire doivent être anticipés pour améliorer l’efficacité de leur mitigation. De tels accidents sont survenus à TMI-2 (1979) et à Fukushima (2011). Suite à un accident de perte de refroidissement, l’échauffement du coeur et l’oxydation de la gaine de combustible suivie d’un renoyage (injection d’eau) peuvent entraîner l’effondrement des barres de combustible et la formation d’un lit de débris dans le coeur. La vapeur produite lors du renoyage peut activer l’oxydation exothermique du Zircaloy, entraînant la fusion partielle des matériaux. Cette évolution engendre des zones à porosité réduite limitant la pénétration de l’eau et/ou des zones imperméables. Dans cette situation, l’efficacité de l’injection d’eau dans le coeur pour arrêter la progression de la dégradation et empêcher la fusion du coeur du réacteur peut être considérablement réduite. Dans ce cadre, l’IRSN a lancé le programme PEARL visant à étudier la thermohydraulique du renoyage des lits de débris chauds entourés d’une zone plus perméable simulant la présence de zones intactes ou moins endommagées dans le coeur. Dans cette thèse, les expériences PEARL ont été modélisées et simulées avec ICARE/CATHARE pour évaluer l’évolution d’un renoyage d’un lit de débris surchauffé entouré d’un bypass de perméabilité plus grande. La thermohydraulique du processus a été analysée et l’effet de différents paramètres (géométrie, conditions aux limites) sur le comportement de renoyage a été évalué. Sous certaines conditions, l’entraînement de l’eau dans le bypass a été identifié et évalué. Un modèle analytique a été mis au point ensuite pour étudier de façon approfondie le renoyage d’un milieu poreux hétérogène surchauffé composé de deux lits de débris de perméabilité et de porosité différentes et pour décrire l’entraînement de l’eau dans le bypass. Ce modèle calcule les principales variables caractérisant le processus de renoyage, telles que la vitesse du front de trempe, le taux de conversion eau-vapeur et le débit d’eau entraîné dans le bypass.Il fournit de bons résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs concernant la redistribution du débit d’eau par rapport aux résultats expérimentaux. Ce modèle a plusieurs avantages. Il est écrit sous une forme plutôt générale incluant les termes de correction de Forchheimer et les termes croisés non nuls dans l’équation de Darcy-Forchheimer généralisée. Les différentes options des équations de quantité de mouvement proposées, y compris les changements dans les corrélations et les lois de frottement interfacial, peuvent être testées facilement. La comparaison des calculs avec les résultats expérimentaux indique qu’il est nécessaire d’inclure une loi de frottement interfacial pour obtenir de bonnes prédictions. L’extrapolation à l’échelle du réacteur est simple et des calculs ont été effectués pour évaluer l’impact des paramètres géométriques du lit de débris (granulométrie, porosité, dimensions) ainsi que les conditions thermiques et hydrauliques (température, pression, débit d’injection). Ainsi, le modèle est très utile pour estimer le temps de trempe total et latempérature maximale qui pourraient être atteinte dans le lit de débris à grande échelle. Cela permet d’évaluer la probabilité de réussite du renoyage d’un lit de débris chauds formé lors d’un scénario accidentel hypothétique. / Severe accidents arising from the fusion of a nuclear reactor core must be anticipated to enhance the efficiency of their mitigation. Such accidents have occurred at TMI-2 (1979) and Fukushima (2011). Following a loss of coolant accident, core heating and oxidation of the fuel cladding followed by reflooding (injection of water) may lead to the collapse of fuel rods and formation of porous debris bed in the core. Steam produced upon reflooding may activate the exothermic oxidation of Zircaloy leading to partial melting of materials. Such evolution generates zones with reduced porosity limiting coolant penetration and/or impermeable blocked zones. In this situation, the efficiency of injecting water into the core to stop the progress of degradation and prevent the reactor core melting may be significantly reduced. In this scope, IRSN launched PEARL program to investigate the thermal hydraulics of reflooding of hot debris beds surrounded by a more permeable zone simulating the presence of intact or less damaged zones in the core. The PEARL experiments were modeled and simulated using ICARE/CATHARE code to assess the evolution of a bottom reflooding of a superheated debris bed surrounded by a bypass of larger permeability. The thermal hydraulics of the quenching process has been analyzed and the effect of each of the initial conditions on the reflooding behavior was assessed. The effect of pressure was investigated and related to the entrainment of injected water at quench front level into the bypass. An analytical model was then developed to investigate thoroughly the reflooding of a superheated heterogeneous porous medium, composed of two layers of contrasting permeability and porosity, and to describe the water entrainment in the bypass. This model computes the main variables characterizing the reflooding process such as quench front velocity, water-to-steam conversion ratio, and the flow rate of water entrained in the bypass. It provides good qualitative and quantitative results for the two-phase flow redistribution as compared to experimental results. This model has several advantages. It is written in a rather general form including the Forchheimer correction terms and non-zero cross-terms in the generalized Darcy-Forchheimer momentum equation. Variations of proposed momentum equations including changes in correlations andinterfacial friction laws can be tested easily and efficiently. Comparison of the calculations against experimental results indicated that it is necessary to include an interfacial friction law to obtain good predictions. This model allows performing fast evaluations of the efficiency of cooling bycomputing the fraction of the injected flow rate that participates in cooling. Upscaling to the reactor scale is straightforward and calculations were performed to assess the impact of geometric parameters of the debris bed (particle size, porosity, dimensions) as well as thermal hydraulic conditions (temperature, pressure, injection flow rate) on the reflooding process. Thus the model is very useful to estimate the total quenching time and the maximum temperature that could be reached by the hot debris bed at large scales. This allows assessing the probability of a successful quenching of a hot debris bed formed during a hypothetical accidental scenario.

