Littoral warfare implies a disproportionate advantage to the coastal navy or “defending” side. Small navies sometimes lean on larger navies in doctrinal production. A coastal navy’s goals, methods and capabilities can be considered thought to be different from that of a larger navy’s regarding in regards to littoral warfare. This paper answers the question “What does littoral warfare mean for different types of states?”. An ideal type analysis was used to answer the question, and the doctrines of Sweden (type A state), USA (type B), and the UK (type B) were analysed in regards to the research question. This paper found inds that each type of state viewed littoral warfare in regards to themselves, from their own perspective; a type A state can be seen as a defender and a type B state as an aggressor. In the context of littoral warfare context, each the types of states employed different goals, methods and means as pertaining to littoral warfare.

Les systèmes embarqués sont largement utilisés de nos jours. Pour des raisons d'efficacité, les plus contraints en termes de ressources sont toujours programmés en C et en assembleur. L'adoption de langages de plus haut niveau tels que C# ou Java offrirait plus d'abstraction au programmeur, ce qui réduirait les temps de développement et par conséquent le coût de ces systèmes. Certains d'entre eux ont déjà migré vers de tels langages, comme les téléphones mobiles ou les tablettes tactiles, mais ils sont équipés d'une grande quantité de mémoire externe et ne reflètent pas la majorité des systèmes embarqués.Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'implémentation de Java et .NET pour l'embarqué, et plus spécifiquement à la compilation efficace du polymorphisme. Ce polymorphisme génère un certain coût à l'exécution, comme des indirections dans le cas des appels de méthodes (polymorphisme d'inclusion), ou de la duplication de code dans le cas de la généricité (polymorphisme paramétrique). De nombreuses techniques d'implémentation ont été proposées, notamment pour Java. Il reste cependant à identifier lesquelles sont applicables pour le type de systèmes que nous ciblons, et à en concevoir de nouvelles pour certains aspects comme la généricité. Nous partons du principe que les techniques globales (hypothèse du monde clos) sont les mieux adaptées. Par l'analyse de types, nous détectons qu'une partie importante des programmes est monomorphe et qu'elle peut donc être compilée sans surcoût. Pour implémenter le polymorphisme restant, nous choisissons la technique la mieux adaptée au matériel cible. Nous proposons également une implémentation de la généricité qui est adaptée aux systèmes embarqués. D'après nos évaluations, l'impact négatif du polymorphisme sur l'efficacité est largement réduit. L'efficacité du code optimisé devrait s'approcher de celle du C, et les techniques que nous employons pourraient être applicables dans le contexte plus général du chargement dynamique. / Nowadays, embedded systems are ubiquitous. For efficiency reasons, most constrained systems are still programmed in C and assembly. Adopting higher-level languages such as C# or Java should enhance the level of abstraction offered to programmers and reduce development time and cost for these systems. A small part of them have migrated to such languages, like smartphones and tablet computers, but they have a large amount of external memory available and do not represent the majority of embedded systems.This thesis focuses on the implementation of Java and .NET for embedded systems, and more especially on the efficient compilation of polymorphism. Polymorphism generates an overhead at run-time, such as indirections when methods are invoked (inclusion polymorphism) or code duplication in the case of generics (parametric polymorphism). Many implementation techniques have been proposed, especially for Java. However, it remains to identify which ones are applicable in the context of low-end embedded systems. We consider that whole program optimization (closed-world assumption) is well-suited in this context. Using type analysis, we observe that most part of programs is monomorph, therefore it can be compiled with no overhead with respect to C. In order to implement the remaining polymorphism, we choose the technique which is better suited for the target hardware. We also propose an appropriate implementation of run-time generics. Our results show that the negative impact of polymorphism is mostly reduced. The efficiency of the optimized code should be comparable with C, and the techniques we employ could be applicable in the context of dynamic loading (open-world assumption).

There are two parallel developments in European and, particularly important for this study, Swedish policy. The trend is that the individual's self-determination of his gender identity, rather than psychological investigations, medical assessments and legal sections, should be legitimate in recognizing gender identity. Furthermore, there are intensive political debates on positive discrimination of women as a tool for achieving gender equality in response to that men and masculinity are still claiming and maintaining a leading role in society. This study takes root in these two political developments and investigates how two Swedish parliamentary parties, Vänsterpartiet and Socialdemokraterna, take position to transgender womens’ right to determine their gender identity and, at the same time, determine which women should be able to be gender quoted. The result showed that the parties, in political material regarding transgender, assume a trans-inclusionary attitude towards trans women in relation to women as a group, whereas the political material on gender equality of women has a trans-exclusionary approach. The conclusion is that there is a need for a political strategy for managing flexible identities in formal systems.

Throughout the years there has been rise to extensive debate in the media and in the research world about the Swedish Democrats being labeled as a populist radical right-winged party or even leaning towards a centrist position with authoritarian values. With a general election coming up soon this year the aim of this study is with the help of a two-dimensional approach, combining the traditional left/right dimension and the GAL-TAL dimension, to find out where the SD place themselves on the political spectrum. The left/right dimension focuses on socioeconomic interests – the relationship between the state and the market while GAL-TAN considers socio-cultural issues such as independence and the degree of individual freedom. By conducting a qualitative content analysis and an ideal-type analysis in this study, several statements from the party's manifestos from the year 2010, 2014 and 2018 have been analyzed to find out where the party can be placed on the political spectrum. The study shows that the SD can be placed on the two-dimensional scale, where the party combines elements of TAN, some libertarian elements (GAL), where SD positions itself as a centrist-right party in some issues of the economic dimension. In addition, results show that social conservatism has been a prominent ideology in the SD:s manifestos over the years. / <p>2018-06-07.</p>

The military has always been viewed as something very masculine. In order to evolve as an institution, Försvarsmakten, as with many institutions, need to keep up with current norms and changes to gender equality and implement these in the structure of the institution. This ideal type analytical paper investigates the changes of norms and quantitative and qualitative measures taken by Försvarsmakten in order to implement gender integration into their institution. It examines Försvarsmaktens handlingsplan för jämställdhetsintegrering 2015-2018 as a main source and applies concept from feminist political theory and new institutionalist theory in order to determine if there has been a feminization in the institution based on the measures taken both qualitative and quantitative and changes in norms. Feminization of the institution has taken place as is shown by the qualitative and quantitative measures taken as well as by the norm changes.

Disinformation is a growing problem in a fast changing world, where technology today contributes to the spread of false and sometimes directly harmful information. Within the field of international security studies there is an ongoing theoretical conflict over whether or not security ought to be expanded to include issues that otherwise do not concern the traditional state and military-centric approach. One such issue is the multifaceted phenomenon disinformation, which some claim has little or no meaning and relevancy within the international arena. This is because it mainly influences individuals. Nevertheless, the EU has still initiated security work to combat disinformation. The main purpose of this study is to describe and illustrate how disinformation is defined within the EU’s security framework. Applying David. A Baldwins conceptual dimensions and ideal types and anchoring them in the prominent theories realism, liberalism and constructivism, the study aims to describe and illustrate how EU views disinformation in its pursuit for security. The study later shows that disinformation needs to be affirmed and taken more seriously by the international community.