Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 42 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Les coxsackievirus du groupe B (CVB) sont des petits virus à ARN appartenant à au genre Enterovirus et à la famille des Picornaviridae. Chez, l’homme, les CVB sont responsables de nombreuses infections aiguës bénignes ou sévères. Ils sont également incriminés dans le développement de maladies chroniques telles que le diabète de type 1 (DT1). En effet, plusieurs données épidémio-cliniques sont en faveur d’un lien entre les entérovirus et notamment les CVB et le DT1. Deux mécanismes majeurs ont été proposés pour expliquer cette pathogenèse entérovirale du DT1. Il s’agit de l’activation « en passant » d’un environnement inflammatoire et la persistance virale qui concourent à l’initiation du processus auto-immun. Les études présentées dans cette thèse visent à comprendre les caractéristiques et conséquences de l’infection à CVB qui pourraient expliquer l’implication de ces mécanismes. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que CVB4 (utilisé comme modèle des CVB) est un virus inflammatoire. In vitro, il induit la production de grandes quantités d’IFNα par les cellules mononuclées du sang (CMN). Néanmoins cette induction d’IFNα n’est possible qu’en cas de facilitation de l’infection par des anticorps non neutralisants, qui se traduit par une entrée importante du virus dans les cellules. Dans nos travaux, l’IFNα a été détecté dans le plasma de sujets diabétiques, et fréquemment associé à la présence d’ARN entéroviral. De même, parmi les CMN, les monocytes ont été identifiés comme les principales cellules cibles du virus. En dehors de l’IFNα, nous avons montré que CVB4 peut induire la synthèse de plusieurs autres cytokines pro-inflammatoires notamment l’IL-6 et le TNFα. De façon intéressante, l’infection des cellules n’est pas indispensable car cette induction est possible par des particules non infectieuses. Cette production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires par les CMN peut également être amplifiée par la facilitation de l’infection en présence de particules infectieuses de CVB4. Nous avons montré que les macrophages, cellules effectrices importantes de l’immunité innée au niveau tissulaire, peuvent produire en présence de CVB4 de l’IFNα et d’autres cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Les macrophages dérivés de CMN en présence de M-CSF (mais pas de GM-CSF) sont infectables par CVB4 et le virus peut persister dans ces cellules. CVB4 peut également établir une infection chronique productive de type « état porteur » dans des cellules canalaires pancréatiques. Les cellules chroniquement infectées peuvent être guéries grâce à un traitement par de la fluoxétine. Cette molécule utilisée dans le traitement de troubles psychiatriques, présente in vitro une activité antivirale vis-à-vis de certains entérovirus, et permet d’éliminer complètement en quelques semaines le virus des cellules chroniquement infectées par CVB4. Des modifications cellulaires ont été observées au niveau des cellules chroniquement infectées notamment une diminution de l’expression de PDX-1, une résistance à la lyse au cours d’une réinfection par CVB4, ainsi qu’une diminution très importante de l’expression du récepteur CAR. Ces modifications cellulaires acquises au cours de l’infection chronique pouvaient persister après l’élimination du virus. Les cellules chroniquement infectées présentent également un profil de microARNs très différent de celui des cellules non infectées. Une évolution du virus a été également observée avec des changements phénotypiques et génotypiques. L’ensemble de nos observations montre que les caractéristiques de l’infection à CVB4 sont compatibles avec les mécanismes évoqués dans la pathogenèse entérovirale du DT1 et renforcent l’hypothèse de l’implication des CVB dans cette maladie. / Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are small RNA viruses belonging to Enterovirus genus and to the Picornaviridae family. In humans, CVB can cause numerous mild and severe acute infections. They are also thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Several epidemiological and clinical data support a link between enteroviruses, especially CVB and T1D. Two main mechanisms have been described to explain this enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D including a “bystander activation” of an inflammatory environment and viral persistence. These mechanisms contribute to initiation of the autoimmune process. Our studies aimed to understand the features and outcomes of CVB infection that could explain their involvement in these mechanisms. The results suggest that CVB4 (used as CVB model) is an inflammatory virus. CVB4 induces in vitro the production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of high amounts of IFNα. However this induction is only possible when CVB4 infection is enhanced by non-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in increased viral entry in cells. We also reported detection of IFNα in plasma of T1D patients, commonly associated with enteroviral RNA. In addition, monocytes have been identified as major targets of enteroviruses among PBMCs. Besides IFNα, CVB4 can induce the synthesis of other proinflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-6 and TNFα. Interestingly, infection is not needed, since inactivated viral particles can induce these proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the enhancing of CVB4 infection in PBMCs results in increased production of these cytokines. We have shown that macrophages that are known as major innate immunity effectors can produce IFNα and other proinflammatory cytokines upon infection with CVB4. Macrophages derived from PBMCs in presence of M-CSF (but not GM-CSF) can be infected by CVB4, and the virus can persist in these cells. CVB4 can also establish a productive, carrier-sate persistent infection in pancreatic ductal-like cells. The virus can be completely cleared from chronically-infected cells using fluoxetine. This molecule already used in the treatment of depression and other mental disorders, has displayed antiviral activity against many enteroviruses, and can completely clear CVB4 from chronically-infected cells within few weeks. Cellular changes have been observed during chronic infection including a reduced expression of PDX-1, a resistant profile to lysis upon superinfection with CVB4, and an important decrease of CAR expression. These changes can linger even after the clearance of CVB4. In addition the miRNA profile in chronically-infected ductal-like cells was clearly different from that of mock-infected cells. Some phenotypic and genotypic changes were also observed in the virus derived from chronic infection. Altogether, these findings show the features of CVB4 infection are compatible with mechanisms reported in the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D, and support the hypothesis of involvement of CVB in this disease.