Dans cette thèse, on utilise des outils mathématiques et numériques pour modéliser les écoulements tridimensionnels incompressibles à surface libre instationnaires. L'application industrielle visée est l'étude de la phase de remplissage des moules dans une fonderie. On développe un algorithme pour le transport de l'interface par la vitesse du fluide pour un fluide diphasique incompressible visqueux non-miscible de rapport de densité important en utilisant la méthode de caractéristiques pour traiter le problème de convection. Il y a des défis majeurs dans le contexte de la modélisation des fluides diphasiques. Tout d'abord, on doit prendre en considération l'évolution de l'interface et de ses changements topologiques. Deuxièmement, on doit traiter la non-linéarité convective de l'interface et de l'écoulement. Troisièmement, les équations de Navier-Stokes et du transport doivent être munies des conditions aux bords appropriées. En outre, il faut traiter soigneusement les singularités géométriques et topologiques à travers l'interface en particulier dans le cas de rapport de densité et viscosité important. On doit également maintenir la résolution d'une interface d'épaisseur nulle durant les cas du pliage, la rupture et la fusion de l'interface. Quatrièmement, on doit respecter les propriétés physiques telles que la conservation de la masse pour tout écoulement d'un fluide incompressible. Cinquièmement, il faut toujours penser aux limitations du temps de calcul et de mémoire pour résoudre ce genre de problème dans les cas pratiques. Notre but est de trouver un schéma fiable capable de modéliser le remplissage des moules tridimensionnelles industrielles. La première partie de cette thèse est dédiée à la description mathématique du schéma de transport de l'interface par la vitesse du fluide. Le mouvement des fluides est décrit par les équations de Navier-Stokes. L'interface est capturée par la fonction Level-Set. Le problème est discrétisée en espace par la méthode des éléments finis et en temps par la méthode de caractéristiques.Des conditions aux bords appropriées pour le problème du remplissage d'un moule sont introduites et un algorithme de calcul de la solution est présentée. Finalement,des résultats numériques montrent et valident l'efficacité duschéma proposé. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, on introduit une méthode de décomposition de domaine qui correspond à la discrétisation par la méthode des caractéristiques dans le but d'améliorer la performance de l'algorithme proposé lors de la modélisation du remplissage des moules industrielles à moyennes séries. Des résultats numériques de comparaison valident la précision du code parallèle. / In this thesis, we use mathematical and numerical tools to model three dimensional incompressible laminar flows with free surface. The described industrial application is the study of the mould filling phase in a foundry. We develop an algorithm for the transport of the interface by the fluid velocity for a viscous incompressible immiscible fluids of high density ratio in two-phase flow using the method of characteristics for the convection problem.There are, however, major challenges in the context of two-phase flow modeling.First, we have to take into account the evolution of the interface and its topological changes. Second, we have to deal with the non-linearity for the convection of the flow and the interface. Third, we must assign appropriate boundary conditions to the flow and transport equations.In addition, care must be taken in treating the geometrical and topological singularities across the interface.We also have to maintain a sharp interface resolution, including the cases of interface folding, breaking and merging.Furthermore, we should respect the physical properties such as the mass conservation for any incompressible fluid flows.Finally, we have to keep in mind the limitations in the time of computation and memory to solve this kind of problem in practical cases. Our purpose is to find a reliable scheme able to model the filling of three dimensional industrial moulds.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the mathematical description of the interface transport scheme by the fluid velocity. The fluids motion is described by the Navier-Stokes equations. The interface is captured by the Level-Set function. The problem isdiscretized by the characteristics method in time and finiteelements method in space. The interface is captured by the Level-Setfunction. Appropriate boundary conditions for the problem ofmould filling are investigated, a new natural boundary conditionunder pressure effect for the transport equation is proposed andan algorithm for computing the solution is presented. Finally,numerical experiments show and validate the effectiveness of theproposed scheme.In the second part of the thesis, we introduce a domain decomposition method that suits the discretization by the method of characteristics in order to improve the performance of the proposed algorithm to model the filling phase for moulds of medium series. Numerical results of comparison validate the precision of the parallel code.

