La formation d'une union monétaire prive les États membres de l'utilisation unilatérale de l'outil monétaire. Dès lors, une orientation efficace des politiques économiques s'impose à travers (i) une hiérarchisation des cibles macroéconomiques, (ii) une identification des instruments appropriés et (iii) une mise en œuvre adaptée. Cette thèse fournit des réponses à cette orientation afin d'assurer une plus grande efficacité des politiques économiques à travers une analyse théorique et empirique appliquée au cas de l'UEMOA qui constitue un laboratoire exemplaire d'analyse des problématiques économiques en union monétaire. / The creation of a monetary union deprives the member States of the unilateral use of the monetary instrument. Therefore, an effective orientation of economic policies is required through (i) a hierarchy of macroeconomic targets, (ii) identification of appropriate instruments, and (iii) appropriate implementation. This PhD thesis provides answers to this orientation in order to ensure greater effectiveness of economic policies through a theoretical and empirical analysis applied to the case of the WAEMU which constitutes a singular analytical laboratory through which to study the economic policy of a monetary union.

The average global temperature is rising due to climate change. This leads to an increase in cooling demand along with higher usage of electricity to operate cooling processes. One way to decrease the electricity usage is to introduce absorption cooling which uses heat instead of electricity as its main source of power. To further increase resource efficiency in urban areas centralized district cooling can substitute independent cooling units. In a district cooling network, a mixture of absorption and compressor cooling units, as well as free cooling, can be included. This enables the ability to coordinate which cooling technology is to be used based on profitability at the current time. By introducing an optimization-based plan, the operation of a district cooling network in a smart energy system can incorporate important factors for the interaction between different sectors, such as electricity and district heating prices. The usage of optimization-based tools to plan the operation of energy systems has previously shown promising results. However, further studies are needed to investigate how they perform in different scenarios. There is also a need to develope more reliable forecasts which motivated this study; a case study on the district cooling network "City" in Linköping.  The study aimed to develope a method for forecasting the cooling demand in a district cooling network, investigating how the coordination of absorption and compressor cooling units, as well as free cooling, can be improved. This has been done from a system perspective that encompasses the district heating and electricity network by developing an optimization-based operational plan. In this study an explorative method has been used to develope a forecasting tool based on an algorithm and a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model with appertaining constraints and coefficients which can solve an Unit Commitment problem for a district cooling network. The forecasting tool and MILP model resulted in an optimization-based operational plan that enabled the ability to coordinate the usage between absorption and compressor cooling units as well as free cooling. The method can be divided into five distinct iterative steps; (1) data collection for the parameters that affect the cooling demand, (2) forecasting of the cooling demand based on the identified parameters, (3) pressure simulations of Linköping's district cooling network in the software NetSim, (4) operational optimization via MILP modeling, and (5) evaluation of the optimization-based operational plan from the perspective of operational cost, electricity and heat usage, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Six different algorithms were developed to forecast the cooling demand. All of the algorithms were based on the retrospective operation the previous day through linear regressions. The algorithm that best followed a historical operational period on the district cooling network City had a margin of error of 14\%. The algorithm was based on the time of the day and either solar irradiation or outside temperature based on the difference between the forecasted outdoor temperature and the measured temperature the previous day. The MILP model that was developed had an objective function that minimized the operational cost which included the cost of electricity and heat usage, distribution, maintenance, and start-up and shut-down costs. The constraints that was constructed in the MILP model to define a district cooling network included balancing the cooling demand, specifications for the operation of cooling units and distribution flows. Furthermore, the coefficients that defined the City network were estimated dynamically. These included power limitations, operational costs, and start-up costs for each cooling unit, as well as distribution costs for each cooling plant.  During this case-study, it was observed that by using optimization-based operational planning produced from a MILP model solving an UC problem, the operational costs, electricity and heat usage can decrease by 27\%, 22\%, and 2\% respectively for this case-study of the City network in Linköping during a seven-month period. In addition, a decrease in greenhouse gases by 16\% was observed when applying the perspective "avoided global emissions". For the calculations an emission factor of 702 $gram \, CO_2-eq/kWh_{el}$ and 130, 72, or 3 $gram \, CO_2-eq/kWh_{heat}$ depending on if waste, bio-oil, or recycled waste wood were used as fuel for the marginal production of district heating. When there was excess heat in the district heating network the emission factor for heat usage was instead assumed to be 0 $gram \, CO_2-eq/kWh_{heat}$. Lastly, this case-study emphasizes the importance of solid operational planning as a foundational pillar in satisfying the increase of future cooling demand in a resource-efficient way for local energy systems in sustainable societies.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are the two common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They share similar clinical and demographic features as well as harbor key differences in tissue damage and prognosis. Previous studies indicated that they contributed to the increased rick to Colorectal cancer (CRC). However, whether UC and CD share inflammatory signatures still remains controversial. In addition, no inflammatory signatures have been reported on CRC. To answer these questions, a comprehensive study has been conducted on collected microarray datasets. Our analysis suggests that although CD and UC share common inflammatory pathways, they also present difference. Especially, CD patients are likely to have type I response, while UC patients are inclined to undergo type II response. Pathway enrichment analysis on CRC uncovered two potential CRC-specific inflammatory pathways.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivos, utilizar e avaliar as técnicas de transformação IHS associadas à imagens de sombreamento e modelo numérico do terreno na delimitação de unidades de mapeamento de solos; identificar a aptidão agrícola das terras do Centro de Estações Experimentais do Cangüiri com auxílio de técnicas de geoprocessamento e trabalho de campo e identificar, quantificar e avaliar a adequação do uso atual dos solos do Centro de Estações Experimentais do Cangüiri. As técnicas de transformação IHS, associadas à imagens de sombreamento e modelo numérico do terreno, tiveram bons resultados na delimitação de unidades de mapeamento de solos, tendo sido encontradas 16 classes de solos. Baseado na aptidão agrícola das terras e na legislação incidente sobre a área, o uso do solo no Centro de Estações Experimentais do Cangüiri foi considerado inadequado em 55,94% da área, sendo que, 6,26% com uso considerado ilegal. Conclui-se ainda pela necessidade de execução de um plano de manejo para o Centro de Estações Experimentais do Cangüiri.