Le genre Enterovirus comporte de nombreux virus à ARN non enveloppés regroupés en espèces EV-A-J et Rhinovirus A-C. Les coxsackievirus B (CV-B) appartiennent à l’espèce EV-B. Le rôle des CV-B et notamment de CV-B4 dans la pathogenèse du diabète de type 1 (DT1) est fortement suspecté. Coxsackievirus-B4 E2 (CV-B4 E2) isolé à partir du pancréas d’un patient souffrant de DT1 est capable d’induire une hyperglycémie chez des souris. Les mécanismes de la pathogenèse entérovirale du diabète ne sont pas encore bien connus. Il a été montré que les monocytes humains sont infectés par CV-B4 in vitro grâce à des anticorps anti-VP4 formant des complexes avec le virus, et que les macrophages humains également sont infectés par CV-B4 in vitro. Les études réalisées in vitro sont riches d’informations mais des modèles d’infection in vivo sont nécessaires pour explorer d’avantage les mécanismes des infections à entérovirus. Malgré l’impact des entérovirus en pathologie les moyens de lutte contre ces virus sont limités.Nos principaux objectifs étaient i) d’étudier l’infection à CV-B4 E2 chez la souris et de déterminer si les monocytes/macrophages sont des cibles du virus in vivo ii) de mettre en œuvre un modèle de diabète induit par CV-B4 E2 chez la souris iii) d’étudier l’activité anti-CV-B4 de diverses molécules in vitro iiii) de mettre en évidence la survenue d’infections entérovirales naturelles chez des animaux.L'ARN viral est présent in vivo dans les monocytes (CD14+) et macrophages (F4/80+) de la rate et dans les cellules de la moelle osseuse de souris ICR-CD1 inoculées avec CV-B4 E2. In vitro, CV-B4 E2 infecte les cellules CD14+ et les cellules F4/80+ de la rate. Les macrophages dérivés de la moelle osseuse cultivés en présence de M-CSF sont infectés par CV-B4 in vitro. Le sérum de souris infectée par CV-B4 E2 facilite l’infection in vitro des cellules spléniques par CV-B4 E2, mais pas celle des macrophages dérivés de la moelle osseuse. Chez des souris ICR-CD1 préalablement traitées par des doses sub-diabétogènes de streptozotocine β (STZ), l’inoculation de CV-B4 E2 provoque une hyperglycémie associée à une hypo-insulinémie. La charge virale du pancréas évaluée par RT-PCR quantitative n’est pas différente chez les animaux diabétiques (STZ/CV-B4 E2) par rapport aux animaux inoculés avec le virus mais non diabétiques. L'analyse histologique du pancréas d’animaux diabétiques (STZ/CV-B4 E2) met en évidence des foyers d’inflammation au niveau des ilots de Langerhans. Des dérivés de pirodavir, molécules qui se fixent à la capside des entérovirus inhibent l’infection à echovirus 7 et 11 mais pas à CV-B4 E2 in vitro. Par contre la fluoxétine a fait preuve d’un effet anti-CV-B4 E2 dans un modèle de culture de fragments de pancréas et de cellules béta pancréatiques murins. La détection d’anticorps sériques anti-VP4 par ELISA, à l’aide d’un peptide de 50 acides-aminés de la protéine VP4 d’EV-G1 (un entérovirus porcin), a été appliquée à la mise en évidence de l’infection de jeunes porcs par des entérovirus. Une homologie de 88% de la séquence du peptide VP4 d’EV-G1 avec celle des protéines VP4 d’ autres EV-G suggère que des anticorps dirigés contre ces virus distincts d’EV-G1 puissent être détectés.En conclusion, CV-B4 E2 peut infecter les monocytes et les macrophages in vitro et in vivo dans un système murin, et le virus peut provoquer un diabète chez des souris préalablement exposées à de faibles doses de STZ. La fluoxétine inhibe l’infection à CV-B4 E2 de cellules pancréatiques in vitro. La détection d’anticorps anti-VP4 