[pt] A utilização de escoamentos bifásicos borbulhantes com dois componentes é muito utilizada em equipamentos industriais, particularmente quando existe um grande interesse em promover uma mistura eficiente entre os componentes. um dos equipamentos capazes de promover estas condições é o bocal convergente-divergente. O objetivo deste trabalho é simular o escoamento de misturas bifásicas borbulhantes neste tipo de bocal. Dados experimentais com uma mistura de ar e água foram levantados a partir da construção de um bocal em resina, avaliando-se as pressões nas seções convergente, garganta e divergente. A análise destes dados e a comparação com teorias existentes (N. T. Thang e D. Chisholm) permitiu a definição de um modelo, similar ao método do coeficiente C desenvolvido por Chisholm, adotando-se coeficientes experimentais distintos para as seções convergente, garganta e divergente. Foram determinadas as incertezas experimentais e do modelo, o que permitiu a comparação entre as teorias. Para a primeira (N. T. Thang) foi determinada experimentalmente a relação entre as velocidades do gás e do líquido como função da relação entre a vazão mássica do gás e a vazão volumétrica do líquido. De um modo geral, as teorias prospostas por N. T. Thang e D. Chisholm só se aproximaram dos dados experimentais na seção convergente. Na seção divergente e na garganta, sugere-se a utilização do modelo proposto com coeficiente C experimental. / [en] Two phase bubblyflow of two components has widespread applications in industries when efficient mixture in equipaments is required. High rates of mixing are frequently obtained in a converging-diverging nozzle flow. In this investigation a resin made converging-diverging nozzle was designed and built, with pressure taps drilled along its axis, so that the water-air mixture properties could be investigated under the bubbly flow regime. The experimental data was compared to the predicted values by two existing theories(N. T. Thang and D. Chisholm), using the estimated uncertainty of results, showing that in the converging section of the nozzle, the predicted pressure profile matches with the experimentally one. In order to usa Thang s theory, the gas-liquid velocity ratio was experimentally determined as a function of their mass flow rate ratio. A prediction scheme for the throat and the divergent section of the nozzle, using a modification of Chisholm s C coeficient method, was developed using the experimental data of this investigation. It is proposed in this work a prediction scheme for the whole nozzle flow, under the bubbly flow regime.

<p>To fully realize the advantages of the two-fluid model, the interfacial area concentration (IAC) should be properly given by a constitutive model. The conventional flow-regime-based IAC correlations intrinsically cannot predict the dynamic flow structure change and would introduce a discontinuity and numerical instability to system codes. As a promising alternative, the interfacial area transport equation (IATE) is developed to model the interface structure mechanistically. Progress has been achieved for IATE modeling in bubbly, slug, and churn-turbulent flow during the past two decades. Aiming at a comprehensive flow structure predictor for all flow regimes, further development in two directions is highly desirable. First is extending the current experiment and modeling capability from churn-turbulent to annular flow. In this study, an advanced four-sensor droplet capable conductivity probe (DCCP-4) is developed to capture all interfaces in churn-turbulent and annular flow, including liquid film, liquid droplet, gas core, and gas bubble. A first of a kind experimental database in churn-turbulent, annular, and wispy annular flow with two-dimensional spatial distributions is established, which provides the experimental basis for the multi-field two-phase flow model development. The measured parameters include local time-averaged volume faction, IAC, and velocity for various fields of annular flow. In addition, a new constitutive model to quantify the interfacial area between the gas core and liquid film of annular flow is developed, which fills the last theoretical gap of interfacial area modeling. The other important direction is improving the current IATE model to fulfill the dynamic prediction of developing flow, especially the bubbly to slug transition flow. Vertical-upward air-water two-phase flow experiments are performed. The state-of-the-art IATE model is evaluated against the newly collected data at bubbly and slug flow, and the result shows unsatisfactory performance in predicting the developing flow with intensive bubble coalescence. A new bubble coalescence model is derived by using the log-normal bubble size distribution, which significantly improves the model prediction capability.</p>

