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No description available.

L’ablation de cibles d’Al nanocristallines (taille moyenne des cristallites d = 3,1 et 6,2 nm) par impulsions laser ultrabrèves (200 fs) a été étudiée par l’entremise de si- mulations combinant la dynamique moléculaire et le modèle à deux températures (two- temperature model, TTM) pour des fluences absorbées allant de 100 à 1300 J/m2. Nos simulations emploient un potentiel d’interaction de type EAM et les propriétés électro- niques des cibles en lien avec le TTM sont représentées par un modèle réaliste possédant une forme distincte dans le solide monocristallin, le solide nanocristallin et le liquide. Nous avons considéré l’effet de la taille moyenne des cristallites de même que celui de la porosité et nous avons procédé à une comparaison directe avec des cibles mono- cristallines. Nous avons pu montrer que le seuil d’ablation des métaux nanocristallins est significativement plus bas, se situant à 400 J/m2 plutôt qu’à 600 J/m2 dans le cas des cibles monocristallines, l’écart étant principalement dû à l’onde mécanique plus im- portante présente lors de l’ablation. Leur seuil de spallation de la face arrière est aussi significativement plus bas de par la résistance à la tension plus faible (5,40 GPa contre 7,24 GPa) des cibles nanocristallines. Il est aussi apparu que les contraintes résiduelles accompagnant généralement l’ablation laser sont absentes lors de l’ablation de cibles d’aluminium nanocristallines puisque la croissance cristalline leur permet d’abaisser leur volume spécifique. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le seuil de fusion des cibles nano- cristallines est réduit de façon marquée dans ces cibles ce qui s’explique par la plus faible énergie de cohésion inhérente à ces matériaux. Nos simulations permettent de montrer que les propriétés structurelles et électroniques propres aux métaux nanocristallins ont toutes deux un impact important sur l’ablation. / The ablation of nanocrystalline (mean crystallite size d = 3.1 and 6.2 nm) Al tar- gets by ultrashort (200 fs) laser pulses was studied using hybrid simulations combining molecular-dynamics and the two-temperature model (TTM) for a range of absorbed flu- ence of 100 to 1300 J/m2. Our simulations employ an EAM interatomic potential and the TTM-related electronic properties are modelled using three distinct functions to rep- resent the monocrystalline solid, the nanocrystalline solid, and the liquid in an accurate way. Comparison between targets displaying two mean grain sizes, porous targets, and monocrystalline targets are reported. This study showed a significantly reduced abla- tion threshold of 400 J/m2 instead of the 600 J/m2 obtained for the single crystals, the discrepancy being mainly accounted for by an increase in the magnitude of the pressure wave generated during ablation. The spallation threshold of the back side of the target is also reduced owing to a lower tensile strength (5.40 GPa against 7.24 GPa). This work also allowed to discover that residual stress generally associated with laser ablation is totally absent in nanocrystalline samples as crystal growth provides a mechanism for volume reduction near the melting temperature. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the melting threshold shows an important decrease and the melting depth an im- portant increase in the nanocrystalline samples which can be explained by their lower cohesion energy. Our simulations shed light on the fact that a realistic modelling of both structural and electronic properties of the nanocrystalline target is important to produce a reliable representation of laser ablation.

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We discuss the so-called two-temperature model in linear thermoelasticity and provide a Hilbert space framework for proving well-posedness of the equations under consideration. With the abstract perspective of evolutionary equations, the two-temperature model turns out to be a coupled system of the elastic equations and an abstract ordinary differential equation (ODE). Following this line of reasoning, we propose another model which is entirely an abstract ODE.We also highlight an alternative method for a two-temperature model, which might be of independent interest.

<div>The interactions of femtosecond lasers with gold targets were investigated with a numerical method combining molecular dynamics (MD) and the two-temperature model (TTM). Previous works using MD-TTM method did not consider all the thermodynamic parameters and the interatomic potential dependent of the electron temperature simultaneously. Therefore, we developed a LAMMPS function to achieve this. To accurately capture the physics behind the interactions, we also included the electron blast force from free electron pressure and the modified Fourier law with steep electron temperature gradient in our model. For bulk materials, a stress non-reflecting and heat conducting boundary is added between the atomistic and the continuum parts. The modified boundary force in our study greatly reduces the reflectivity of the atomistic-continuum boundary compared with its original form. Our model is the first to consider all these factors simultaneously and manage to predict four femtosecond laser ablation phenomena observed in the experiments. </div><div><br></div><div>In this dissertation, the thermodynamic parameters in the two-temperature model were extensively explored. We considered three different approaches to calculate these parameters: namely interpolation, <i>ab initio</i> calculation, and analytical expression. We found that simple interpolation between solid state and plasma state could lead to high level of inaccuracy, especially for electron thermal conductivity. Therefore, <i>ab initio</i> calculation and analytical expression were used for the calculation of the thermodynamic parameters in more advanced studies. The effects of electron thermal conductivity and electron-phonon coupling factor on electron and lattice temperatures were analyzed.</div><div><br></div><div>Our studies considered electron temperature dependent (ETD) and electron temperature independent (ETI) interatomic potentials. The ETI interatomic potential is easier to implement and therefore it is used in our phase change study to investigate the effects of target thickness on melting. Homogeneous melting occurred for thin films, while melting can be observed through the movement of the solid-liquid interface in thick or bulk materials. However, the ETI potential overestimated the bond strength at high temperatures. Therefore, ablation process was studied with the ETD potential. Three ablation mechanisms were found in our simulations at different laser fluences. Short nonthermal ablation was only observed at the ablation threshold. With increasing laser fluence, spallation was then seen. In high laser fluence regime, phase explosion occurred on the surface and coexisted with spallation.</div><div><br></div><div>Lastly, we researched on the effects of the delay time between two femtosecond laser pulses. Various delay times did not have much influence on melting depth. In low laser fluence regime, with increasing delay time, the target went through nonthermal ablation, to spallation and to no ablation. In high laser fluence regime, longer delay time encouraged phase explosion while suppressed spallation.</div>