d’EV-G1 a permis de mettre en évidence des infections naturelles à entérovirus chez des jeunes porcs. Ce modèle porcin pourrait être mis à profit pour étudier la physiopathologie des infections à entérovirus et tester des moyens de lutte contre ces virus. / Enterovirus genus encompasses a number of non-enveloped RNA viruses grouped into 12 species, EV-A-J and Rhinovirus A-C. Group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 is thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). A strain of CV-B4 (CV-B4 E2) was isolated from the pancreas of a patient with T1D, and was able to induce a hyperglycemia in mouse. The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known yet. It has been observed that the infection of human monocytes with CV-B4 E2 in vitro can be enhanced by anti-VP4 antibodies bound to the virus, and human macrophages are also infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to better understand the mechanisms of enterovirus infections. Despite the effect of enterovirus on health, the means in the fight against these viruses are limited.Our main objectives were i) to investigate CV-B4 E2-infection in mice and to determine whether monocytes / macrophages are targets of the virus in vivo ii) to implement a CV-B4 E2-induced diabetes model in mice iii) to study the anti-CV-B4 activity of various molecules in vitro iiii) To highlight the natural occurrence of enterovirus infections in animals.Viral RNA was found in vivo in monocytes (CD14+) and macrophages (F4/80+) of the spleen and in bone marrow cells of ICR-CD1 mice inoculated with CV-B4 E2. In vitro, CV-B4 E2 infected the CD14+ and the F4/80+ cells of the spleen. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The serum of CV-B4 E2- infected mice enhanced in vitro the infection of spleen cells by CV-B4 E2 but not the infection of BMDM. ICR-CD1 mice, treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of Streptozotocin β (STZ), and afterwards inoculated with CV-B4 E2 developped hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinemia. The viral load of pancreas assessed by quantitative RT-PCR was not different in diabetic animals (STZ/CV-B4 E2) compared to non-diabetic animals inoculated with CV-B4 E2. Histological analysis of diabetic animals highlighted an inflammation of pancreas isletsPirodavir-derived molecules, which bind to the enteroviruses capsid, inhibited the infection with echovirus 7 and 11 but not the infection with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. On the other hand, it was displayed that an anti-CV-B4 E2 effect of fluoxetine in cultures of mouse pancreas fragments and mouse beta cells. The detection of anti-VP4 antibodies in serum by ELISA using a 50 amino acids peptide of VP4 from EV-G1 (a porcine enterovirus) was applied to piglets to highlight enterovirus infections. A strong sequence homology (88%) between the VP4 of EV-G1 and of other EV-G suggests that antibodies directed against viruses other than EV-G1 can be detected.In conclusion, CV-B4 E2 can infect monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo in a murine system, and the virus can cause diabetes in mice previously exposed to low doses of STZ. Fluoxetine inhibits the infection of pancreatic cells with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. The detection of anti-EV-G1-VP4 antibodies highlighted natural enterovirus infections in young pigs. This porcine model could be used to study the pathophysiology of enterovirus infections and to evaluate approaches aimed to fight these viruses.