This thesis deals with the problem of critical heat flux (CHF) on technically smooth and treated surfaces at low pressures. The theoretical part presents the basic concepts of two-phase flow and an analysis of existing work on the influence of the surface on CHF. The main part of the work describes the built experimental apparatus for CHF research at low pressures of 100 -1500 kPa (1-15 bar) with a vertical internally heated annular test section. The internal annuli consists of an outer glass tube with an inner diameter of 14.8 mm and an inner tube made of Inconel ™ 625 / Optimized ZIRLO ™ with an outer diameter of 9.14 mm and a heated length of 380/365 mm. CHF experiments on technically smooth surface were performed at outlet pressures 120 kPa, 200 kPa and 300 kPa, at an inlet temperature of 64, 78 and 91 °C and at mass flux of 400, 500, 600 and 800 kg / m2s. The Inconel tubes were tested in two different surface modifications - abraded and bead blasted. Experiments were performed at mass flows of 400, 500 and 600 kg / m2s. The total number of 122 experimental runs were conducted and the results were compared with other literature experimental data. The maximum increase of CHF on abraded / bead blasted tube was 18.12% / 16.17%. The surface structure was analysed by laser microscopy. The wetting behaviour of the surface structures was measured by the sessile drop method. The elemental analysis of the surface was evaluated using the EDS method.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23506号 / 工博第4918号 / 新制||工||1768(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 健, 教授 横峯 健彦, 准教授 山本 俊弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Air-cooled condensers (ACCs) are a type of dry-cooling technology that has seen an increase in implementation globally, particularly in the power generation industry, due to its low water consumption. Unfortunately, ACC performance is susceptible to changing ambient conditions, such as dry bulb temperatures, wind direction, and wind speeds. This can result in performance reduction under adverse ambient conditions, which leads to increased turbine back pressures and in turn, a decrease in generated electricity. Therefore, this creates a demand to monitor and predict ACC performance under changing ambient conditions. This study focuses on modelling a utility-scale ACC system at steady-state conditions applying a 1-D network modelling approach and using a component-level discretization approach. This approach allowed for each cell to be modelled individually, accounting for steam duct supply behaviour, and for off-design conditions to be investigated. The developed methodology was based on existing empirical correlations for condenser cells and adapted to model double-row dephlegmators. A utility-scale 64-cell ACC system based in South Africa was selected for this study. The thermofluid network model was validated using site data with agreement in results within 1%; however, due to a lack of site data, the model was not validated for off-design conditions. The thermofluid network model was also compared to the existing lumped approach and differences were observed due to the steam ducting distribution. The effect of increasing ambient air temperature from 25 35  −  C C was investigated, with a heat rejection rate decrease of 10.9 MW and a backpressure increase of 7.79 kPa across the temperature range. Condensers' heat rejection rate decreased with higher air temperatures, while dephlegmators' heat rejection rate increased due to the increased outlet vapour pressure and flow rates from condensers. Off-design conditions were simulated, including hot air recirculation and wind effects. For wind effects, the developed model predicted a decrease in heat rejection rate of 1.7 MW for higher wind speeds, while the lumped approach predicted an increase of 4.9 . MW For practicality, a data-driven surrogate model was developed through machine learning techniques using data generated by the thermofluid network model. The surrogate model predicted systemlevel ACC performance indicators such as turbine backpressure and total heat rejection rate. Multilayer perceptron neural networks were developed in the form of a regression network and binary classifier network. For the test sets, the regression network had an average relative error of 0.3%, while the binary classifier had a 99.85% classification accuracy. The surrogate model was validated to site data over a 3 week operating period, with 93.5% of backpressure predictions within 6% of site data backpressures. The surrogate model was deployed through a web-application prototype which included a forecasting tool to predict ACC performance based on a weather forecast.

The goal of submitted thesis is to perform a computer simulation of bubble creation in T-channel. In the first section of the paper, the theoretical applications of microfluidic bubble, micromachines and droplet formation are described. In the second part of the text, author uses cross flowing method for simulation od bubble creation. Furthermore, several settings in computer simulation software Fluent are mentioned. In addition, the influence of velocity at the T-channel inlet on surface tension and on bubble length is presented.

Tato práce se zabývá studií Simplex a SR verze původní trysky používané ve spalovací komoře malého proudového motoru. Pro lepší porozumění procesu rozprašování byl vyroben transparentní model obou trysek v měřítku 10:1. Tvorba spreje u tlakové vířivé trysky je komplexní proces dvoufázového proudění. Vnitřní a vnější proudění bylo zkoumáno pomocí Laserového Dopplerovského Anemometru a vysokorychlostní kamery při vstupních tlacích p = 0.5, 1.0 a 1.5 MPa s použitím kerosinu a p-Cymenu. Z hlediska vnitřního proudění byla provedena charakteristika vzdušného jádra a zkoumán vliv různých SFR hodnot na délku a průměr jádra. Dále byly objasněny rychlostní profily společně s jejich fluktuačními složkami vzhledem k Reynoldsovu číslu a použité kapalině. Také jednoduchý numerický model byl vyvinut k odhadu vnitřního proudění pomocí trackování částic. V případě vnějšího proudění byl zkoumán vliv vstupního tlaku na rozpadovou vzdálenost spreje a úhel kužele spreje.