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The increasing demand of mankind by use of water quality and sufficient volume to meet their needs in their different uses, shows that water resources must be managed and preserved. A watershed is the physical unit that integrates the entire flow of water that makes up the hydrological cycle, but its use is being carried out in a disorderly way, without complying with the compliance of their characteristics and fragilities. Brazil has a very advanced legislation regarding the environment, especially related to water, and a growing awareness of the need to demarcate areas in order to safeguard the different ecosystems found in this vast territory. In Brazil, many of the areas selected to include environmental protection within its boundaries major resources stocks. However, deforestation and poor land use along these water resources may affect and jeopardize the supply and quality of water throughout their watersheds, affecting populations downstream. The purpose of this paper is to present an Integrated Information System, embodied in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which adds the elements required for management and conservation of water resources in protected areas. In the development of GIS will be used the new structure and Geographical Data Vector (EDGV) and the Geospatial Metadata Profile of Brazil (MGB), approved in 2008 by the National Cartography (Conc), aiming to standardize the structures spatial data, facilitating data sharing, interoperability and rationalization of resources among data producers and users of geospatial information. In the proposed system shows that the systematic organization into a Geographic Information System (GIS) of water resources and the various elements and factors about them impacting facilitates the analysis and subsequent management of water resources conservation units (CUs). Through these spatial analysis and comparative data were obtained as a result of the making of a final map containing an indication of inharmonious elements in the area. Indicated the best places to collect water in order to assess its quality and, eventually, we proposed a new limit for the conservation unit. The final map will serve as support for management to operate and monitor the areas according to their real possibilities and implement corrective measures and mitigation. Additionally, information based on the database associated with the GIS will enable the integration of various public and private entities that deal with specific issues, enabling interoperability and cooperation between them, as well as confirming that the use of Geotechnology is an appropriate option for the best management of the areas involved. The techniques and procedures used can be applied in the management of water resources from other areas. We used the União Biological Reserve - Rebio Union - located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as a case study.

The increasing demand of mankind by use of water quality and sufficient volume to meet their needs in their different uses, shows that water resources must be managed and preserved. A watershed is the physical unit that integrates the entire flow of water that makes up the hydrological cycle, but its use is being carried out in a disorderly way, without complying with the compliance of their characteristics and fragilities. Brazil has a very advanced legislation regarding the environment, especially related to water, and a growing awareness of the need to demarcate areas in order to safeguard the different ecosystems found in this vast territory. In Brazil, many of the areas selected to include environmental protection within its boundaries major resources stocks. However, deforestation and poor land use along these water resources may affect and jeopardize the supply and quality of water throughout their watersheds, affecting populations downstream. The purpose of this paper is to present an Integrated Information System, embodied in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which adds the elements required for management and conservation of water resources in protected areas. In the development of GIS will be used the new structure and Geographical Data Vector (EDGV) and the Geospatial Metadata Profile of Brazil (MGB), approved in 2008 by the National Cartography (Conc), aiming to standardize the structures spatial data, facilitating data sharing, interoperability and rationalization of resources among data producers and users of geospatial information. In the proposed system shows that the systematic organization into a Geographic Information System (GIS) of water resources and the various elements and factors about them impacting facilitates the analysis and subsequent management of water resources conservation units (CUs). Through these spatial analysis and comparative data were obtained as a result of the making of a final map containing an indication of inharmonious elements in the area. Indicated the best places to collect water in order to assess its quality and, eventually, we proposed a new limit for the conservation unit. The final map will serve as support for management to operate and monitor the areas according to their real possibilities and implement corrective measures and mitigation. Additionally, information based on the database associated with the GIS will enable the integration of various public and private entities that deal with specific issues, enabling interoperability and cooperation between them, as well as confirming that the use of Geotechnology is an appropriate option for the best management of the areas involved. The techniques and procedures used can be applied in the management of water resources from other areas. We used the União Biological Reserve - Rebio Union - located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as a case study.