Engaging youth with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the self-management of daily tasks and decision- making provides opportunities for positive health outcomes. However, emerging adulthood and care transitions are associated with decreased clinic attendance and diabetes complications. The process of shared decision making (SDM) comprises four key elements – acknowledge, consider, decide, act - and is identified as an optimal approach to making self-management decisions, yet it has been difficult to implement in practice. Personal health record (PHR) technology is a promising approach for overcoming such barriers. Still, today PHRs have yet to root themselves into care and present an opportunity for improvement in SDM and engagement in self-management decision making. Using a sequential two-phased investigation, this dissertation describes how PHRs can be designed to enable SDM and integrated into clinical practice to engage youth with T1D in self-management decision making. Phase 1 proposed an integrated SDM–PHR (e-PHR) functional model justified by youth with T1D (n=7) and providers (n=15) via a user-centered design approach. Located within an interconnected EHR ecosystem, e-PHR integrates 23 PHR functionalities for the SDM process, whereby each SDM element was mapped to PHR functions with a moderate level of agreement between patients and providers (Cohen's kappa 0.60-0.74). The Phase 2 mixed methods, pre-implementation evaluation utilized an online measurement instrument and survey and individual interviews, underpinned by the Normalization Process Theory (NPT), to describe the four cognitive and behavioural processes (coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, reflexive monitoring) known to influence the success of complex socio-technical implementations. Youth with T1D (n=8), providers (n=11), and EHR/clinical leaders (n=8) in British Columbia participated. Reliability tests of NPT-based instrument negated the use of scores for the coherence and reflexive monitoring constructs. Qualitative results indicated that e-PHR made sense as explained by two themes for ‘Coherence’: game changing technology and sensibility of change. Participants strongly agreed (mean score=4.6/5) with ‘Cognitive Participation’ processes requiring an investment in commitment, explained by two themes: sharing ownership of the work and enabling involvement. Weak agreement (mean score=3.6/5) was observed with ‘Collective Action’ processes requiring an investment in effort, explained by one theme, uncovering the challenge of building collective action, and 3 sub-themes, assessing fit, adapting to change together, and investing in the change. Participants appraised e-PHR as explained by two themes for ‘Reflexive Monitoring’: reflecting on value, and monitoring and adapting. Finally, participants strongly agreed (mean score=4.5/5) that e-PHR would positively affect engagement in self-management decision making in two themes: care is efficient and care is person-centred. The establishment of a e-PHR functional model is a precursor to system design requirements. Using the NPT framework, findings from the process evaluation indicated participants invest in sense-making, commitment and appraisal work of this technology. However, successful integration of e-PHR into clinical practice to positively affect engagement in self-management decision making will only be attained when systemic effort is invested to enact it. Further research is needed to explore this gap to inform priorities and approaches for future implementation success. / Graduate

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-10T16:14:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carine de Sousa Andrade Ribeiro Controle glicemico....pdf: 2273256 bytes, checksum: e1b6ca7883448988e46bc68525e65b0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-10T16:22:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carine de Sousa Andrade Ribeiro Controle glicemico....pdf: 2273256 bytes, checksum: e1b6ca7883448988e46bc68525e65b0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T16:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carine de Sousa Andrade Ribeiro Controle glicemico....pdf: 2273256 bytes, checksum: e1b6ca7883448988e46bc68525e65b0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / CAPES e Pfizer / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Introdução: Apesar dos avanços no manejo do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), 60% a 90% dos pacientes apresentam controle glicêmico inadequado e 10% a 30% relatam baixa adesão à insulina. Os objetivos dessa tese foram identificar fatores associados à elevada concentração de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e à uma melhor percepção da adesão à insulina em pacientes com DM1 em dez cidades de grande porte no Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, multicêntrico, com pacientes ≥18 anos, com diagnóstico médico de DM1, atendidos em centros de saúde. Dados sócio demográficos, comportamentais, clínicos, de conhecimento sobre o diabetes e satisfação com o tratamento foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas. A HbA1c foi dosada para todos os participantes. Considerou-se controle glicêmico inadequado quando HbA1c >7,0%. A auto percepção da adesão à insulina foi analisada em 3 categorias: regular/ruim, boa e excelente. Modelos multivariados hierarquizados de regressão linear foram utilizados para identificar fatores associados à elevada concentração de HbA1c e modelos multivariados de regressão multinomial foram usados para identificar fatores associados a adesão à insulina. Resultados: Dentre os 979 pacientes estudados, 63% eram do sexo feminino e a média da idade foi de 40 anos (DP:14,56). A média da HbA1c foi 9,4% (DP: 2,2) e 89,6% dos pacientes tinham controle glicêmico inadequado. No último ano não ter participado de aula/palestra sobre diabetes, não realizar consultas médicas em consultório particular e não ter dosado a HbA1c, além da baixa escolaridade e percepção regular/ruim da adesão à dieta e à insulina, foram fatores independentemente associados a elevadas concentrações de HbA1c. A auto percepção da adesão à insulina foi a variável mais fortemente associada ao aumento da HbA1c (β=1,385, IC95%:0,764; 2,007). Adesão à insulina regular/ruim, boa e excelente foi reportada por 5,8%, 15,1% e 79,1% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Idade entre 30 a 49 anos, sexo feminino, baixa escolaridade, adesão boa ou excelente à dieta, satisfação com o tratamento atual, dosagem de HbA1c no último ano, acompanhamento médico com endocrinologista, monitoramento regular da glicemia e mais de 10 anos de doença foram independentemente associados à percepção boa ou excelente da adesão à insulina. Conclusão: Embora somente 5,8% dos pacientes relatassem percepção regular/ruim da adesão à insulina, aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes tinham HbA1c >7,0%. Os achados sugerem que fatores comportamentais, de acesso à informação e à assistência qualificada parecem ser determinantes do controle glicêmico e da adesão à insulina. Assim, programas de controle do diabetes devem abranger ações multifatoriais que incluam educação em saúde e importância da adesão à insulina e do bom controle glicêmico em pacientes com DM1 no Brasil. / Introduction: Despite advances in managing diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1), 60% to 90% of patients have poor glycemic control and 10% to 30% reported low adherence to insulin. The objectives of this thesis was to identify factors associated with high levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and a better understanding of adherence to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes in Brazil. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter study, with patients ≥18 years old, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes treated at health centers in 10 cities in Brazil. We obtained sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical data, knowledge about diabetes and satisfaction with treatment through interviews. We measured HbA1c for all participants. It was considered inadequate glycemic control when HbA1c >7.0%. We analyzed self-perception of adherence to insulin in three categories: fair/poor, good and excellent. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify hierarchical factors associated with HbA1c levels and multivariate models multinomial regression were used to identify factors associated with adherence to insulin. Results: Among the 979 patients studied, 63% were female and the average age was 40 years (SD: 14.56). The mean HbA1c was 9.4% (SD: 2.2) and 89.6% of patients had inadequate glycemic control. Last year did not participate in class/lecture on diabetes, not to visit a doctor in private practice and not have dosed HbA1c, as well as low education and perception poor adherence to diet and insulin, were factors independently associated with higher levels HbA1c. Self-perception of adherence to insulin was the variable most strongly associated with increased levels of HbA1c (β = 1.385, 95% CI: 0.764, 2.007). We reported adherence to fair/poor, good and excellent insulin by 5.8%, 15.1% and 79.1% of patients, respectively. Age between 30-49 years old, female, low education, good adhesion and excellent diet, satisfaction with current treatment, HbA1c measurement in the last year, medical follow-up with an endocrinologist, regular monitoring of blood glucose and more than 10 years of disease were independently associated with good or excellent perception of adherence to insulin. Conclusion: Although only 5.8% of patients to report fair/poor perception of adherence to insulin approximately 90% of patients had HbA1c >7.0%. Our findings suggest that behavioral factors, access to information and qualified assistance appear to be determinants of glycemic control and adherence to insulin. Thus, diabetes control programs should cover multifactorial actions include health education and the importance of adherence to insulin and good glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes in Brazil.

Introdução: O controle glicêmico estrito com múltiplas injeções diárias de insulina é o foco do tratamento para diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), mas geralmente está associado a um aumento no número de episódios de hipoglicemia, e o estresse de conviver com esse evento pode estar associado a prejuízos para a saúde mental do paciente. Embora os análogos de insulina de ação prolongada tenham propriedades farmacológicas para imitar o perfil fisiológico de insulina, a literatura não é unânime em demonstrar esse efeito em comparação à insulina humana. No Brasil, apenas alguns estados, incluindo o Rio Grande do Sul (RS), fornecem análogos de insulina para pacientes com DM1. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência de hipoglicemias e a satisfação dos pacientes com DM1 que recebem análogos de insulina de curta e longa ação após sua introdução no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, realizado com pacientes adultos com diabetes tipo 1, residentes de 38 cidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que recebiam análogos de insulina via Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Os dados clínicos e demográficos foram avaliados por formulário auto-respondido, a satisfação dos pacientes com o tratamento através do Questionário de satisfação com o tratamento do diabetes (DTSQs) e os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) através do Questionário sobre saúde geral (QSG-12). Resultados: Um total de 507 pacientes foram incluídos, com idade média de 38,6±13,7 anos, 52% feminino, com duração do DM 18 [IQR25-75 = 11-25] anos e 36,8% com ensino superior completo. A pontuação mediana de satisfação com o tratamento (DTSQs) foi de 32 [IQR25-75 = 29 -35]. A satisfação dos pacientes não reduziu a longo prazo. A taxa de pacientes com hipoglicemias, incluindo grave e noturna, não alterou com o tempo de uso dos análogos de insulina. Apesar de taxas altas de hipoglicemias e com a maioria dos pacientes com triagem positiva para transtornos mentais comuns os pacientes mantiveram altos escores de satisfação com o tratamento, o que não reduziu em longo prazo como em outras intervenções em doenças crônicas. / Introduction: Strict glycemic control with multiple daily insulin injections is the focus of treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but it is usually associated with an increase in the number of hypoglycemia episodes, and the stress of living with this event may be associated with damages to the mental health of the patient. Although long-acting insulin analogues have pharmacological properties to mimic physiologic insulin profile, literature is not unanimous in showing this effect in comparison to human insulin. In Brazil, only some states, including Rio Grande do Sul (RS), provide insulin analogues for T1D patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of hypoglycemia and the satisfaction of T1D patients who receive short and long acting insulin analogues after their introduction in RS. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted with adult patients with T1D, residents of 38 cities in Rio Grande do Sul state, who received insulin analogues via the State Department of Health. Demographic and clinical data was evaluated through a self-responded questionnaire; satisfaction, analyzed using the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQs), and Common Mental Disorders (CMD), analyzed using the General Health Questionnaire (QSG-12). Results: A total of 507 T1D patients were included, with a mean age of 38.6 ± 13.7 years, 52% female, with diabetes duration of 18 (11-25) years and 36.8% with complete higher education. The medium score of satisfaction with the treatment (DTSQs) was 32 [IQR25-75 = 29 -35]. Patient satisfaction was not reduced in the long term. The rate of patients with hypoglycemia, including severe and nocturnal hypoglycemia, was not changed with the time use insulin analogues. Although high rates of hypoglycaemia and with most patients with positive 14 screening for common mental disorders patients maintained high satisfaction scores with treatment, which did not reduce in the long term as in other interventions in chronic diseases.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Segundo a American Diabetes Association, é importante a ênfase no controle glicêmico com o objetivo de prevenir complicações microvasculares em diabéticos, e a adoção de um plano alimentar saudável é fundamental no tratamento destes pacientes. O método de contagem de carboidratos é uma estratégia nutricional, é um método usado por indivíduos diabéticos, que associa o total de carboidratos ingerido nas refeições com a dose de insulina utilizada, com o objetivo de manter a glicemia dentro dos limites convenientes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se a intervenção nutricional, utilizando o método de contagem de carboidratos, influencia o controle glicêmico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Foram avaliados 157 DM1, 96 constituíram o grupo intervenção com dieta prescrita e com o uso do método de contagem de carboidratos e 61 pacientes DM1 constituíram o grupo controle com dieta prescrita e sem contagem de carboidratos. Os diabéticos foram monitorados por um período de seis meses. Na primeira visita foram submetidos a um questionário de caracterização dos indivíduos, avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica, clínica e dietética. Houve diferença significativa entre o registro alimentar preenchido durante 3 dias e a dieta prescrita, nos gramas de proteína consumidos por dia 50,39 + 29,27 e 22,01 + 3,05 (p= 0,02), como também no índice glicêmico (IG) do almoço 43,00 + 24,89 e 7,83 + 1,88 (p=0,02), e do jantar 50,09 + 35,09 e 7,56 + 2,57 (p=0,00). Em relação a avaliação antropométrica houve aumento não significativo em ambos os grupos, no Índice de Massa Corporal calculado e nos parâmetros antropométricos (circunferência abdominal, circunferência de quadril e relação cintura-quadril). Na avaliação dos parâmetros bioquímicos, observa-se diminuição significativa, somente no grupo intervenção, da hemoglobina glicada (A1C) de 9,8 + 2,26 para 9,1 + 2,16 (p= 0,023) após 6 meses. As correlações entre os dados antropométricos e a A1C, e entre os diferentes tipos de ácidos graxos da dieta proposta e parâmetros bioquímicos colesterol, triglicerídeos, HDLc e LDLc plasmáticos foram consideradas de baixa intensidade. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que a intervenção por meio do método de contagem de carboidratos proporcionou uma melhora significativa no controle glicêmico dos pacientes estudados. / According to the American Diabetes Association, is important to focus on glycemic control in order to prevent microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes, and the adoption of a plan healthy food is crucial in treating these patients. The method of carbohydrate counting is a nutritional strategy, it is a method used by diabetic individuals, which combines the total carbohydrate intake at meals with the dose of insulin used, with the goal of maintaining blood glucose within the limits appropriate. The aim of this study was to assess whether the nutrition intervention, using the method of carbohydrate couting, influences the glycemic control of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1). We evaluated 157 DM1, 96 constituted the intervention group with diet and the use of the method of carbohydrate counting and 61 DM1 patients formed the control group with diet and without the method of carbohydrate counting. The patients were monitored for six months. In the first visit were submitted to a questionnaire, anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary evaluations. Significant difference between the food record completed for 3 days and prescribed diet, in grams of protein consumed per day 50.39 + 29.27 and 22.01 + 3.05 (p = 0.02), on the glycemic index (GI) of lunch 43.00 + 24.89 and 7.83 + 1.88 (p = 0.02), and dinner 50.09 + 35.09 and 7.56 + 2.57 (p = 0.00). For anthropometric assessment increase was not significant in both groups, the body mass index and anthropometric parameters (waist circumference, hip circumference and the waist-hip ratio). In the assessment of biochemical parameters, there is a significant decrease, only in the intervention group, the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) from 9.8 + 2.26 to 9,1 + 2.16 (p = 0.023) after 6 months. The correlations between the anthropometric data and A1C, and between different types of fatty acids in the diet proposal and biochemical parameters cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLc and LDLc plasma were of low intensity. The results concluded that intervention by the method of carbohydrate counting has provided a significant improvement in glycemic control of patients.

abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in youth and it has been shown that adolescents have the worst glycemic control of any age group. The objective of this study was to develop, test and evaluate the feasibility of an online intervention (Can-Do-Tude) that uses the principles of motivational interviewing (MI) to deliver tailored diabetes self-management education to adolescents with T1D. Bandura’s efficacy belief system was used to guide the design of this study. The study used a multi-phase, multi-method approach. The first phase (alpha) of this study was a qualitative descriptive design to examine the intervention’s fidelity. Evaluation of performance was conducted by experts in the fields of MI, T1D, adolescence and/or online education. The second phase (beta) was a quantitative descriptive design conducted in order to evaluate feasibility by examining the acceptability (recruitment, retention and satisfaction) and implementation (diabetes self-management self-efficacy) to determine whether the intervention was appropriate for further testing. First phase findings showed that the intervention passed all measures with the content experts (n = 6): it was functional, accurate, usable and secure. Improvements to the intervention were made based on reviewer recommendations. For the second phase 5 adolescents between 14 and 17 were enrolled. Three adolescents completed all 4 weeks of the intervention while 2 completed only 3 weeks. Participants (n = 3) rated satisfaction on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from “not at all” satisfied (1) to “very much” satisfied (5). There was a positive response to the intervention (M = 4.28, SD = 0.55). Implementation was measured by a pre- and post-test for diabetes self-management self-efficacy. Participants (n = 3) demonstrated overall improvements in diabetes self-management self-efficacy (Z = -2.952, p = .007). Implications for further Can-Do-Tude research are planned at a metropolitan diabetes center using updated technology including an application platform. Although the sample was small, findings indicate that the intervention can be conducted using a web-based format and there is initial evidence of improvement in self-efficacy for diabetes self-management. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2017

abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that affects 1.25 million people in the United States. There is no known cure and patients must self-manage the disease to avoid complications resulting from blood glucose (BG) excursions. Patients are more likely to adhere to treatments when they incorporate lifestyle preferences. Current technologies that assist patients fail to consider two factors that are known to affect BG: exercise and alcohol. The hypothesis is postprandial blood glucose levels of adult patients with T1D can be improved by providing insulin bolus or carbohydrate recommendations that account for meal and alcohol carbohydrates, glycemic excursion, and planned exercise. I propose an evidence-based decision support tool, iDECIDE, to make recommendations to improve glucose control by taking into account meal and alcohol carbohydrates, glycemic excursion and planned exercise. iDECIDE is deployed as a low-cost and easy to disseminate smartphone application. A literature review was conducted on T1D and the state-of-the-art in diabetes technology. To better understand self-management behaviors and guide the development of iDECIDE, several data sources were collected and analyzed: surveys, insulin pump paired with glucose monitoring, and self-tracking of exercise and alcohol. The analysis showed variability in compensation techniques for exercise and alcohol and that patients made unaided decisions, suggesting a need for better decision support. The iDECIDE algorithm can make insulin and carbohydrate recommendations. Since there were no existing in-silico methods for assessing bolus calculators, like iDECIDE, I proposed a novel methodology to retrospectively compare insulin pump bolus calculators. Application of the methodology shows that iDECIDE outperformed the Medtronic insulin pump bolus calculator and could have improved glucose control. This work makes contributions to diabetes technology researchers, clinicians and patients. The iDECIDE app provides patients easy access to a decision support tool that can improve glucose control. The study of behaviors from diabetes technology and self-report patient data can inform clinicians and the design of future technologies and bedside tools that integrate patient’s behaviors and perceptions. The comparison methodology provides a means for clinical informatics researchers to identify and retrospectively test promising insulin blousing algorithms using real-life data. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Informatics 2017

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Segundo a American Diabetes Association, é importante a ênfase no controle glicêmico com o objetivo de prevenir complicações microvasculares em diabéticos, e a adoção de um plano alimentar saudável é fundamental no tratamento destes pacientes. O método de contagem de carboidratos é uma estratégia nutricional, é um método usado por indivíduos diabéticos, que associa o total de carboidratos ingerido nas refeições com a dose de insulina utilizada, com o objetivo de manter a glicemia dentro dos limites convenientes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se a intervenção nutricional, utilizando o método de contagem de carboidratos, influencia o controle glicêmico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Foram avaliados 157 DM1, 96 constituíram o grupo intervenção com dieta prescrita e com o uso do método de contagem de carboidratos e 61 pacientes DM1 constituíram o grupo controle com dieta prescrita e sem contagem de carboidratos. Os diabéticos foram monitorados por um período de seis meses. Na primeira visita foram submetidos a um questionário de caracterização dos indivíduos, avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica, clínica e dietética. Houve diferença significativa entre o registro alimentar preenchido durante 3 dias e a dieta prescrita, nos gramas de proteína consumidos por dia 50,39 + 29,27 e 22,01 + 3,05 (p= 0,02), como também no índice glicêmico (IG) do almoço 43,00 + 24,89 e 7,83 + 1,88 (p=0,02), e do jantar 50,09 + 35,09 e 7,56 + 2,57 (p=0,00). Em relação a avaliação antropométrica houve aumento não significativo em ambos os grupos, no Índice de Massa Corporal calculado e nos parâmetros antropométricos (circunferência abdominal, circunferência de quadril e relação cintura-quadril). Na avaliação dos parâmetros bioquímicos, observa-se diminuição significativa, somente no grupo intervenção, da hemoglobina glicada (A1C) de 9,8 + 2,26 para 9,1 + 2,16 (p= 0,023) após 6 meses. As correlações entre os dados antropométricos e a A1C, e entre os diferentes tipos de ácidos graxos da dieta proposta e parâmetros bioquímicos colesterol, triglicerídeos, HDLc e LDLc plasmáticos foram consideradas de baixa intensidade. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que a intervenção por meio do método de contagem de carboidratos proporcionou uma melhora significativa no controle glicêmico dos pacientes estudados. / According to the American Diabetes Association, is important to focus on glycemic control in order to prevent microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes, and the adoption of a plan healthy food is crucial in treating these patients. The method of carbohydrate counting is a nutritional strategy, it is a method used by diabetic individuals, which combines the total carbohydrate intake at meals with the dose of insulin used, with the goal of maintaining blood glucose within the limits appropriate. The aim of this study was to assess whether the nutrition intervention, using the method of carbohydrate couting, influences the glycemic control of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1). We evaluated 157 DM1, 96 constituted the intervention group with diet and the use of the method of carbohydrate counting and 61 DM1 patients formed the control group with diet and without the method of carbohydrate counting. The patients were monitored for six months. In the first visit were submitted to a questionnaire, anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary evaluations. Significant difference between the food record completed for 3 days and prescribed diet, in grams of protein consumed per day 50.39 + 29.27 and 22.01 + 3.05 (p = 0.02), on the glycemic index (GI) of lunch 43.00 + 24.89 and 7.83 + 1.88 (p = 0.02), and dinner 50.09 + 35.09 and 7.56 + 2.57 (p = 0.00). For anthropometric assessment increase was not significant in both groups, the body mass index and anthropometric parameters (waist circumference, hip circumference and the waist-hip ratio). In the assessment of biochemical parameters, there is a significant decrease, only in the intervention group, the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) from 9.8 + 2.26 to 9,1 + 2.16 (p = 0.023) after 6 months. The correlations between the anthropometric data and A1C, and between different types of fatty acids in the diet proposal and biochemical parameters cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLc and LDLc plasma were of low intensity. The results concluded that intervention by the method of carbohydrate counting has provided a significant improvement in glycemic control of patients.